Interviewer: {NS} I was just wondering if uh you'd ever heard of a colored man refer to a white man as a captain or something like that. Or a bossman or 472: Yeah. Yeah hello there boss yeah. That's my bossman. {NS} Now that's the captain on a boat What you have. Interviewer: I see. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: {X} t- uh you were talking about uh cows that uh you'd find 'em in the woods sometimes? So people didn't used to always have fences around their property? 472: Uh huh {NW} most of 'em a- wa- if they had a if they had uh fences rou- they had to have it uh gardens fenced up you see. Interviewer: Yes- 472: #1 {D: Of} # Interviewer: #2 sir. # 472: patches or uh a acre or two of ground fenced in to keep 'em keep 'em from getting into there. Now they used to build fences outta rails split rails out of those timbers I was telling you about be on the ground you know? Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Uh you'd go cut a tree down and split it up into rails and build a rail fence around the acres {D: so ground} And uh maybe use it for a cow pen uh during the summer. During the winter. And then that summer then they fence them cows outta there and break that ground and plant vegetables of all kinds in there. And then they had to have a stake-and-rider on that fence to keep 'em from jumping over it you see. Interviewer: That was on the rail fence? 472: Uh yeah the rail fence a stake-and-rider you see put them two s- rails down like that in the ground Interviewer: Kinda like an X? 472: Uh like this and then lay one across it this way. Interviewer: {NW} 472: Eve- ever {NS} town almost had one of these stakes across it. Interviewer: I see. That keep 'em from jumping over 472: Yeah they wouldn't jump the fence. {NS} Keep 'em out of it. Interviewer: {X} {NS} 472: Yeah they'd eat up the crops. {X} {NS} cuz that rail fence was all they had {NS} to protect the land. protect those vegetables {NS} Interviewer: {X} {NS} Was there a t- time that uh you didn't have to have fences around your property and the animals could just uh roam free? 472: No. I don't know of that. I sure don't know of that uh cuz if they ever come across something or another well sometime one {NW} they used to get loose here in town they'd soon catch him cuz he'd get into people's gardens. Eat up stuff. Interviewer: Right. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: Do you I don't guess you see too many of those rail fences any more do you? 472: No I sure don't. I don't see that many rail fences. Interviewer: Well what what other kind of wooden fences would you have nowadays? 472: Well you have to have planks. Plank fences. {NS} Planks. Interviewer: Ever seen these little uh fences that are usually painted white and they usually come to a point at the top? 472: Oh you're talking about picket fences. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Yeah. Yeah my father used to1 {D: drive out} pickets for his garden. Put 'em all the way around his garden. Cut {D: ladder} you know and nail the picket to the {D: lad} All the way around his garden. And uh that's called a picket fence. Interviewer: Yes sir. Well if people don't have wooden fences nowadays what do they use? 472: Wire. They'll use wire. Interviewer: Different kinds? 472: Well it's there's {X} different grades of wire. You can buy any kinda grade you want. And they uh use this heavy wire for the stock. Interviewer: {X} 472: Fence against the stock. And put barbs on top. And the- they build a hog pasture out of this stout wire if they'll put a put a barb at the bottom where he can't root under it. Interviewer: {X} 472: {X} {NW} Interviewer: That'll take care of {X} 472: Yeah that takes care of that. But eventually he'll stretch that wire somewhere and get through there. Uh come out between someway. He's about as much on the outside as he is inside. Interviewer: {NW} 472: #1 {D: This day and age} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 472: {NW} Interviewer: #1 Uh # 472: #2 He # just a hog and he just goes. Interviewer: Yes sir. {NW} 472: Seem like he's hunting something to eat all time Interviewer: {NW} 472: I have seen 'em laying up in the shade a little bit but {X} they don't lay there long. Interviewer: Have you ever seen uh around here a a fence or a wall made out of loose stone or rock? {NS} 472: No I hadn't noticed a stone fence nowhere. Interviewer: Just don't have those around here? 472: No don't have no stone fences that I know of. {X} They got a a wire a big stout wire now Let me see what they call that. Around people's yard they put around there now let me see what thing they call that. They can buy that uh it's called some kind of fence I know. But I forgot what they call it. Interviewer: Not a hurricane fence. 472: No. {X} I could think a that. Oh chain link. Interviewer: Chain link yeah that's right. 472: Yeah chain link I couldn't think about that. Interviewer: I couldn't either. 472: Chain link fence is what I was talking about. Yeah they love them things. {X} Interviewer: Is there much cotton grown in this area these days? 472: No there's not too much around now. Interviewer: Did you ever do any work with the in the cotton field? 472: Yeah. Up around the {X} up in there. picked cotton. {NS} Uh I got a few little stalks out there now it's just beginning to open. Interviewer: Is that right? 472: Uh-huh. Just beginning to open. I'm trying to get enough to make me a good pillow out of 'em. I got some chords in there to chord it. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Get the seed out. I'll have me a good pillow. Got a little in that cotton now that I've been fooling around but this year I got pretty good little hopes of finishing up my pillow. {NS} Got about a dozen stalks out there I reckon. Two Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And it is loaded. Interviewer: Do you ever have any trouble with uh grass growing in your cotton field? Uh 472: Yeah Interviewer: rid of it? 472: Yeah in the cotton. Corn. Garden. Interviewer: What do you call that stuff? What is it uh? 472: Oh well it's all kinds of grass grows. And uh this here uh mostly after you cultivate it lay it by this {D: pursley} comes up what they call {D: pursely}? Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Clover is there right now. Clover. They calls it {D: pursley} but it's a clover. I've always heard it clover. And uh it'll come make big bunches. And if you got some hogs or chickens or something to feed it to you pull in big bunches of you'll throw it in the pen and lord they'll eat it like sugar Interviewer: {NW} 472: Well they'll eat it up. Interviewer: {NW} 472: And it'll fatten a hog. It'll fatten it. {D: Putting it to in there} Interviewer: You said lay it by what does that mean? 472: Laying a car- laying a crop by yeah. {NS} Laying it by is through plowing through working. {NS} It's just there. Interviewer: Oh you finished with it? 472: Yeah finish. Yeah. Interviewer: Doesn't need anymore 472: No. Interviewer: tending to it. 472: Uh-uh. It's laid by then. {NS} And sometimes the weeds or that {D: pursely} come after you lay by. Interviewer: I see. Well if somebody says that he's gonna chop cotton what does that mean? 472: Well that means thin cotton. Thin and chopping divide all the same you see. It both goes together. You uh chop cotton that's thinning it. Making it where there ain't two pick in a row you know? Thicker it is the more fertilized and more i- takes more strength. But if you got it where it's right distance apart well it'll make a big stout. Nice cotton. Interviewer: Oh I see. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: Do you when yo- if you were gonna we were talking about fences if you were gonna put up uh a barbwire fence what would those things you know that you have to dig holes for those are the 472: Post hole diggers. {D: That} Yeah. Yeah it'd take them post hole diggers and dig your holes. And then start to putting your wires on. Interviewer: What do you put the wires across? 472: T- you put 'em uh yo- you s- unroll 'em down the side of your posts. Fasten 'em at one end at the w- first post and then you go and put your stretchers. Maybe some barbwire stretchers. And stretch it. And then nail it to the post. And measure and put 'em so so many inches apart {NS} so you won't be able to saw the barbwire fence. Interviewer: Oh I see. {NS} Say if you were going to go milk your cow what would you carry with you to catch the milk in? 472: {NW} Well that depends on what kind of a uh breed of cow and what kind of a milk cow you're going to milk. You'd have to carry a extra bucket in other word one to milk in and then reach around pour it into another container. And uh that way after you get through and then always skim the milk three tips you know and leave one for the dairy {X} Interviewer: Right. 472: Yeah. And uh so that's the way that goes. Interviewer: {NW} I see. 472: After the calf gets big enough to eat you see we ah it don't take nothing for him much though Interviewer: Well what what is a pail? Is that uh different from a bucket? 472: Well it's called a pail. I don't know it's just a bucket that yeah you can call it a bucket or a pail. Interviewer: #1 Same thing # 472: #2 {X} # Interviewer: {X} 472: yeah or a bucket. Either one. It'll it'll answer either way. Interviewer: I see. 472: Pail or a bucket. Interviewer: You know some women um have uh these dishes that they save just for special occasions? Like if they having company over to eat? Uh what would you say that their best dishes are made out of? Uh real fine stuff. 472: {NW} Well I guess it's mostly the very best of glass. Or the very bles- best of jug ware. According to whatever they serve it on. Dish you know made out of they call it jug ware. Interviewer: Or china? 472: Or china. Yeah. Well that's jug ware too china. {NS} chinaware they call it. Well it's it's uh some kind of jug. Jug ware it's just named with china. {NS} It's made a little fancier o {NS} little sporty {NS} than plain old jug ware. {NS} Interviewer: Have you ever seen uh an egg made outta glass or something like that china that uh? 472: Right. China egg they call it Yeah. Uh some people use 'em for nest eggs. {D: Put 'em} in there Interviewer: They trying to fool the hen into laying? 472: Uh yeah I reckon that's what uh Interviewer: Alright. {NW} 472: Put that china egg in there {X} You know some chicken if you take their egg out they'll quit the nest. Interviewer: #1 Do they really? # 472: #2 They won't # go about there laying no more. Interviewer: Oh I see. 472: And that's the reason why. Interviewer: You put that in there to keep 'em on the 472: #1 Keep 'em on the # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 472: go. Interviewer: #1 Keep 'em # 472: #2 Yeah. # Interviewer: laying. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: I've heard some people say that they'd take a one of these old white doorknobs and put it in the nest? 472: Well I imagine that would work. Probably would I don't know. Anything that look like that. Interviewer: Sometimes a chicken snake can get in there and swallow one of those 472: {NW} Interviewer: shiny eggs and 472: {NW} Well I'll tell you right now they'll sure swallow them eggs. Uh he wouldn't fool with that china egg he know the difference. Interviewer: You don't think so? 472: Uh-uh I don't believe he would. No. Sure don't. {NS} That old saying that I believe he's got more sense than that. {NW} Interviewer: {NW} 472: Yeah I believe he wouldn't. Interviewer: {NS} Did you ever hear of uh women keeping a bucket around the kitchen somewhere where they put uh uh scraps and things for the hog later on? 472: Yeah. That's called a slop bucket. {NW} {X} {NW} Yeah that's called a slop bucket. I keep one finger {X} and that movie just keep me busy all the time. Cleaning out. Interviewer: Uh-huh. They'll do that if you work a lot. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: Talking about containers what about uh a container that you keep in the house you know to put cut flowers in? 472: Put flowers? Interviewer: Cut flowers you know you put 'em in a if you're gonna keep 'em inside somewhere. 472: I don't know what I ain't got never been into that. I don't know about that. Interviewer: Just a 472: #1 Now # Interviewer: #2 {D: vase?} # 472: I've heard about it. Interviewer: A vase? 472: Yeah. Uh it'd yeah. Uh-huh. I've I've fixed a bottle this morning for that business. When my roses gets pretty and uh I cut bouquets put 'em in a bottle. And I got some little wee wee bottles I put just one rose into the bottle. And they're cute. And they'll last for days. Interviewer: {X} 472: About a week. And uh so you can have vases such as that. A vase is so easy turned over and spill the water and what you have. I'd rather have something like a heavy bottle or a jar. Interviewer: Right. 472: To put it in so it won't turnover Interviewer: Yeah I see. Say if you were eating steak for a meal you'd probably have to use a knife and a 472: Fork. Interviewer: Beg your pardon? 472: A knife and fork. Interviewer: Uh-huh. gotcha 472: Yep. Interviewer: Say if you were uh I guess you wash your own dishes? 472: Yeah. Do my own dish washing. Interviewer: When you when you wash the dishes do you use some kind of cloth or rag uh when you're washing 'em? 472: Yeah A dishcloth. Interviewer: Dishcloth. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: I see. 472: Dishcloth. And uh {NW} I'm pretty lazy. I use this dishcloth 'til it gets stained up some and sometimes I'll uh bleach 'em back. And I generally throw it in the garbage and take a new one. Interviewer: {NW} 472: But that don't come but about every two weeks or three. Interviewer: I see. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: #1 Do y- # 472: #2 I nev- # I never wear one out I'd throw it away. Cuz it'll it get dingy I don't care who it is or where it come from that rag's gonna get dingy. There's gonna be a spot set in it and you can't get it out. Maybe a little speck of smut soot what you're gonna call it. And I don't keep 'em whenever they get like that or I'd rather do away with 'em. Interviewer: Yes sir. Do you use a a {X} cloth or rag when you're drying 'em? 472: I never dry 'em. I've turning 'em down in the dishpan after I I wash 'em with soap and a rag. And then I turn 'em down in the dishpan rinse 'em and turn 'em down in the dishpan I ain't got no long sink I've got a short sink and I use a dishpan to turn 'em down in there in the plastic pan and they drain and they dry about as fast as they drain you know uh and uh so sometime I leave 'em in there all night sometime about two hours {X} go back and put 'em away where they belong stack 'em back. Interviewer: You never use any kind of drying cloth or drying rag? 472: No I n- at the uh no I don't. Don't have to and uh if when I want the pan dried out then I'll pour the water into the sink. And {NS} reach up and get me a paper towel {NS} wash it out put it back in its place. Interviewer: Is that what people around here would call that though if they were gonna use it? A drying rag or dry cloth? 472: Uh some people dries the dishes. Uh what is generally a family somebody dry the dish after they wash and rinse it. Then they dry some of 'em just turns 'em down in the sink and let 'em dry theirself. But this people over here I think they dry their mostly. Interviewer: What do they call that cloth? 472: Drying cloth. Interviewer: Drying cloth? 472: Yeah. It's a big white cloth. Call it the drying cloth {X} uh {NS} drying cloth or the dry rag. {NS} Drying rag. Interviewer: You know some people when they're taking a bath they'll have a cloth to bathe their face with? 472: Yeah. Interviewer: What would you call that? 472: Uh that's that's called it's a washrag. Other words a wash Interviewer: #1 A washrag. # 472: #2 {D: washrag} # Yeah. Interviewer: Yeah I see. You mentioned though talking about the sink a minute ago you know that thing uh above the sink right at right at your sink that your water comes out of? 472: Faucet? Interviewer: I see. 472: Faucet. Interviewer: What about one that's in your yard that you hook up your hose to? 472: Same thing faucet. Interviewer: {X} You were telling me about uh flour barrels this morning? Did you have uh those flour barrels did they have these things that went around 'em to hold the staves in place? Now you're talking about uh when I said flour barrel I mean you know they're not like big old lard barrels or big old things like that. Yes sir. 472: They a- they are smaller barrels.` Interviewer: Oh. 472: You go around these candy stores and see them little white pretty little white barrels full of candy you know {D: it's along} you'll see one every now and then at a store they got one over here. Uh they cute little barrels well that's about the flour barrel was just a little little larger than that and it had those wooden hoops around it to hold it together. Interviewer: I see. 472: Yeah. My mother used to keep one to keep her flour in all the time. And you used to buy flour in uh twenty-four pound sacks but you don't do that no more. Interviewer: No. 472: No they cut out the twenty-four pound sacks it'll either be twelve pounds or two twelves or whatever. I don't know why they cut the twenty-four pound out. Interviewer: Talking about sacks what about these old sacks that are made out of that uh rough heavy course material you know? Uh might put pecans in 'em or fertilizer or something like that? 472: Well that's liken to a croker sack? Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Yeah. Croker sack corn sack the e- a lot of people called 'em corn sacks. Croker sacks. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: The proper name. Interviewer: Right. 472: Croker sack. Interviewer: I see. Say if you uh wanted to pour some liquid into a bottle that had a kind of a small mouth to it what could you use to keep from spilling it all over the place? 472: Well I have some funnels that I can use to put it in small places. Liken to putting oil in my motor. Like I have a funnel to put the oil in through. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Messing up things Interviewer: I see Well what about if uh if you were did people around here used to have buggies that they rode on? 472: Yes sir. And they had another buggy they called a double-seated surrey Interviewer: Is that right? 472: Double-seated surrey Interviewer: #1 You ever # 472: #2 yeah. # Interviewer: ride on one of those? 472: No I never have rode in a double-seated surrey I've rode in the buggies and uh wagons. Never have rode in a double-seated surrey. That was for the up uh the big man Interviewer: {NW} 472: used to have them Interviewer: The one who had the money huh? 472: Yeah di- sometimes that's that's his uh nice way to travel. And you could rent a horse rent a horse and buggy and take a long trip you know and come back {NS} {X} Interviewer: Did you ever notice uh when they were driving those surreys if they had something that they'd crack around the horse's ears to make him go faster? 472: No I've noticed them buggy whips they have. Interviewer: Right. 472: And they had uh a little stand there in front little thing to hold him and they wanted 'em to go faster just think about where to pat them along {NS} and I reckon hardly hit him faster than he go. {NW} Interviewer: {NW} 472: Yeah. I called 'em buggy whips. I remember them he Interviewer: Well say if uh if a man had some corn that he wanted to take to the mill about how much would he take at one time? You know just as much as he could put in a wagon? How much would he call that? Well I I've I come uh my wife come from a big family {NS} and he always carried a whole big white sack full of clean full of corn {NS} or either {NS} some in two sacks. {NS} But his family {C: train whistle} {X} run him a week uh maybe uh two weeks. He he'd carry enough for a week or two at least that's the way he carried his. {X} go out to the barn and shell shucking shell. Til they got that much corn. Did you ever hear people call it a turn of corn? 472: Tongue? Interviewer: Turn. 472: Turn of corn. No. {X} {NS} {X} {C: approaching train} Interviewer: You got another train here. 472: Yeah {X} {NS} If he keeps up at that speed he won't be here long Interviewer: {NW} I guess not. About how many of these trains come through here every day? 472: Well let's see Oh I guess ten or fifteen. Interviewer: There's that many at night you reckon? 472: They go day and night. Yeah {X} Not quite as many in the night as there is the day. Well some nights though they are. It depends. Interviewer: Say if if you weren't used to if you wanted to buy a lot of molasses at at one time a pretty good bit of molasses #1 what would # 472: #2 Yeah. # Interviewer: that come in? 472: Well a small family always buys as much as a gallon. And I have known families to eat uh at most two gallons a week. Interviewer: {NW} 472: Yes sir I know where there's one family I mean they eat that syrup and egg. The man he was a big man he eat about eight seven and eight eggs for breakfast. Interviewer: {NW} 472: He sure would. Interviewer: Goodness gracious. Seven or eight eggs they were 472: Seven or eight Interviewer: #1 I don't see # 472: #2 eggs. # Interviewer: how he was able to move. 472: Oh yeah e- and and uh Interviewer: How big was he? 472: He'd eat beans after that or something anything that I'd cook Yeah he'd eat beans for breakfast And put syrup on 'em. Interviewer: Goodness gracious. 472: {NW} Interviewer: Never heard of that. 472: Yes sir. That man eat {X} Now that was a hard-working man. Interviewer: He must've been to burn up all that. 472: {NW} He had a big family. Interviewer: {NW} Well have you ever heard of people talk about buying a stand of molasses or a stand of lard? 472: No it'd always be cans or uh buckets. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 472: And uh {X} that's about all. Cans and buckets. Lard. Interviewer: Is there any difference between syrup and molasses? 472: Well I have been told that there is. But I've never known a difference really. Now let's see there's uh sugarcane syrup and there's uh {X} what's the name of that other kind of syrup that you can get? what well I do say I just can't recall it. Interviewer: {X} maple? 472: Huh? Interviewer: Maple? 472: No. It's you make it out of sorghum. Interviewer: Sorghum that's 472: Sorghum yes. Sorghum syrup yeah Interviewer: That's pretty strong stuff isn't it? 472: Yeah sorghum is. I really love it though. Interviewer: Do you? 472: Yes sorghum. Good good good made sorghum syrup is hard to beat. I like the taste and the smell. It's really good. Interviewer: But it's the same pretty much as mo- 472: -lasses yeah or syrup in other words. Interviewer: Now when we were talking I was asking you this morning what you like to eat for breakfast uh I forgot to ask you if you drank this uh hot beverage that a lot of people drink for breakfast? 472: No I generally drink milk or orange juice for breakfast. Interviewer: You don't drink coffee? 472: No I don't drink coffee. I oh we have a tea that we drink and it's not got no caffeine in it. {X} Plain tea. It's you'd think you was drinking the shelf uh {X} even put up in bag like. But it ain't it's kapha tea. Interviewer: I see. 472: Old kapha tea. I want to show you this picture it won't take a minute. Interviewer: Fine. 472: {X} That's what the Seventh Day Adventists Movement uh uses that's the kind of tea they use You left three little grapes. Interviewer: Oh did I? 472: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # {X} You know have you ever been in a drug store and somebody came in and wanted coffee and if he didn't want anything in it how would wha- how would he say it? How would he order it? 472: {NW} Flatfoot. Give me some flatfoot. Interviewer: Flatfoot? 472: #1 Yeah # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # {NW} 472: {NW} Plain you know. Interviewer: {NW} 472: Just regular old flatfoot coffee that's what he calls what I heared 'em call it for. Interviewer: {NW} 472: {NW} Interviewer: #1 {X} # 472: #2 {X} # Some of 'em called it uh you want coffee? Yeah and anything in it? No I want it straight. Interviewer: Straight. {NW} 472: Yeah. I want it straight {X} Interviewer: Right. {NW} 472: I want it straight {X} Interviewer: I've heard people use that same term for if they were drinking liquor they would say I want it straight. You ever heard that? 472: No I not in liquor. Uh don't believe I ever have. {X} Interviewer: You ever heard of people around here making that illegal liquor you know out in the woods and fix up a still you know? 472: Why yeah. Yes sir {X} used to be. That's called uh old white lightning. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Shinny. Interviewer: Shinny. 472: Shinny Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 472: #2 that's what they call # Interviewer: {NW} {NS} 472: Old white lightning shinny Last time I was ever drunk that's what I was drunk on. Interviewer: On that white lightning? 472: Yes Interviewer: That stuff can be pretty dangerous can't it? 472: Yeah. {NW} It's really strong {NS} {X} The last that was in twenty-five. Interviewer: That was a long time ago. 472: Yeah twenty-five. Interviewer: Fifty-three years. 472: Yeah and I was I was uh married then. Twenty-six. Third day of May. Interviewer: Well that's pretty rough stuff I understand I've never had any. 472: Yes sir whenever you know you get it strong enough you can shake that jar or whatever they got it in and it beads Interviewer: {NW} 472: just beads come up on it. Boy I tell you what you can do you can stick a match to it and it'll burn like kerosene. Goodness gracious. Yeah! It'll burn Interviewer: Don't know why anybody wanna drink that stuff. 472: It'll burn boy that's strong. Interviewer: Must wanna get drunk awfully bad. 472: Well if a man's a uh if he's a bad drinker he won't drink but just a few swallows of that before he can't hit the ground with his own hat now Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 472: #2 {X} # Interviewer: {NW} Where he can't what? 472: #1 He can't # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 472: {NW} he'd be so drunk he can't get his hat off his head to hit the ground with it. Interviewer: {NW} 472: That right Interviewer: Goodness goodness. 472: {NW} Interviewer: {NW} 472: White lightning they call it. Moonshine that's that's a real popular name. Interviewer: Moonshine. 472: Yeah. A lot of people make it in the moonshine lights {X} but it got these people {X} Interviewer: I reckon why they call it shinny? 472: I never know why they call it shinny. Just a nickname for it I reckon. It ain't a thing worth but pure alcohol. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Whiskey. Alcohol is what it is. You can get different grades of it though some of 'em don't make it real strong I mean they {NS} add a little water or something I don't know. Get more money out of it just like they do these automobiles they make now. Thin tin. Interviewer: {NW} 472: And you could take a hammer you couldn't hardly knock a dent {X} {NW} It was so s- made out of such a good stuff. {NS} Interviewer: You get one a good licking it'll just about fall apart 472: {D: Ye-} Interviewer: you'll have a pretty good sized expensive bill on your hands 472: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 anyway. # 472: You're changing color Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 472: #2 {X} # Interviewer: {NW} 472: {NW} #1 You'll # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 472: change the looks of it right quick Interviewer: It sure will 472: {NW} Interviewer: {NW} 472: Ain't that something? And they want a lot more money for it too you know. Interviewer: Well everything costs more nowadays. 472: Oh yeah. Don't think it's coming to no good end yet. {NW} Interviewer: They used to before you had uh electric lights did people ever take uh maybe just a bottle and some coal oil and something for a wick and make a temporary lamp? 472: I've even saw 'em hold torches at night. Light {X} splinters. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 472: For to see things. They didn't have no o- other way. And the most of 'em though had uh oil to go in the lamps and if they didn't have a lamp they'd uh fix a bottle a- twist a cloth and put in it and that you can burn oil uh thick oil in a lamp in a in a lamp like that in a bottle. Uh I reckon you could burn cylinder oil that way. Put the cloth in there you know and let it get wet. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And then s- light it and I think you can burn that I know you can any other kind of oil mostly in a in a bottle. Interviewer: I see. 472: Yeah. {NS} Interviewer: Say if uh if you had an electric lamp though and it burned out that thing that you'd have to replace that would be thing that you had to unscrew 472: Yeah that's uh {X} I think. Interviewer: Or the thing that burns in the socket that's the 472: It's oh bul- bulb you talking about Interviewer: #1 Right. # 472: #2 the bulb. # Interviewer: #1 Right. # 472: #2 {X} # Bulb. Interviewer: You didn't used to have those things though. 472: No. Uh-uh. No me and the my little brothers they used to have a {X} uh Papa bought got to where got able to buy us a little red wagon and uh we used a little place in the corner of that wagon and uh we {C: traffic} had some little fat splinters we learned that. {NS} We light them little splinters and I'd take the tongue get up in front take the tongue up in my hand like that. And I could steer that wagon you see. With that tongue my brother'd push me around the house and we had this little splinters for our headlight. Interviewer: No {NW} 472: Yeah we called that our headlight. Interviewer: Right. 472: Yeah. And we'd just have a big ball {X} pushing that wagon around that house. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 472: Enjoy it. Interviewer: Say if a woman was going to take out her wet clothes to hang up on the line what would she probably carry 'em outside in? 472: {NW} {NW} Well well we got these plastic baskets {C: engine revving}} uh they used a foot tub {D: engine revving} or a dishpan. Something of the kind to uh hang 'em out to air 'em out to hang 'em out. Uh if I'd had noticed real close this morning I saw one hanging out some clothes over there Interviewer: #1 {X} # 472: #2 {D: that went along} # 472: I'd a knew what she'd had 'em in I think it was a basket though. Interviewer: Right. 472: Plastic basket. Interviewer: Right. 472: They got now to where they take 'em a long way. Interviewer: Well what would people stick in the mouth of a bottle you know if they were uh bottling some liquid? Something they could put in it to keep it from pouring out? 472: Well they'd either have to uh make 'em a cork stopper or have a cap some kind of cap to fit it you know bottle top. Interviewer: I see. 472: But uh long back yonder you'd have to make you a cork you could make 'em outta cork wood you know. Get you some cork go where there's a gully gullied out take some uh uh go down to the branch and dig you up some black gum root them old big black gums had them big old roots Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Cor- i- it's cork. Interviewer: {NW} 472: Yeah that's where you get your cork. Interviewer: I didn't know that. 472: That's where I got get mine when I want it and cut 'em and they're soft and you can whittle 'em down any way you want 'em. Any size. Interviewer: I see. 472: Yeah get 'em out of them gullies. Out of their branches {X} Yeah. {NS} Interviewer: That's interesting. You ever seen people play these musical instruments that you blow 'em with your mouth and move 'em from side to side? 472: Oh that's a mouth harp they call 'em yeah. Interviewer: Right. 472: Mouth harp. Uh they call 'em harmonicas now. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 472: {NW} {X} Harmonica. I like to hear one of 'em played. Play to it. Interviewer: Have you ever tried to play one yourself? 472: Yeah I've tried it. Yeah. Interviewer: You ever seen these things that they kind of pick on the side make a {NS} {NS} 472: #1 Oh # Interviewer: #2 twangy noise? # 472: that's what you call a Jew's harp. Interviewer: Right. 472: Jew harp. Jew harp they call 'em. Yeah I've played them too when I had teeth. Interviewer: Seems like you could crack a tooth on one of those things if you weren't careful. 472: You you'll learn how to do it though. And not hit som- let that tongue hit your tooth. You'll learn how. Yeah. Interviewer: Now you were talking about uh a tongue on a wagon. Say if if you had a buggy you know those things that you had to back a horse between on a buggy? 472: Oh shafts Interviewer: Uh-huh. 472: Buggy shafts. Interviewer: Right. 472: Yeah. And if it's a tongue you have a double team I mean you have two horses. Hitch 'em to it. Uh each side of the tongue. I've saw that too. Interviewer: What do you call those uh things that the traces come back and hook onto on a wagon? 472: Single tree. Single trees. Yeah. They have single trees and then they have double trees on the wagons. To hitch it to the mules. #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 They have # two {X} 472: Oh that's one of our buddies. Friend of mine one of these people. Well I think he's tend to these l- old ladies. Interviewer: Is that right? 472: Yeah. Some kin yeah. Interviewer: I was noticing you got some more of these big old trees over yonder too. {NS} 472: Oh yeah and you should go over there and look where them big pines are. The man that owned that land one time he had a horse or a mule and he threw up them banks corn row and they still there. Interviewer: {NW} 472: You see the banks of 'em. Interviewer: Is that right? 472: Well they still there and that's been years ago you know it have look how big those pines are. Interviewer: {X} {X} 472: That thing should have a cloud looks like. Interviewer: I think so. 472: We certainly have had some bad thunder and lightning. Interviewer: Is that right? 472: Yeah. Yeah. Mark these lights out and our light ain't been fixed yet it's been over two weeks. They knocked out so many of 'em {X} never got to this {NS} Interviewer: What kind of storm would you call that that had uh thunder and lightning? 472: Electric. Electric storms. Electric. Interviewer: Do y'all ever have any bad winds around here? 472: Oh yeah like little small hurricanes I call 'em. One time I was living that other shack down there other side of that shorter building and it came a wind one evening and there was a building sitting over yonder way over yonder. {X} to the road. And it picked up tore off the top of that building brought some of that tin and dropped it on that big oak out there. Interviewer: {NW} 472: Two pieces of it {C: imitating sound of impact} Interviewer: {NW} 472: Two pieces of it. Interviewer: The wind meant business. 472: {NW} It was traveling boy. Then we had one to come through the other part of town and tear up the trees and rode down a few houses. Interviewer: {NS} 472: Tore up a school house. {X} Interviewer: Well lemme ask you about this expression say if you had uh just a lotta rain in a short period of time maybe a couple inches in just an hour you'd say you had a regular 472: Cloudburst. Yeah. Just call it a cloudburst. Interviewer: What about if you were having some rain but not very much just barely enough to get wet say you're having a little 472: Drizzle. Interviewer: Drizzle. 472: That's called a drizzle. Yeah. And uh just a little slow drizzle like that all day and all night uh really soak up the ground I mean it's steady coming you know. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: It'll really wet the ground. It's really nice it's really better than a big rain you know a big rain well pours down and runs off real fast. {X} go anywhere. But your season in it you know about it quickly Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Slow rain. Yeah. Interviewer: You ever been riding along on the road in the morning and you come to a low place in the road and you'll go into this thick stuff that you can hardly see through? 472: Yeah that's called fog. Yeah that's called fog. Interviewer: What kinda day would you call that? You'd say it sure is a 472: Foggy day. Interviewer: {NW} 472: Foggy morning. Interviewer: Right. 472: A foggy night. Yeah. It generally comes lower in the night uh time In rainy weather it'll fog that away And uh early {C: wind blowing} in the morning {NS} it'll it'll last 'til about sometime eight or nine ten oh clock before it clear. Interviewer: #1 Is that right? # 472: #2 {X} # Some places yeah. But if it goes up let's see I've heard 'em say if it goes up fore seven it'll le- rain down for eleven Interviewer: If 472: #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 it # if it what now? 472: If it goes up before seven it'll rain down before eleven. Interviewer: Oh. 472: {NW} I've heard that Interviewer: #1 I # 472: #2 too. # Interviewer: see. 472: Old saying you know. Old folk we're gonna have to get get going here directly Interviewer: It's about to rain? 472: Yeah well lightening Interviewer: Oh yeah. You think we ought to move now? {C: passing traffic} 472: Well I happen to look up to see a new squirrel nest um. {NS} I believe it's fell out of the other part of the oak down there at Interviewer: #1 {X} # 472: #2 {D: large} # Interviewer: right there? 472: large yeah That's a nest that's fell out in large that's what that is. Interviewer: I see. 472: They wouldn't have built a nest on the side of that limb like {X} I know. Interviewer: Uh-huh. I noticed that somebody lost a kite in that tree over there. 472: Yeah they was over yonder in that old field yeah in the winter. And I wasn't here when he came over here in large then Interviewer: {NS} Say if uh you know it's been real dry and you hadn't gotten rain for a long time what would you say you're having? Having a 472: Dry spell. {C: thunder} Interviewer: {X} {D: Your car} 472: That means on buckle. Probably get something tore up. Interviewer: Okay. 472: {NW} Interviewer: {NW} and if it if it hadn't uh rained for a real long time you'd say you're having a not just a dry spell but if it was worse than that it'd be a like a drought? 472: Yeah you could call it yeah a long drought. Yeah uh-huh. A long dry spell is called a long drought. It's what that is a long drought. {C: silence} Interviewer: Let's see what we got here. I wanted to uh ask you about uh a few greetings that you would use like about this time of day if you met somebody on the street what would you say to them? You know in the way of greeting them? 472: Well I would uh say good morning or howdy uh and uh speak to 'em and if they seem like they wanted to have a conversation or or talk or something uh I'd be glad to have one with 'em. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: You see. Interviewer: About how late in the day would you say good morning? 472: A- at noon. About noon Interviewer: I see. 472: {NW} Yeah. Interviewer: What would you say to 'em after that? 472: Good evening Or howdy something like that. Interviewer: Right. 472: {NW} Interviewer: About how long does evening last? {NS} 472: Well it's same as the morning I guess. So many days uh so many hours in the day. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And um after twelve oh clock then it'd be evening {X} 'til well right on until dark Probably. Then uh we we'd have we'd have to stay there until we until bedtime or something or another liken to that. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: What I think. Interviewer: Well you say 472: #1 {C: clears throat} # Interviewer: #2 {X} # if you were leaving somebody during the daytime what would you say to 'em? 472: Well bye-bye generally that's a short word you know. Bye-bye I'll see you again later. Interviewer: Right. 472: Uh-huh. And a lotta these young folks you know now they say bye gator see you later Interviewer: {NW} 472: #1 Something a # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 472: little old short something you know? Interviewer: Right. 472: Like that. Interviewer: Right. 472: {X} they like a little fun everything Interviewer: Well if you were leaving somebody at nighttime what would you say? 472: Well the that comes in at goodnight Uh see you another time or well sometime you use bye-bye there. Interviewer: Yes sir. I see. What about this expression say if a farmer started work uh before the sun came up you'd say that he started work before 472: Eh he starts his work before daylight sun. Interviewer: Oh. 472: Work he started before daylight I mean uh u- between daylight and sunup I got it wrong. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Between daylight and sunup he may have been out there plow Interviewer: Right. 472: {X} Interviewer: Right. 472: Uh-huh. Interviewer: Or if he's a little late getting out in the field you might say that when he got out there the sun had already 472: Yeah uh-huh. Uh might meet him and say Hey whatcha doing sleeping on your shirt tail so long this morning Interviewer: {NW} 472: That's my hope Something like that Interviewer: Oh 472: {X} I've heard 'em talk about that. Interviewer: He would be late because the sun had already 472: Uh-huh. Yeah. He's past his time. Well that's just because sometime they sleep late. Sometime they uh uh have other chores that they have to do. Interviewer: Right. 472: But the old short way is just tell 'em don't sleep on your shirt tail too long. {NW} Interviewer: Right. {NS} Say if somebody came to see you uh uh Sunday not last Sunday but the one before that one you say that he came to see you when? 472: Uh he came ab- uh today's a week ago he came. Interviewer: Right. And if he's if he's gonna come see you not this coming Sunday but the one after that he's coming to see you 472: Well it'll be uh {NW} S- Sunday after this coming Sunday. Interviewer: Right. Okay. What if uh if somebody came and stayed with you if you had company from about the first of the month to the fifteenth you'd say he stayed about 472: Uh let's see that's fifteen fifteen days Interviewer: Yes sir. Ever heard people around here call that a fortnight? 472: A what? Interviewer: A fortnight? 472: No I haven't. Interviewer: Alrighty. Say if if you were downtown and you didn't have a watch with you if you wanted to know the time of day what would you ask somebody? {C: train whistle blowing} 472: Uh {NS} {X} {NS} what time of the d- {NS} uh hey friend what time of the day is it getting to be? Got a watch? Interviewer: I see. 472: You got a watch? And then he would tell me. Interviewer: I see. 472: And I can I have been to where I could look at the sun pretty well and tell. Interviewer: Oh really? 472: Yeah. Interviewer: My father used to knock us off at twelve oh clock. Uh in the daytime we'd be way in the woods and didn't have a timepiece we'd look up to the sun or look at shadows he went by the shadows. {X} 472: And he'd say well we're about to get home it's about time to eat. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: It's getting come time to eat and we get on in and they have it cooked. Interviewer: Pretty handy to be able to do that. 472: U- yeah. He was he really knowed that see he'd just been uh one of the old-timers other words and he never had no watches or nothing. He just had a clock at home. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: {NW} And he could {C: train whistle} tell about that sun {X} Well I might throw this in. Uh the man that lived here before I lived here he come to the window here one day and he says well I'll be was out there in the yard he said you see that big old oak over yonder? I said yes sir. He said now when that sun sets behind that oak then it turns back goes back to the uh south. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And he was right. It's done turned back now. Quite a ways. Interviewer: Hmm. 472: And I can get to that window there and look down and see it under the bridge in the in the dead winter. Uh it'll set {X} you see it right under the bridge see that's opening down the railroad. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And I can see that sun when it goes down {NS} under that bridge. Over that view Interviewer: Oh I see. 472: And it's real interesting {NS} to know people {C: train whistle} watch things like that you know? Interviewer: It is. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: {D: Exactly.} We're talking about asking people about the time if somebody asks you what time it was and if it was exactly midway between seven and eight you'd say it was just 472: I'd I'd just say it was uh uh seven-thirty. Interviewer: Right. 472: Seven-thirty. Interviewer: Is there any other way of saying that? Seven-thirty or 472: Uh seven-thirty {C: passing plane} well I've always called it that. Seven-thirty. Interviewer: {X} 472: Yeah you could say that I reckon. Halfway. Interviewer: Or half-past? 472: Or half-past. Interviewer: {X} 472: Say half-past. Interviewer: Well say if it were fifteen minutes later than half-past ten you'd call that just 472: Fifteen minutes after ten. {NS} after ten. Fifteen after ten. Interviewer: This ex- say this expression if you've been doing something for a long time you say you've been doing that for quite 472: Quite a few weeks or a m- month even even years. I've been doing this {X} house that I've done tha- tha- that a way all of my life. See? Interviewer: #1 {X} # 472: #2 {X} # {X} {X} I've known that all of my life. Interviewer: Yes 472: Since I'm big enough to know. Interviewer: Right. Okay. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: {NW} Talking about since we got some bad weather somebody might go outside and look up in the sky and say wow I don't like the looks of those dark 472: I done said that this morning. Interviewer: {NW} Did you? 472: I told my neighbor been over there and I said wow The uh weather looks {X} we might have some more rain. Like that you know just before it started raining again. And so uh I s- I said it looks stormy! Real dark and stormy but there's no wind {X} hardly. And it wasn't and uh so we left it that and some of 'em says I think it rained last night pretty well I said from the looks of the water in the yard it rained all night. Interviewer: {NW} #1 {NW} # 472: #2 Like that you know. # Interviewer: Right. 472: {NW} It did rain most of the night. Slow {C: clears throat} Interviewer: But you can tell that you're gonna get some if you've got a lot of dark uh 472: Uh-huh well when I was fixing my breakfast it was just really dark. Put on the light. {NS} Couldn't even see. {X} dark dark clouds. Interviewer: Yes sir. What kinda if it's a day you know when the sun's shining and it's just the kinda day that you you really like you say well it looks like it's gonna be a 472: A beautiful day today. Wonderful happy for it something like that you know. Go ahead {X} It'll happen. Uh {C: talking to exterior person} Appreciate it. And if it's k- uh hadn't had rain in a long time as I was talking about yesterday Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: I would say well it's so dry I'm so happy to see that cloud coming or the cloud it's clouding up. Interviewer: Right. Right. 472: Happy for that Interviewer: Right. 472: And I would be. Interviewer: What wou- what would you call a day like today? 472: Ho wow. It's just I'd call it a bad damp day. And the old saying is got damp and damp quick. Interviewer: {NW} Yes sir. I see. 472: That's one of my uncles used to say that. And he always told us says now {X} come in some time be raining he say well said the best sign of rain that I ever saw says clouded all the way around the porch {X} Interviewer: {NW} 472: And that was another clue'd I'd remembered you know. Interviewer: Right. 472: {NW} Says {NW} Interviewer: Well what what would you say it's doing if the clouds begin to pull off and the sun starts shining through? You say it's 472: The clouds are breaking now and I can see the sun occasionally I believe it's going to bear off. Maybe have some fair weather. Interviewer: Right. 472: {X} might be s- I might say again I'm happy I see the clouds a-breaking we get some more Interviewer: Yes- 472: sunshine. Interviewer: Right. You were telling me yesterday that y'all had had some bad winds around here? 472: Uh-huh. Yeah we have. Interviewer: What do you say it's doing if uh if the wind it has been very gentle but it's gradually getting stronger? 472: Uh it's storming. And uh s- {X} Stormy and uh {X} it's uh indicators we're gonna have some wind. Or a storm. And um then we have what you call storms. That's a light wind. But hurricanes a- are a fast wind. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: Speedy. And we uh call storms hurricanes cyclones. Uh and then we have a wind we call a whirlwind storm. Interviewer: What's that like? 472: Uh it's a it's a kind of a cyclone wind but it's a whirl- just rolling. Interviewer: Does it do any damage? 472: Oh it- it's about the worst one you can have. Interviewer: Is that right? 472: Yeah. Cyclone. It's the worst thing you could have i- in the wind part. Interviewer: I see. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: You ever heard people use the expression the wind's picking up or it's rising or something like that? 472: Yeah. Oh the wind's getting high Interviewer: Getting high? 472: Yeah. Getting high. Interviewer: I see. 472: Blowing hard. Something. Interviewer: What is just the opposite of that? It's been very strong but it's gradually getting more 472: #1 {C: clears throat} # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 472: {NW} Well the wind is coming down. We shall have uh old bad weather. Interviewer: Right. 472: Coming down. Interviewer: What's your favorite time of the year? As far as weather goes? 472: Favorite time of weather? W- w- well uh yeah. Well {NW} I suggest in the uh autumn. And in the spring. That's my two favorite places in the weather. In the in the seasons. But uh {X} {C: clears throat} the way I come up with this if it's a real hot day and it somebody just really {X} I say well good old summer and good old winter For why I say that I like 'em both You see? Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: I'm in favor of both of 'em. And according to the Bible they see it and i- it will be uh it'll be seasons as long as the world is here. As long as the time runs there'll be seasons. There won't there won't be out of season. In other words in season and out of season {X} the Bible says in sea- in season and instant innocent out of season and in season. He has {X} in season and out of season. Interviewer: Have you ever heard people use the expression i- it's kinda airish or it's a little bit uh uh snappy or chilly this morning? 472: Yeah. Yeah uh-huh I've heard 'em say that. It's a little cool this morning! {X} it's almost cool enough to light the heater off. Almost cool enough to put me on a jacket this morning. It's a little airish out there. Interviewer: {NW} 472: {NW} Interviewer: It's kind of invigorating? 472: {NW} Yeah. Interviewer: {NW} {NW} What about have you ever gone out early in the morning and you had this light coat and white on the ground? Not snow but just uh 472: Had to be frost. Talking about frost. Well you have on a pretty good heavy coat and that them days. Interviewer: Right. 472: And when you walk outside and your your breath smokes. Interviewer: {X} 472: A loop of frost most every time. They'll be frost on the ground somewhere. Interviewer: Are some frosts uh worse than others? 472: Oh yeah {C: clears throat} some heavy frosts and some light frosts. {NS} And in some places around here you can discover it. It won't be none nowhere else. And that's on a low place with trash. On a trash pile. You'll discover frost there {NS} mostly and quicker than anywhere else Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: On the trash pile. Interviewer: I see. 472: Yeah. Interviewer: Ever heard people talk about having a killing frost or a jack frost? 472: Yeah. Yeah they call it jack frost them big ones. Uh they really we really had a killing frost maybe that'll do the insects good you Interviewer: #1 Right. # 472: #2 know? # {NW} Interviewer: Right. Yeah. 472: {NW} Interviewer: Or if it gets real cold somebody might say well it got so cold last night that the lake 472: Yeah the lake froze over. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 472: Um We have ice out there the ice is almost thick enough to uh walk on. And I have saw it that way Interviewer: Oh around here? 472: Oh yeah Interviewer: That cold? 472: y- yeah In this country. and mud holes froze over walk on 'em. You can cross them. Yeah I've saw that. Course the more the times {NS} why how that comes about I think we uh in freezing the mud holes i- the water is all times soaking in the ground where it's mud holes you know? Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And that water soaks down and that ice still freezes as it soaks down. And it'll make a big kink of ice time it's all out of it out of there. Interviewer: Yes sir. {NS} 472: Walk on it Yeah. Interviewer: I see. 472: {C: clears throat} Interviewer: Uh and if it's if it's real cold somebody might say well if it gets much colder the pond might 472: Might freeze over. Yeah. The pond might freeze over. Interviewer: We were talking yesterday about you were telling me about wagons singletrees and doubletrees? 472: Yeah. Interviewer: What about what do you call that outside edge of the wagon wheel you know? You call that the 472: The hub? You talking about the Interviewer: #1 Well # 472: #2 hub? # Interviewer: that's right in the middle there. {NS} 472: The middle yeah. Interviewer: But around the outside edge of the wheel that would be the 472: {NW} uh that would be uh the feller. Tha- that that that word you're talking about is a feller. They're called fellers. And the- and they and they uh metal is put around 'em you see? Yeah the hook they tie {X} Interviewer: #1 The tire? # 472: #2 {X} # Interviewer: #1 That's the # 472: #2 {X} # Interviewer: metal. 472: Yeah that's the metal. Goes around this uh uh wood. And the words called feller. {NS} Uh I've heard the people say well that piece of filler well we'll ride it outta the tire and we're gonna have to fix that wagon wheel. Interviewer: Is that feller where the spokes join in 472: #1 Yeah. # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 472: That's that wood yeah. That's what you call a feller. And it'll rot in some places and they'll have to decay you know and they have to put in a new one. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And then they have to take the tire off and fix this {NS} and heat that tire red-hot {NS} as they can get it and take tongs or something and lift it up put it uh put the wheel down on the ground. And pick it up and put it down over there. See you have your wheel your filler laying on some pieces of something Yes sir. Interviewer: and then where that tire just come right down even there. And that's the way to shrink 'em. And then it shrinked. Sometime they'll drop a little water on it whenever they'll put it on there. S- red-hot. And that'll shrink it right tight man that's a tight wheel. You got some {X} That'll do the job. 472: Yes sir it's really something to watch how people can do that. Interviewer: Right I see. What would what do farmer use to break up his ground with? Before he began to plant? 472: Uh well he used a plow and different kind of plows and uh some of 'em is called uh Olivers. Big olive plows. Some of 'em's called uh small turning plows in other words uh s- go by the inches. {NS} You have a {X} s- six inch from six inch up to ten inch. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: {X} And {NW} uh if you wa- if you got a animal that's not too heavy and too large you get you buy 'em according to your animal. The way I always did. If I had a light animal I always n- never bore with seven inches} You know cut seven inches at a time. Interviewer: I see. 472: An- because it's too hard on the animal. Too much strain. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: And then those like {X} little garden plow push. Uh I can go out there and turn the ground with my garden plow Right out. In the woods. Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: But I have to set this I have to learn how to set it where it won't strain. Interviewer: Well after you've plowed is there something that you can use to break up the ground even finer? 472: Uh disc. Then you take your disc and go over it. Pulverize it up. Then you lay off your rows {NW} and put your line of seed in there. I also put I put the fertilizer in if I use commercial I put it in there with any kind and then run my plow uh little plow back through it see And stab it real good in your dirt. Interviewer: Right. 472: It don't {X} you see. Interviewer: Is there something you can use called a harrow? 472: Yeah you have a a a what you call a horn-toothed harrow. And you can buy them in different sizes. And there's one they call a little a little uh let's see what they call that? I forgot. A little {X} I believe they call it. {X} And you can go between your rows with it you see. And it keeps the grass down {X} And there's one you can pull over the whole field. Drag it down. Well and you set your teeth right and it'll drag up the roots. And you walk along behind it has a thing you trip it. Just trip it and it won't pick up it'll just {X} teeth'll come back and have to run over the pile of trash. Somebody come along behind and pick up that trash. Interviewer: {NW} 472: Put it to little roots and things. Interviewer: I see. 472: Always have it. But it takes a big animal to pull it {X} Interviewer: I imagine it does. 472: It does it's heavy. Interviewer: What do you call the part of the wagon that runs up underneath it you know the wheel that the wheels are attached to? 472: Oh that's the axle. And uh it's a and you you have to have a axle and then you have a coupling for it. Interviewer: What's that? 472: Couplings are in the middle Couples the wagon together. Interviewer: Oh. 472: In other words Interviewer: I see. 472: alright. And on this coupling {X} there won't be but about that much of it showing Interviewer: about two feet? 472: Uh yeah uh I mean in the middle because there's a brace comes from each the back end {C: distorted speech} Interviewer: Yes sir. 472: comes to the middle and attaches to this {C: silence}