Interviewer: As consistent as possible, all tapes should be the same Auxilliary: Yeah Interviewer: And you notice, this is a, not a stereo Auxilliary: uh-huh Interviewer: See, so uh thank you very much Auxilliary: This lady has taken, uh state of Alabama, she is an Alabamian and she has a gone to {X} on the coast and she takes in the recipes of the shrimp boats that sort of thing, then she goes up the coast, she comes on up into Alabama she's got four sections the next section is the wiregrass section That's standing around dover Interviewer: mm-hmm Auxilliary: then she comes on up to coastal plains, and that's where we live Interviewer: coastal plains? You found a lot of recipes there, that you knew? Auxilliary: No, well, there's some that I know {X} she uh yeah {X} said she goes to the Tennessee valley or some of 'em I know basic things that you know anyway once you've cooked as long as I have And then the Appalachian area and the... but it's real interesting yeah, I knew I wrote that thing down somewhere And I've been looking everywhere for it and there it is Interviewer: Have you ever made crackling bread? {NW} 412: That is good eating, but it sure is bad for you Interviewer: Well, how do you mean is it 412: #1 So greasy # Interviewer: #2 bad? Is it greasy # Auxilliary: of course {X} little crunchy pieces of that fat lard is to come out of, and it's crisp you have those over there and it's good 412: It sure is Interviewer: I mean how, how do you make that again? Auxilliary: You put bread meal in water, salt in the cracklings 412: And then, {X}, but the adding of the cracklings Auxilliary: that's all just add the crack- 412: to a common cornbread mix Interviewer: is it, uh, now it's baked? 412: #1 Yeah # Auxilliary: #2 {X} # your cornbread. And its crunchy and real rich especially with all that fat crackling Interviewer: What, what might you eat with that? Auxilliary: oh, turnip greens, peas, any kind of vegetables Interviewer: And uh, you wouldn't like eat uh What, well, like maybe a can of beans, or something like that with it? Auxilliary: Yeah, you, that would be good! Interviewer: yeah 412: hmm Auxilliary: Well it'd be real good Interviewer: cuz it all has that kind of {NW} Auxilliary: Yup. All real fat in it {NW} Interviewer: okay uh, uh, what would you call a, a big black pot that you might boil clothes in or something 412: call it a pot, wash pot Interviewer: just a wash pot? 412: mm-hmm Interviewer: okay, how about uh uh, something that you might heat water pour, you know it has a a little spout on it and you heat water in it maybe a fireplace, or something, you have any special names for 412: well, I guess you're talking about the old black kettle Interviewer: okay 412: {NW} Interviewer: okay and uh, uh old, like that orange thing on the top of your television there where you put your flowers, what do you call that? 412: call it a vase Interviewer: vase 412: then we call it a vase Interviewer: {NW} okay You can see what we're 412: {NW} Interviewer: All right, what what, uh eating utensils would you find on a table? 412: you talking about the silverware and sort? Interviewer: Yes sir 412: Well Knife, fork, spoons, then sugar spoon maybe, uh Auxilliary: butter knife 412: your butter knife and the dessert spoon or uh or got one right in there right now grapefruit spoon and large dinner spoons for peas, serving that #1 oh but # Interviewer: #2 You mean # But on the, on the older farms where they might just have what just, two or three 412: Well, we had most those things and we sure didn't have any money Interviewer: so you, you had most of almost all those and you still considered those, fairly uh commonplace items to have in the kitchen? 412: yeah, if if if your folks were anything at all, you didn't have to be rich to be somebody Interviewer: right 412: In the old culture, in this culture Auxilliary: now, you, you know you can find most of those things in white homes 412: #1 Yeah, yeah, yeah, well # Auxilliary: #2 But in black homes # 412: He's got, he's got a separate survey for the Interviewer: Well, we use the same questions on both 412: Do you? Interviewer: yes, sir. 412: uh-huh Interviewer: Yes sir 412: #1 yeah # Interviewer: #2 it's the same, I use the exact same questions for both # And uh, uh, the answers might be different but the 412: #1 yeah, yeah, uh-huh # Interviewer: #2 questions are the same # uh If you had more than one knife uh, what what would be the plural of knife? 412: Knives Interviewer: okay, uh and uh after a woman washes the, uh, dishes she holds 'em under the water, and what do you call that? 412: Rinse 'em Interviewer: okay and uh, uh, after the the the thing that uh might use to wash the dishes with the cloth that you use to wash, what do you call that? 412: dish rag? Interviewer: okay and the cloth that you'd use to wash your face with what you- 412: A wash rag is what I call it Interviewer: okay and the large cloth that you use to dry yourself when you take a bath what do you call 412: Well, most of the time we use a little towel Interviewer: okay and uh uh okay how about uh, uh what do you call, uh, in the kitchen, the, when you turn on the thing that the water comes out of what do you call that? 412: Well, spout or hydrant or faucet Interviewer: okay yeah, what is there a diff- now if it's outside would you call it the one outside would you hook a garden hose to would you call that something else? 412: I'd usually call that a hydrant only, a faucet Interviewer: okay uh, uh would you see a difference between a spigot and a faucet? 412: never have used a spigot much Interviewer: okay, i noticed that uh she used a 412: yeah, yeah Well she's a north Alabama girl Auxilliary: See I came from Birmingham, I haven't lived in the country always, on the farm Interviewer: oh Auxilliary: I grew up in Birmingham Interviewer: Oh, I see Auxilliary: I wouldn't go back there to live though 412: She's been down here long enough to get acclimated Interviewer: {NW} {NW} It would appear so 412: Think she fusses occasionally about some of our older ladies who talk with her as if she's lived here a hundred years {NW} Interviewer: um, now uh years ago people, you said that you used to store grain in uh, these containers? 412: Yeah Interviewer: and, and you call those what? 412: Well, barrels or drums, or it would depend on might be bends if you built 'em Interviewer: okay and uh, what what what might molasses or lard come in? uh uh, years ago 412: Well, sorry we didn't buy molasses didn't buy either one, really but they'd come in uh jugs, and bottles and barrels and and there was um let me see there's a five five-gallon keg I believe you can get this stuff uh we could buy it in cans of course gallon cans that's still common Interviewer: Have you ever heard the term stand for very large quantities? stand uh now uh what might you use to uh uh drive on a team of horses what would you use to, the thing that you hit 'em with 412: You talking about the whip? Interviewer: alright and and now, uh Mister Ward told me that uh he's worked with some oxen, I don't know, did you ever have any oxen on your farm? 412: no But we had plenty of 'em around us in the depression Interviewer: were there ever uh any different types of devices you used other than whips to egg the animals on when you're out working? 412: Yeah, they I I've seen them use a kind of a long well it wasn't a cane, it must've been made out of hickory or something sort of a gold uh but other than that, course sometimes they call it bull whip Interviewer: yes okay that's, is that any different than uh 412: it's usually laced and uh heavier than an ordinary whip and it would reach farther and you could crack it uh which we had bucket whips too, you know which you wouldn't use that with oxen Interviewer: Now the bucket whips are, or uh, ho-how are they different? 412: Well, they are lighter and they are y- if if you you wanna Interviewer: I don't remember 412: encourage your horse you would just come down on him you might just tip him lightly and that's all he would need Interviewer: okay 412: course you can, you might have a horse that you'd be inclined to use it fairly sharply on him Interviewer: okay, are you 412: yeah, uh, well I don't believe you plied mules much Interviewer: No, I don't think I 412: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 I don't think # 412: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Now, my granddad # was noted for being very cruel with animals, so 412: #1 Uh # Interviewer: #2 especially mules because # They had a tendency not to do what he wanted 'em to do 412: yeah #1 Mules are kind of an aggravating # Interviewer: #2 I think he # 412: to me too, but a good mule is better than a sorry horse Then I told 'em that there about this problem with color evading the guard he's got near interested in a little uh power color of eight I've got out there But he and I were both saying that this was still nothing as good as a good mule and a single stock to plow a garden Interviewer: a single sty? 412: Mm-hmm Interviewer: Now what's a is that the plow? 412: yeah, it's the way it's built #1 yes that's the # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 412: thing that we were talking about yesterday you know Georgia stock {D: haymen stock} single stock #1 I don't know # Interviewer: #2 That's that's a # That's a one mule on a stock? 412: Mm-hmm one foot Interviewer: one foot 412: you can put scrapes, scooters, turn plows, half-shovels anything most you wanted to do Interviewer: You can use it for plowing and cultivating? 412: oh yeah #1 yeah... that # Interviewer: #2 And all that # 412: What Bill and I were wishing for, something we had to uh to cultivate with, see we can get the ground ready with heavy machinery but you can't cultivate it with heavy machinery You can take a good mule who's trained to walk either with cotton or in the yard and then I'd rather have a good mule rather than a horse horses, uh been a bit nervous and jumpy about that sorta thing sometimes yeah she'll have, she'll have Interviewer: {X} how about uh, uh The things that uh, maybe fifty or a hundred pounds potatoes would come in the bags they come in, what what would you call those? 412: Well we this is one of the things I thought about yesterday, when you and I talked with about north Alabama in our area they will say uh a poke or they may refer to poke as well like these uh fifteen twenty pound bags that they pit heavy things in that your groceries we used to, usually say croker sack or toe sack Sometimes you'd say bag and sag depending on what it was made of Interviewer: What, uh, might there be What might be, what what materials of these things could be make up you have 412: well I think that sacks we've gotten here over the years have been made out of either cotton or manila or hemp now they're making most of 'em today out of um paper you know Interviewer: yes sir 412: with a plastic lining that's the way we get all the fertilizer Interviewer: must be cheaper to make 412: I don't know, I've often wosh- wondered about it myself but I guess it is or else they wouldn't have uh done it right course it does keep your fertilizer in better shape, that plastic seal bag Interviewer: So you might, uh okay Have, uh have you ever heard any of those things where you referred to it as like a fertilizer bag as made out of say croke or burlap you ever heard of that referred to as a guano sack, or 412: Yeah, uh I don't we didn't use that generally but you, you might say give me that guano sack Interviewer: okay 412: or they, as contrasted with some other type sack you might have, they see a feed sack would be woven much of more coarsely ordinarily than uh than a cotton sa- than a this other thing you talking about uh uh feed sack would be woven very closely Interviewer: okay Now if uh if the light in the electric light here uh 412: mm-hmm Interviewer: the torch light inside that burned out, you say you'd have to buy a new 412: bulb Interviewer: okay and uh the the the bath uh the uh the thing that you carry the clothes out hang 'em up on a line is a what 412: Well I think I usually say, uh, basket I don't know what all Sally uses Interviewer: okay and uh nails, uh used to come in not, uh, big uh Not like your flour barrels, they used to come in small wooden containers, what would you call those? I called 'em nail, a barrel nailed, a nail barrels uh, yeah 412: yeah kegs Interviewer: yeah, small and what about the uh uh metal bands around the barrels, or the kegs to hold 'em together what what would you call those? 412: I don't know that I've ever called 'em anything bands or about all I can think of Interviewer: okay you ever heard of the term 'who' you ta- 412: oh yeah sure yeah #1 sure yeah # Interviewer: #2 {X} # uh, and and, what about like on a wine, uh a well even now, on on good wine bottles the the thing they put in the top of the bottle to seal it, uh what would they 412: well uh I never did dealt with wine but uh we'd usually speak of corks #1 or the {X} # Interviewer: #2 Oh, alright, well I'll just use that # because that's what they still use in 412: #1 uh-huh # Interviewer: #2 or but # before I mean they used to do this for a lot of other 412: #1 yeah # Interviewer: #2 {X} and # and just about anything 412: see we used corks a lot with, uh syrup in sealing it or, there was a time when you used a corn cob and then take sealing wax and put on top of that Interviewer: if if the, the thing, the stopper was made out of something other than cork 412: yeah Interviewer: alright like let's say you had a glass one would you still call it a cork? 412: No, you'd call it a stopper Interviewer: okay uh, what what do you call this little instrument that's oh about that long and it's got uh little holes on it you play it like this? 412: well we call it a harp or harmonica Interviewer: okay and how about the uh the instrument that's round and it's got a clanger in it and you put it in between your teeth 412: #1 you talking about a # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 412: Jew's harp? Interviewer: yes sir 412: yeah Interviewer: okay and uh, what do you use to drive nails with? 412: well we use several things but you but you talking about a hammer #1 {X}... yeah # Interviewer: #2 okay, that's the most common item I suppose # and uh 412: I use blacksmith hammers and sometimes you use hatchets sometimes you use a heavy pair- pair of wire pliers Interviewer: well, yeah Or, I be use chamber lock pliers 412: yeah yeah Interviewer: uh 412: I got a part of an old transmission I mean a differential Out yonder that I use occasion {X} for putting pliers on equipment or driving a nail Interviewer: how about uh um uh if you have a wagon and two horses what's a long piece of uh, wood between the horses called? 412: you talking about the tongue? Interviewer: yes sir uh, any other names that you might have for that? 412: yeah we, let's see we've used another term for buggies hmm No, uh that'd be a one horse can't think of it now Interviewer: What would be the 412: We we sometimes would speak of the pole but this is not the term I'm trying to think of uh, go ahead that Interviewer: okay, well then the next one would be uh if you have a horse pulling a buggy you have one horse 412: #1 well right # Interviewer: #2 what's the # thing you back him in between to get him 412: well that's what Sally's talking about calves Interviewer: okay, any other names for those? 412: not that I've ever heard of Interviewer: okay, um uh, never heard of it okay 412: #1 What else, what else # Interviewer: #2 {X} well we got different # variations, how about uh thrills or uh drafts, uh, thrills how about uh uh the steel outside of a wagon, we we, what do you call that? 412: well we call it the tire Interviewer: okay uh alright and um when a horse is hitched to a wagon, what do you call the bar of wood that the traces are fastened to? 412: well I guess you call 'em singletree Interviewer: okay 412: doubletree, depending on what you've got Interviewer: Alright, well, this next one here now now the wagon if you have two horses and each one has a singletree okay uh 412: Then you've got to have a doubletree Interviewer: then then the thing that both of these are hitched to is called a doubletree 412: yeah yeah {NW} Interviewer: uh if uh if man had a load wood in his wagon, he was driving along, what would you say he's doing? 412: A little wood Interviewer: a load of wood in a in a wagon he was going to town say he was doing with that wood? 412: Well I'd guess that he's probably going to sell it, but not necessarily Interviewer: well, uh, just the act of carrying it along, would would you have a term for that? okay 412: Well if he were bringing it up from the woods to the house I'd say he's hauling wood Interviewer: okay, that's all I was looking for 412: #1 how do you say this # Interviewer: #2 Now I # 412: same thing but going to town Interviewer: right 412: We never sold wood Interviewer: oh, i forgot uh 412: I think we'd likely be inclined here to say peddling wood uh Interviewer: peddling 412: uh uh quite a few of our negroes do sell wood and that Interviewer: Well is, they do now? 412: mm-hmm see there are a lot of people who had led to pay a good price for small amounts of good oak or hickory or one or two other species just to have a fire when special friends come in or for themselves if it gets real cold at night Interviewer: yes Well I appreciate a fireplace myself, just general principle of it um we have a as a matter of fact uh, where I'm staying, uh uh There's no fireplace upstairs, so I got an an old Victorian uh uh stove 412: #1 mm-hmm, mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {X} it's very ornate # 412: #1 # Interviewer: #2 the, I just use it because # 412: #1 mm # Interviewer: #2 cause I just like the um # feel of a wood fire there's something very nice about it 412: Well in the Texas room in the University of Texas on the library uh I can't think of the you remember {X} if he called his name Great writer from Texas in the West Uh is this engraving on the mantle and by the fireplace and I sat down before the world's greatest philosopher an open fire Interviewer: I like how I like that there's a there's a great attraction for human beings and fireplaces 412: Yeah yeah Interviewer: That's all we want 412: think so Interviewer: Uh, what would you call now if if a tree fell, sort of in a hollow and you had to go down with people put a chain to 'em just so you have to do that tree 412: we usually dragged 'em out Interviewer: Okay 412: Sometimes you skid 'em Interviewer: skid 'em? 412: mm-hmm Interviewer: Alright now, in terms of uh, drag, I'm just gonna get the principal participle of the word here if you if you did it yesterday you say you did what? 412: I'm not sure now what you mean but Interviewer: okay just in terms of the principal part of the word 412: When it happened? Interviewer: No uh, i-if you if uh today you went down and drag i-if today or or tomorrow you you will drag a tree out of the uh of the 412: #1 well # Interviewer: #2 hollow # Well, yesterday you you did what 412: A good many of our huh-uh white people and I suspect most of the negroes would use uh past tense, drug Interviewer: Okay, what would you use? 412: I'd say dragged Interviewer: dragged, okay alright, uh now, uh uh in the springtime what uh, what what do you use to break the ground with? what's the utensil? We talked about, used a, I think you mentioned this a little earlier but 412: Well we use all sorts of things here depending on what we're doing we might use a mattock, we might use this rototiller we might use a a double cut, a double cutting arrow we might use a moldboard plower a three bottomed plower we haven't got any four-bottomed stuff we have used a two bottom, I used two bottom stuff on the ford out there uh, let's see I don't think I've run the #1 Gamma # Interviewer: #2 What was that first when you said the mattock? # 412: Mattock Interviewer: Alright what's that? 412: oh yeah, another two, we do use, Sally use that more than I do is a fork Interviewer: A fork? 412: Yeah, a long fork sole that two part about so long and very heavy tines Interviewer: Two feet long and it has tines, is it like 412: #1 Yeah # Interviewer: #2 a rake # 412: #1 # Interviewer: #2 # 412: Now I don't know potato rake Interviewer: Well is it like a pitchfork that's bent at a right angle? 412: No, no it's straight straight tines, but it it's so strong that you just press down and then pull back Interviewer: oh i see 412: and the mattock you know you swing it over your head or you can choke it and do it like this Interviewer: oh i see okay Alright now after you've got the uh the ground worked up plowed up just the first plowing 412: yeah Interviewer: alright what would you use to break it up into a finer 412: Well, here again, we'd use any number of things now, we might use the Bowling's rototiller Since we've got this new one we might use the other rototiller uh in the old days, we uh, and I still got some of that uh equipment and I'm sure I keep 'em We use a little Joe hare spring tooth arrow or I've got what amounts to a little Joe hare out there right now for the Bowling's or uh we've got uh some heavy equipment on the four row, I think Bill Well I'm not sure Bill's got it Anyway, some of our growers around here use it it's a type of uh rolling cultivator uh something like a rolling arrow, you must use a lot up in it's a type of weeder really Interviewer: okay 412: it's it's so designed that it rolls fast and it would loosen the ground when the little weeds and grass are just coming up as seedlings before they take hold Interviewer: are they uh uh it's not like a {X} 412: no no They, it would be a rotary Interviewer: Yes, oh I know what you're talking okay 412: #1 Yeah # Interviewer: #2 Yes # that's, okay uh How about uh, what what is the what is the thing that the wagon wheel fits on to? 412: you mean the hub? Interviewer: alright and uh, uh well the hub's the center of the wheel right? where the spokes come together or 412: yeah yeah Interviewer: and what would you take the whole wheel and you put it on that, the wooden bar, the onto the wagon what would you call that uh 412: Well we call, I guess what you talking about we call it the skein Interviewer: the skein? now, this this skein is that the uh uh metal nipple that fits over the piece of wood? 412: yeah Interviewer: okay 412: yeah Interviewer: and what's the skein attached to? 412: well, uh it would be oh, shucks it's partly attached to your fifth wheel uh Interviewer: What's just the long the long piece, uh of wood that goes from wheel to wheel what's that called? 412: Well, I guess you what you talking about is the axle, then Interviewer: okay well then it's but you got a you got the the hub the skein and the axle all attached together 412: yeah Interviewer: okay 412: yeah Interviewer: okay And the skein's just a piece of metal that the the hub has metal on metal 412: yeah Interviewer: right 412: yeah and can be greased Interviewer: Right, I learned after my, just recently from mr uh Gleb, uh 412: #1 either that or a # Interviewer: #2 i never knew about a skein before # around well this that term 412: yeah, we've acquired one or two for the museum, I haven't satisfied myself yet that uh any one of 'em is good enough to ever put on display but we've got a buggy skein that one of these kinda brass embossments fancy ones Interviewer: Wouldn't brass be uh, softer than some of the other metals? 412: well brass was on the outside #1 anyways, for decoration, it's for one of these # Interviewer: #2 oh oh # 412: flashy buggies you know Interviewer: okay uh, now in the morning you might uh uh use two things to uh straighten your hair, you might comb it or you might uh 412: Well, brush it I suppose Interviewer: okay and uh, in a in a barber shop uh when you take a {X} you might have one here too or in the house uh, when you take a straight razor and you wanna hone it you use a uh leather what? 412: Well I'd say we strop it Interviewer: okay 412: {NW} Interviewer: okay and uh um uh what do you call the uh egg shaped frame uh it's usually out in the yard and you lay a log or something it's often used for firewood 412: Well, uh Let's see we used to use those a lot I have called 'em the uh the basket but this is not the, we had another term for it oh, shucks i don't think we ever called it the rack I don't know anymore! It's gone Interviewer: Okay Uh, how about just a uh an A-shape frame, like what the carpenters use Looks, looks a little bit like 412: #1 Well # Interviewer: #2 {X} quarter drawn # 412: When you had to have something to hold that but we have used that uh We just call that a horse Interviewer: okay how about uh uh what do you call the round that you put into uh, a rifle or revolver 412: You talking about the cartridge? Interviewer: yes sir um and uh uh the when children take like a one of these saw horses or a horse and uh um uh put it out in the yard, you take a plank you lay over it, one gets on one end and the other gets on the other end 412: a see-saw Interviewer: okay, you you have any other names you might use for that? 412: what? What's that? Auxilliary: Teeter-totter 412: I don't believe I ever used that one I can't think of any other one I ever heard used Interviewer: okay How about, uh, have you ever heard of Around here now, you might've, well you anywhere uh uh a board that uh uh the same board that you might use for a uh see-saw take it off 412: yeah Interviewer: the frame and you attach it to, to uh uh maybe two uh um horses only you attach each end of the board, where it's limber in the middle with the board, you attach both ends 412: #1 Mm-hmm, mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 to the board, which in the middle # Maybe a chip, uh a child to get up in the middle of it and jump up and down like a trampoline, only only on the board 412: yeah Interviewer: you ever heard of that? 412: #1 No # Interviewer: #2 ever, ever seen that or heard of that? # Okay, that might be more from the uh, Carolina area 412: What do they call it? Interviewer: a driving board 412: {X} Interviewer: okay how about a uh uh board that was attached to maybe a stump or a uh a permanent fixture that was uh like a stump, it was just a solid center object where the board was attached somewhere in the middle to a seat see-saw but it was, uh, with a bolt in the middle where it would go in circles 412: well, I think uh, you talking about what we call uh many things that apply to anything, merry go around Interviewer: okay, or uh would there be uh uh uh, would it be like, alright What, have you heard any other names for that? 412: I don't think of any Interviewer: okay have you ever heard the term, uh like um "flying jenny"? 412: oh yeah, yeah yeah sure Interviewer: okay 412: yeah Interviewer: Alright, and if if two children were out in the yard on a on seesaw, and they were doing it at the time you'd say they are If you wanted to tell someone that the children are outside just the progressive form of seesaw 412: I don't know if I'd say anything but seesawing Interviewer: okay okay and um, what do you call the um when you have two ropes coming down off a limb, and a plank between 'em and the children get on it and go back and forth what do you call that? 412: well, that's just a plain swing to us Interviewer: okay 412: I li- that's like the old gag now you know what you call monkeys in South America? Interviewer: No sir 412: monkeys Interviewer: oh Well now some people might call it a swing-swing 412: uh-huh Interviewer: You know, and not know it as anything else, or something 412: Excuse me just a sec- Interviewer: Excuse me {NS} See, now, you're, you're interested in uh in uh You belong, you, he mentioned that you belong to the uh the D-A-R, daughters of the confederacy? and uh, what other organizations are you in? Auxilliary: Oh, I I I normally... I originally {X} a lot of {X} probably when I was on {X} for eighteen years Interviewer: that's a long time Auxilliary: Well I've been running {X} again for another term He was tired of me coming home and {X} couldn't get nothing but the federal government wanted and I said well if I'm not concerned, I'm not worth a dime Interviewer: hmm Auxilliary: So I didn't run the next term, that was elected basis, I was a {X} but Interviewer: um uh Is, most of the people around here Democrats? Auxilliary: Well yes, most of 'em Interviewer: I know Well I mean you know, he said that traditionally that Auxilliary: yeah Interviewer: most people around here all pretty much Democrats Auxilliary: that's right Interviewer: and, and and Methodist or baptist You had very many other de- denominations? in the area Auxilliary: We had some I knew that {X} in Albany uh Episcopalian Lutheran, we have some Lutherans that live in this community uh We have, uh have had some you know Episcopalian, some still {NS} and few Catholics just most anything you want, we've got Mormons and living right up here, they're building a church Interviewer: The Mormon, Mormons? Auxilliary: uh-huh up the road here, on the {X} creek farms subdivision they're in the process of building a church {X} Interviewer: you have any uh, Spanish Auxilliary: No, we #1 have # Interviewer: #2 people in your area # Auxilliary: No we have a one young woman that uh uh, a Thai lady that lives in our community she married a a Major that grew up here and he's brought her back here and she is a delightful person she uh she's uh Thai educated, has a Master's degree from a university in Thailand and her she has two little girls that are just adorable I taught 'em in Sunday School for a while and and they come up here and they be going, they go to a private school in Albany and they wanna stop by and see mrs Nun They said they were, they're just as cute as they can be she's a tiny little girl and she has uh, been real relied granddaughter was in school, and she I remember had a Thai friend and so she was sort of lonely, I think when they get over here They they they are lonesome it's different, and so she has her husband works at the University now, with the uh veteran's program and uh so all the Thai people that he meets they have him down to eat Interviewer: Mm Auxilliary: and this girl came down the other night to eat, remember that she said that uh I read {X} that they just talked in their Native language to each other, you know I guess they hadn't been able to do that talk to anybody in the language that they knew first, they all speak English and but it's uh different, I'm sure she gets mighty lonesome she comes up here I she calls me up sometime and she came one morning, she called me, and she says "Would you like to have some cucumbers?" and I said "I would love to have some Tiny, but don't bring 'em" "Oh I'll come up there with 'em" and she came up here with this beautiful basket about this big around full of just the right sized cucumbers pickles and and I just, they looked so pretty in the basket, I just admired the basket so much and so they're getting ready to go back to Thailand this fall, last summer last fall, I mean and I so that before she left, she came came up one afternoon to tell us goodbye they were going to visit her parents and she brought me that basket and gave it to me, I said "why Tiny, She said, "Well I have two of 'em and you liked it so I want you to have it" Interviewer: Oh Auxilliary: and things like that and other things that they've brought us course these are, these are Thai lamps this came from Thailand, that's tea He sent me these from Thailand And I didn't know what their vases were originally vases were, he sent me a pair of 'em well I didn't there was a little bitty hole about that big I didn't know what you could do with 'em so I took 'em to the interior decorator, he sent 'em to Atlanta and had 'em made into lamps and uh #1 Yes! uh # Interviewer: #2 They look very good # Auxilliary: different things that they've that they've brought us grass, back and all they always bringing us something back so that when they they came back this time, they brought me a beautiful salad bowl and and uh, individual out of teak wood and uh course they knew we grew fruit so it's made in the shape of a pear, and the individual salad bowls are pears and the spoon and the fork things like that that they just have things that they have so many pretty things that come to {X} Interviewer: yes Auxilliary: get the end, and she she can't come she's a a Buddhist but she comes to our church and uh she's studying Christianity and uh course I don't know much about her Buddhist beliefs {NW} you know, people, you just can't they're so different the things that they do and the way the meals she has had us down several times to eat and the food is delicious and she cooks a regular Thai meal like she would cook it if she was at home and she cooks it on these woks Chinese things, now I, I don't think cooked in one of those things, but she cooks everything in that and then she serves it so beautifully as she would if she were in Thailand and and have no knife on the table no everything is cut in bite-size pieces Interviewer: that's Auxilliary: and she likes to have the way she's served it the soup, and now I noticed Jimmy had a grill going in the backyard and I thought "well that's strange this time the grill was still going" and he was heating the charcoal to put in this funny looking container it was a round thing, sort of looked like a lamp, one of these kerosene lamps we have, it was metal and they put the charcoal down in the bottom of that thing, somewhere to keep the soot piping hot Interviewer: oh Auxilliary: A smart idea, wasn't it? Interviewer: {NW} I guess so, well it's probably you know they don't have Auxilliary: #1 they don't have things # Interviewer: #2 electricity, they can't # Auxilliary: to use, but they had and and she brought one back with her and she used it on the table, and she served the soup with little rice bowls out of that and it was delicious and she served, she had chopsticks on the plates first time I had seen hand-carved ivory, with little elephants on top I said, "Now Tiny, you know I can't eat with these things" she said "I just wanted you to see how we set the table" Interviewer: Oh {NW} Auxilliary: she was trying to let me see how she would set the table if she were in Thailand but she ate with 'em and she fed the children with 'em and her stepson he ate with 'em They, I don't know how they did it but they did Interviewer: I noticed Have you ever had, uh, had a genuine Alabama meal for her? Auxilliary: oh yeah Interviewer: Huh, I gotta crack, like a crack my {NW} Auxilliary: You know, well I've but, she sent me oh she and bamboo soup We have, just an old cane patch out here in the back just canes and it's bamboo to her and she came up here and cut some of that stuff and made bamboo soup out of it but she brought us some Interviewer: did it taste alright? Auxilliary: oh, it was alright if you knew how to do it I wouldn't know how to fix it but they use chicken so much as a base I I she brought it in a dish casserole, and I said "Well I can't take this back empty" That wouldn't be right, I just had and I worried and worried about what I could cook that she would like Interviewer: Mm Auxilliary: In that, take home to her in that dish well I make a di- a dish out of noodles and ground beef and pepper and celery and soy sauce and all that it's real good, we like it so I said "well I believe I'll fix that and I carried it down there and it has almonds on the top just in time for her lunch eating which I and she took the lid off the casserole and she said "ooh" "I'm gonna eat this for my lunch it smells so good" and she liked it! but I didn't know whether she would, you know? you didn't know what to do but I knew I couldn't send it back empty Interviewer: right Auxilliary: I had to put something in that bowl before I took it back Interviewer: sure Auxilliary: but she's just delightful person, just as attractive as she can be uh her parents are still over there and uh Interviewer: They may, they may be there for quite a while now Auxilliary: yeah and her sister is came back with 'em and she was married in California now i guess that they have no brothers or sisters, the parents are the only ones that are left over there and I bet you they tried to get 'em out too Interviewer: yeah Auxilliary: I don't know Interviewer: Well they could probably {X} them out of Thailand, Thailand's not overrun yet Auxilliary: but uh she, I don't know whether that that her father would come, he's one of these religious, uh he's not uh a monk, as they call 'em in uh Buddhist religion but uh Interviewer: A holy man? Auxilliary: yeah, he's one of those and and he, um Jim, the husband, said that he would go in his room and he would stay for two or three days, just praying things like, and you wouldn't even see him I guess that's what you'd call it Interviewer: yeah Auxilliary: And I bet you he wouldn't leave Interviewer: Not too many Christians do that Auxilliary: No, that's the truth Interviewer: {NW} Auxilliary: Sister, they just live in a different kind of situation, everything about 'em that they do differently but she's real attractive and they {X} they've had several professors from the university of Thailand have been in America on an exchange program and they have had 'em to eat, and they have had 'em to our church and and we have t- this to the {X} they were just delightful people too nice folk that they had 412: You gonna have to come ride with me or stay here and visit with Sally a little bit, I got to go close up the museum Interviewer: oh okay 412: I'll be back in a few minutes Interviewer: let me turn this off then {NS} {NW} okay, see where we were oh okay uh what do you uh use to carry coal in? 412: Well we always used a scuttle {NW} Interviewer: okay 412: {NW} Interviewer: Alright and now we have a stove like a, like a wood-burning stove in the kitchen or something like that uh, {NW} what runs from the stove to the chimney? 412: Stove to the chimney, I guess you're talking about the pipe Interviewer: okay is there any difference between a flume and a stove pipe? 412: Well you could use a stove pipe for a flue but you wouldn't usually want to do that Fact we had our renter down here, tried to do it and he just was running all sorts of risk of us burn down that house You wouldn't, you wouldn't permit it if you saw it N-not the way we usually turn it down here Interviewer: Okay, what is the difference between a chimney and a flue? 412: well Interviewer: I mean a stovepipe, you know and the chimney too 412: {NW} {NW} I would say most installations I've seen where you have a an iron stove or similar similar item you would take your pipe to a flue Course i-if you were out camping at night you had it uh uh protected some way against heating and a fire you might just run a stovepipe out of a tin and these youngsters down here at that house they took out a windowpane and ran it through the window and then turned it upright onto the ease of the house Interviewer: oh kinda strange 412: Most, most uh flues Not all of 'em but most flues around here would have hangers too that uh iron hangers usually that you set you flue on Interviewer: okay how about uh what do you call a small vehicle used to carry bricks or mix cement in, it has one wheel in the front and two uh 412: I guess you talking about a wheel barrow Interviewer: Any other names you might have for this? 412: uh Not, uh well we'll say a barrel but ordinarily they'll put the wheel with it Interviewer: Uh, what's the implement that you use to sharpen the side of 412: Well we use uh two or three things we, we sometimes use a heavy file steel file {NW} and uh sometimes we'll use a a whetstone or {NW} {NW} they now have on the markets you know the, and {D: naturally} whetstone itself but it's called by some other name too you have a hammer on it and uh it's um it's a carborundum stone {NS} I use that a good bit now Interviewer: Are those any better than the uh 412: uh Well there were whetstone like Papa used to use it was mighty good but you run some risk if you if you should slip on a sharp blade and that carborundum stone with the handle if you have any caution and any sense at all you don't run any danger slicing part of your hand off Interviewer: How about the kind of sharpening device, that has, it's a wheel, and it sometimes has a handle or a wheel that you turn, use 412: yeah well We got the grindstone and we also have the emery wheel we got 'em both down there at the museum Interviewer: did you ever have any of those on the farm? 412: We had, no not the emery wheel that's a that's a fairly modern thing for our area I'm sure a few machinists machine shops must've had 'em we always used a grindstone Interviewer: okay, if a, like if something's squeaking, like a wheel on a... if something's squeaking and you had to take it down to the filling station, you'd have to take one of those lubricating things and you'd do what with the car? 412: well we'd usually say Alamine Interviewer: Alamine? 412: mm-hmm Interviewer: Would you ever use the other term? 412: Well, greasy? Interviewer: Yeah 412: yeah Interviewer: okay, and uh 412: oh you might uh you might say oily, depending on what was squeaking if the springs were squeaking he'd probably sc- spray uh, uh uh oil Interviewer: Okay, uh, what is it you used to burn in lamps? 412: well we'd burn kerosene Interviewer: okay, any other names you might use for kerosene? 412: Well, coal oil is about the only other thing I they might think of Interviewer: okay, have you ever heard of a makeshift lamp that might be made out of a bottle, a rag out of the top? 412: I've seen it, uh, this is this is what we would call a makeshift but i never heard any Interviewer: never had a proper name used? 412: no Interviewer: you ever heard the term flambeau? 412: Yeah, yeah sure, but flambeau well I guess it's from kerosene too, isn't it? Yeah, w-we're quite familiar with the flambeau Interviewer: okay, how would you make a flambeau? Same way? 412: Well, Sally's father was a railroad man, think the whole family were either doctors or railroad men and they had a standing piece of equipment with a heavy weight that they put into it Interviewer: hmm 412: yeah Interviewer: Was it regular, like a commercial flambeau? 412: yeah yeah Interviewer: And what do you call the, well in the newer tires they have no uh #1 uh # 412: #2 You # talking about inner tubes? Interviewer: Right, okay, and if you just build a boat and it's never been in the water before you go down to the water's edge, and you do what to it? it's never 412: Well you grease the ways I don't know whether that's what you're getting at or not Interviewer: Wait what is the term, sir? 412: I'd say you grease the ways Interviewer: greasy ways? 412: W-A-Y-S Interviewer: oh I didn't know that 412: {NW} Interviewer: You know I've never heard that at all 412: You do that with big ships, too Interviewer: oh Well what about the ceremony where they take like a bottle of champagne? 412: Yeah Interviewer: is that what they call it? 412: yeah, well I don't know what they call it uh suppose a christening Interviewer: yeah, and then the whole ceremony where the ship backs into the water 412: Y-yeah, just slides down the ways into the Interviewer: oh or You ever heard, well I was just trying to get to the term launch 412: yeah Interviewer: uh, alright, what do you, what kind of a boat would you go fishing in on a small laker? what's the name of the boat? 412: Well we've got a bateau you, you could use a canoe uh but we don't use canoes around here much Interviewer: Any other names that you might have for a bateau? 412: well uh, you quite often say, rowboat {NW} Interviewer: okay I'm skipping over some of these grammatical items, there's no 412: #1 Whole # Interviewer: #2 yeah # conversation that we got, I'm sure that's in there if uh uh If a woman wanted to buy a a dress of a certain color, she would take in a little square of cloth to use as a 412: um pattern I reckon Interviewer: alright, or in some of the older, like chocolate boxes, they used to have a top layer that we call 412: you got me there Interviewer: #1 uh # Auxilliary: #2 sampling # 412: huh? Auxilliary: sampling sampling? Interviewer: yeah, so would just a piece of cloth be a Auxilliary: sampling 412: sampler sample, yeah yeah now I know what you're talking about Interviewer: #1 okay # 412: #2 mm # Interviewer: and uh, what might a woman wear over her clothes in the kitchen to keep 'em from getting dirty while working in the kitchen? 412: well apron would be one thing but they've got another one now they put on, all the way on the front, what's that, Sally? Auxilliary: I don't know Aprons, they they make 'em all the way like that 412: well Apron would be the only name I know of Interviewer: and um a writing utensil that they used to dip in ink, that had, was an ink, what would you call that? 412: well I've always called it a fountain pen or a pen Interviewer: okay and what do you call the devices used to attach diapers? 412: well, safety pins Interviewer: okay And in grocery stores, well soup comes in cans, well all the canned goods and the material that the that the cans are made out of, we used to call 'em what kind of cans? 412: talking about tin cans? Interviewer: Yes sir, and two nickels make how many cents? 412: nine Interviewer: or how ma- 412: ten cent Interviewer: Okay we're just getting that pronunciation involved Alright, in the winter time, if it's cold outside, you wouldn't wanna go out without a You wouldn't wanna go outside without something on 412: Well I've depending on how cold it was, I'd either use a sweater or an old coat or a heavy jacket or Might use the way a gunman apparel sold today uh a flight jacket Interviewer: flight jacket? 412: yeah Interviewer: And uh, in old years ago, what might a man, a well-dressed man wear to church on Sunday? years ago, you know few years back Or just, you know, any old, what might your father wear to church on Sunday if he went to church on Sunday? 412: Well I was trying to think of a type of suit used to have way back yonder uh oh it wasn't made from wool, it was made uh an alpaca suit in the wintertime I believe Auxilliary: {X} 412: Yeah, yeah Interviewer: what was that? 412: {D: Lusage} Interviewer: what's that, what type is that? 412: it's a dark nav- you'd call navy blue wouldn't you Interviewer: is it coarse material or? slick 412: No, it's fairly fairly slick, not like silk Interviewer: No, but does it have kind of a sheen to it? 412: yeah yeah Interviewer: and heavy? 412: y- well I'd say middle weight Sally, all we've ever worn down here Interviewer: Well if {NW} um {NW} excuse me between the jack, the outside coat of a suit 412: yeah Interviewer: and your dress shirt 412: #1 You talking about a # Interviewer: #2 Some people might # 412: vest? Interviewer: yeah, some people might wear that And then what would you call the bottom part of the suit? the {X} 412: uh, cuffs Interviewer: Well I mean, the whole garment 412: Well we'd call 'em trousers Interviewer: Alright, anything any other name- 412: We used to call 'em britches Interviewer: okay, and, any other name you might use for that other than trousers and britches? or britches 412: I don't think of anything {NW} No, I don't think of anything else at the minute Interviewer: okay, uh- 412: pants, of course Interviewer: right okay and the, well you know the Levi's, the new 412: #1 Mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 blue jeans, Levi's # You always have to buy them a size larger because they're going to 412: shrink Interviewer: okay and if they've already done that, you say they have 412: Well they if they've done that in advance, it's uh not moisturize huh Interviewer: You can say they're pre- 412: Well preshrunk Interviewer: okay or you could say sanfored 412: yeah That's what I what I was trying to think of but I couldn't think of anything but moisturize Interviewer: okay and uh {NW} {NW} If a person is putting buttons on a coat, what would you say that they were doing? And just, you can say put- sow a button if you were asked #1 to- # 412: #2 just # just putting buttons on a coat to be sewing them on? Interviewer: yeah, if you had a button missing and you asked your wife to sow a button 412: #1 Well I'd just say she # Interviewer: #2 What would you ask # 412: I'd ask her if she put on a button or maybe sew a button on Interviewer: okay would never say anything like, sew a button onto 412: No I don't believe I've ever used onto Interviewer: okay, if a child goes out and gathers a lot of pecans and he has like sweater pockets, you know, cardigan, sweater or something, and he has 'em stuffed in his pockets and you know, his pockets starting to rip out, You'd say his pockets are 412: Well I'd say they're bulging Interviewer: okay, uh, and a young lady, maybe before she goes to church, stands in front of the mirror and she stands there an hour or so, maybe an hour and a half or so, putting on makeup and combing her hair, putting on powder and things, what would you say she's... 412: Well, I think we might say, either prettying up or primping or something else maybe Interviewer: okay and what's the um container that a woman has, that she carries her money in, has a clasp on it, maybe carries it around on her arm 412: Well I say purse pocketbook Or Sally, there's two or three more what else yeah, handbag Interviewer: okay, uh, how about would you call that if it was for coins? I mean if you had one yourself for coins 412: Well we use the word coin purse for one thing and then depending on the nature of it we'd sometimes say pocketbook Interviewer: Okay, like the little one with the clasp on it? 412: yeah Interviewer: okay 412: yeah Interviewer: uh, and what about the thing a woman might wear around her wrist, that's not a watch, just a ornament what would you call that? 412: you talking about a bracelet? Interviewer: yes sir and around a woman's neck she might just be wearing, it has a bead, they're like pearls, but maybe little wooden things, they're not valuable at all, what would you call a {D:messo} strung around her neck? 412: Well Y- you're not talking about a necklace Interviewer: Well it would be, yes it would be a necklace of a sort, but it would just be made out of little round balls that are strung on a string if you ever uh like a string of 412: Think I've ever known a you talking about a string of pearls? Interviewer: Well it could be pearls, in this case, maybe just a little wooden balls or something, not quite as valuable as pearls you ever heard of like a string of beads or 412: I don't recall anything What is it? what is one word? Interviewer: Well it's just a string of beads, or Auxilliary: Beads? 412: yeah Interviewer: you ever heard that expression? 412: String of beads? Interviewer: yes 412: Yeah but I wouldn't say speak of that, I don't believe if it's a if it's a wooden bead Interviewer: Okay what would you call it if it was wood 412: I don't think I've ever heard it called to tell you the truth Interviewer: Uh uh what did men used to use to hold their pants up? 412: {NW} Been so long since I used 'em, I've forgotten that too Interviewer: {NW} 412: suspenders Interviewer: okay, is there any other term you might've used? 412: Yeah, the men around here used to use some other term, let's see if I can remember what it was um use supporters on your socks You used galluses of course galluses {X} suspenders I don't think of anything else all right quick Interviewer: okay Now on a pair of overalls, bibbed, you call those things over your shoulder, you call those anything special? 412: We used to call 'em straps Interviewer: okay How about, what would you carry, an {X} over your head To keep rain 412: We usually said umbrella, I've heard some people say parasol Interviewer: Do you know, can you think of any difference between parasol and umbrella? 412: I usually think of a parasol as more of a lady's piece of equipment Interviewer: Would it be used for inclement weather, fair weather, or what? a parasol 412: No, she might go to a tennis match on a sunny day carry a parasol Interviewer: uh 412: I think of an umbrella as always a rain protector Interviewer: um what's the last thing that you put on a bed? when you're making a bed 412: you talking about a pillow? 412: pillow sham? Interviewer: alright it might, okay what was that again please? 412: pillow sham Interviewer: what's a pillow sham? 412: well we had pillow shams on all those down yonder that would've been the last thing you put on over a bed Interviewer: because they were on top of the 412: yeah it's a Sally would you call those ornaments and? #1 Why did they use # Auxilliary: #2 That was # all they would use because it didn't have That they just covered up the pillows during the day 412: Mm-hmm it's an it's just, it's not a uh sack at all, it's just one piece in it that you kept on up here Auxilliary: piece of it of cloth that faces to the headboard of the bed and just sorta covers up the pillow on the bed 412: and you might have epigrams or one thing or another quite often Interviewer: and is this just 412: his hers for example Interviewer: and it would just like {NW} excuse me, keep dust and stuff off the pillows? 412: Yeah I'm sure it did, that, did you use it for that Sally? {NW} Auxilliary: I never did, we never did have 'em at home 412: Mama used 'em some Auxilliary: and those down at the museum are real old, one of 'em is dated, the date on it is eighteen ninety-eight embroidered into the cloth and um, it um and they used 'em and there are little places that they have clips like things on the bed that stitched to hold 'em up in place they did long time ago Interviewer: And they're like a tent, sometimes this #1 {X} # 412: #2 yeah yeah # Interviewer: that's interesting how about nowadays, you wouldn't use a, what did you call this? a pillow 412: Pillow sham. Interviewer: #1 Sham? # 412: #2 S-A- S-H-A-M # Interviewer: sham nowadays you wouldn't use it, what would be the last thing you'd put on a bed now? Auxilliary: You don't make up the bed, do you? 412: Oh, no Interviewer: okay 412: I, I'm lost there I think Auxilliary: The bedspread! 412: oh {NW} Auxilliary: I told you you didn't make up the bed! 412: I was trying to think of some correlation to pillow sham Interviewer: What might you find on a bed? uh you know, on a bed that's completely made, what might you find laying on it? what's all the pieces that 412: #1 Well # Interviewer: #2 have on it? # 412: you would have sheets and uh either blankets, or quilts, or electric spreads, and they're going out of use though often now, we used to Auxilliary: {X} 412: We used to have one for every bed in this house I believe Interviewer: What was that, sir? 412: The electric spreads Interviewer: oh, like 412: And then of course you'd have pillows, and uh, pillowcases Interviewer: Would you ever have anything like that you'd put your feet across, like a feet warmer? Not a warmer, but an extra piece of 412: Yeah, uh Sally and I sort of cold, put it in the winter put up, as she says Auxilliary: #1 down comforter # 412: #2 Afghan # Yeah Interviewer: What was that again? 412: Afghan Interviewer: Afghan? 412: #1 uh-huh # Auxilliary: #2 That's a handmade crocheted thing, you know # Interviewer: Is that a, would they be inclined to do that years ago? 412: No, yeah, I don't know about that Interviewer: Maybe you've 412: #1 I don't, # Interviewer: #2 seen # 412: I never heard of Afghans when I was growing up Interviewer: Okay 412: Uh is it an old item? Auxilliary: Yeah they used 'em, they might not have told 'em that It's made of handmade crocheted thing you know They probably had some assembly {X} Interviewer: okay Have you ever heard of a, it's a large pillow that goes all the way across maybe a double bed Maybe sometimes a roll, have you ever heard of anything like that? What you might call okay 412: What, what is she's a bolster? Interviewer: bolster, you ever heard of a bolster? Sometimes referred to as a slam, or a plum, or a jam? 412: Uh, {NW} that's all new to me Interviewer: okay What types of land would you have on the farm that you have in here, but what kind of lands did you have? the types of land {NW} You mean it's the topography or 412: #1 soil type, or what # Interviewer: #2 Yeah, it'd be the topography be fine # 412: Well Interviewer: We'll get into soil types 412: Yeah We, we had an I do have on the home place bottom lands or gravel lands or sloping lands or rolling lands or some hilly lands, some steep lands uh, some level And we would also use uh in farm terms, we'd speak of this as being cultivatable or see what else we might use Course we'd have gullied lands sometimes eroded lands {NW} That's about all I can roll off right quick Interviewer: You mentioned, you say, swampy? Did you say that? 412: I think I said bottom Interviewer: #1 lands # Interviewer: #2 oh I'm sorry # What kind of, what soil types would you have? 412: Oh lord, hmm I can just take our Interviewer: Well just, uh 412: Take our own land cuz there are some hundreds I believe Sort of classifications in this county alone {NS} We mostly have, uh Norfolk and Orangeburg some Tifton, I believe there's a little Ruston And then a whole series of soil types, I was actually looking at that last night, I guess it was Night before last, when a friend called about the location of a church Uh and then uh, we would have uh sandy, and sandy loam loamy sand uh some clays uh this Tifton soil is a gravelly uh well really it's a pebbly soil we would have uh sticky soils, or tight soils, or permeable soils I don't know what else You could kind of rattle #1 on on that for # Interviewer: #2 okay # 412: #1 a long time # Interviewer: #2 okay, uh # What, if the land is very rich, it has everything you like, we were talking about this land 412: Yeah Interviewer: Around here, there's so much that you had to stop putting phosphate on. What would you say that land is, it'll produce almost anything, it's very 412: Well, we'd usually say rich Interviewer: rich, would you ever say anything else, like uh well, use a different expression Like if you have two cans of eggs, there's eggs that, hens that are made to lay, never have contact with roosters, and then there's hens that are 412: You talking about, well this would be always be a case of fertility Interviewer: alright So if you just had the use of the adjective, if you're just talking about a piece of land that was, it was very 412: Well, I'm sure what you're thinking about is fertile Interviewer: okay 412: And we use that term often, but I don't believe we'd use that either of those infertile or fertile necessarily, maybe not as often as we'd use 'em, we, we quite often say this is poor land Interviewer: Poor? 412: #1 except # Interviewer: #2 uh, or rich # 412: yeah, poor, rich or you might have some, you might be more inclined to say this is real good land uh Interviewer: okay 412: Or y-