Interviewer:  {NS} Twenty. Just in your ordinary voice. Um
494:  One I'm starting now
Interviewer:  Right.
494:  One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen fourteen fifteen Sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty.
Interviewer:  Okay and the days of the week please.
494:  Mm Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday.
Interviewer:  {NS} Okay and the months of the year.
494:  January February March April May June July August September October November December I feel like I'm taking some sort of some kind of test. {NW} {NW}
Interviewer:  No this isn't I I could test a
494:  Seeing how well I know my
Interviewer:  No it's to see whether It'll let us record. {NW}
494:  See if I can count and remember
Interviewer:  This is a No this is a A um It's a funny thing I say with a sensitive recorder some voices just
494:  Yes
Interviewer:  Um you can see the needle.
494:  #1 Uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 as you talk # And I have to to um gauge {NW} If I set it once I can forget it. I wanna be sure that not gonna.
494:  Oh I see.
Interviewer:  Not over recording you Or under #1 recording #
494:  #2 You're watching the needle when it #
Interviewer:  #1 Right #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  So let's There is a mechanical test. Uh you grew up here in uh Obion County?
494:  Yes I did.
Interviewer:  And could you tell me a little bit about where?
494:  Well it was on a farm right across the field.
Interviewer:  #1 Oh really? #
494:  #2 Straight across over yonder. # {NW} Uh
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 I was born # Don't know the year nineteen sixteen
Interviewer:  Nineteen sixteen. Okay.
494:  And I lived there until well it was nineteen and thirty. And uh My dad sold the place. And we moved to Lake County. And I went all my high school years over there.
Interviewer:  About how many years?
494:  Well we lived over Well we lived in Lake County really two years. And moved back then to the edge of Obion County.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  But I continued to go back over to {D: Reesley} for my high school. Finished high school. Then I married and moved here to {D: Pea Ridge}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  And course we lived around uh different places but we wound up back here On this same farm.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And {NW} When you married did you come to this farm?
494:  Yes we did.
Interviewer:  You did. Mm-hmm. And have you been a housewife uh most of your life?
494:  Mm-hmm. {NS}
Interviewer:  And your religion?
494:  Methodist. {NS} I worked uh in a school lunchroom for several years. Was manager for several years. {NS}
Interviewer:  Okay and that was In Elbridge?
494:  Cloverdale School.
Interviewer:  Cloverdale.
494:  Mm-hmm {NS}
Interviewer:  Okay Your mother and father where were they born?
494:  Well my dad was born {NS} Way - uh-huh - up in middle Tennessee In Maury County. Williamsport Tennessee. On Duck River I've always heard him talk about Duck River. And then my mother was born here in Obion County.
Interviewer:  And did they have a chance to go to school very much?
494:  Not too much. I think they went I believe back then she said it was about the equivalent of the fourth grade maybe.
Interviewer:  That's for both of them?
494:  Uh-huh
Interviewer:  I see. {NW} And they were farmers?
494:  Yes. {NS} They just didn't have much of a chance for an education back in those days.
Interviewer:  Very difficult.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  But I tell you I think the education they had was pretty solid.
494:  It was. {X}
Interviewer:  Way you can figure yeah. And your Do you remember your uh mother's parents?
494:  I remember my grandmother. But my granddad died before I was born.
Interviewer:  And do you remember where she came from?
494:  Uh I think in Mississippi. {NS}
Interviewer:  Know anything about her? #1 {X} #
494:  #2 Um #
Interviewer:  Her education or
494:  No not too much. Uh I've heard her She she stayed with us a while before her death and I heard her tell some stories about the Indians that lived around them down in Mississippi.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  Oh Well I don't know It's so long it's been so long back I just can't remember. And my granddad fought in the Civil War. He was killed at uh oh what it wasn't Shallow. It was one up in Kentucky. I don't mean he was killed. He was wounded up there. He he lived several years after that. But he was wounded and was always crippled after that. {NS}
Interviewer:  Okay and uh {NW} Your father's parents?
494:  #1 Well #
Interviewer:  #2 Where did they come from? #
494:  Uh middle Tennessee as far as I know.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS}
494:  And I knew my granddaddy. But my grandmother died before I was born. {NS}
Interviewer:  And can you tell me anything about your um about your grandfather?
494:  Well he he was a farmer and uh
Aux:  Black {NW}
494:  Huh?
Aux:  Black man wasn't he?
494:  No I don't think he was was he? He was a very uh strong willed man {NW} I know that. I've heard him talk about him. He he ruled his household in other words {NW}
Interviewer:  So he Uh What religion was he uh?
494:  Methodist.
Interviewer:  Methodist.
494:  Mm-hmm. My mother's people were too. Well I believe at first they were uh what was called a Protestant Methodist. And then {NS} Uh-huh. They called it the Old Protestant Church.
Interviewer:  Protestant Methodist. Uh what was your maiden name?
494:  Uh {B}
Interviewer:  Okay and uh mister {B} Can I ask you your age and
Aux:  #1 I'm uh I was born in nineteen twelve. #
494:  #2 Can this pick him up? #
Interviewer:  Nineteen twelve. And are you a Methodist?
Aux:  A Methodist mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And did you go to school around here?
Aux:  I went to school at I finished school at {D: Ridgely} I went to school at {X}
494:  That's in Obion County.
Aux:  That's in Obion County. I finished in Ridgely. {NW} Lake County.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Tell him why you finished over there.
Aux:  Uh the attendance got low in the school I was going and back then if they didn't keep the attendance up so high we lost two years of high school. And uh I had to go to school at Ridgely just three miles {X} Two months to finish school.
Interviewer:  I see.
Aux:  We lost eleventh and twelfth grade at {D: K U}
494:  Just two months before graduation.
Aux:  #1 Just two months #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: Alright.} #
Aux:  {X} And I had to go to Ridgely and finish.
Interviewer:  To finish up. {NW} Uh
494:  And he was one of three out of the class that went on and finished. The rest of them just got that.
Interviewer:  Very interesting. Uh-huh.
Aux:  Three of us were not ready to finish school.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh {NW} Your ancestry uh what do is this uh {B} In English or?
494:  It's uh um Dutch English I think. There's some Dutch mixed Dutch German or or something I've heard him talk about the Dutch in him.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Do you remember your grandmother's maiden name?
494:  Oh you mean my mother's mother?
Interviewer:  Right.
494:  Uh {B} {NS}
Interviewer:  And your father's?
494:  Mother was uh {B}
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
494:  Now that's that's the the {B} Ancestry that I was talking about being Dutch. I think the {B} my mother was a {B} I believe they're uh Irish.
Interviewer:  Irish mm-hmm
494:  And my grandma {B} Yeah I think was part Indian. {NS} She had some Indian blood in her I remember hearing her talk about.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Okay {NW} What is {X}
Aux:  So maybe we take uh {D: Alan's Reach} Community
Interviewer:  Oh I meant to ask about how large is Elbridge Um
Aux:  You mean population or just?
Interviewer:  Yes sir about how many?
Aux:  Honestly I don't know. It's not incorporated. It's not even
494:  Just a little village. It's a
Aux:  It's got a bank and a and a nice grocery store and a post office and a service station. And that's all we need is over there.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  There's about thirty uh thirty-five boxes there at the post office. I guess people {X} Gets their mail there.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  So I guess that'd be about what the population of it is.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. About thirty thirty families or so.
Aux:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  It's on the uh the Exxon map that I have.
Aux:  #1 Yea #
Interviewer:  #2 But not on the uh # It's not on the Tennessee state map. They should put it #1 by the highways. #
494:  #2 Well #
Interviewer:  Um You may want to protest that {NW}
Aux:  Save local pride.
Interviewer:  Uh I wonder on the back of this whether you would make a sketch of the home that you remember as a child.
Aux:  Uh {NS}
Interviewer:  The different rooms and
494:  Alright. {NW} {NS} I think I can talk to you while I How big a sketch do you want?
Interviewer:  Uh Just uh large enough so that uh we can read.
494:  Okay.
Interviewer:  Names of the rooms and Where are the chimneys? And uh
494:  Okay.
Interviewer:  Windows were {NS} Guess I could {D: bite} If you'd explain it as you go along.
494:  Well. I don't think I'm getting this to {NW} scale.
Interviewer:  That's okay.
494:  Uh. {NS} There was a long porch down there On the south side. Now there was a chimney right here. {NS} And the front door went into a hall. {NS} Let's see there's a room right here. And the dining room. {NS} And then the kitchen. {NS} And then out of the kitchen there was a little room. {NS} And a little pantry. And there was another chimney. {NS} And there was a cistern on the porch right here. {NS} And then the steps that went out to a deep well right here. It had a shed over it. {NS} And a door went out the dining room. A door went out this room. {NS} And there was a porch here. {NS} I remember this old house very well. I guess we call this the sitting room. {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. {NS} That's where the family spent most of its time.
494:  But it was also a bedroom too. {NW}
Aux:  {X}
494:  #1 And this was the parlor #
Aux:  #2 {X} # Sleep in the sitting room {X} We did it {X}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. I find many people tell me that. Because the families were so large that they had to use the Whose whose beds were in this in that room? Your parents?
494:  Um yes. They slept here. And we children slept in this room right here.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And then later on I remember having a bed back in this little side room. {NS} Me and one of my sisters. {NS} Let's see there was steps went out here.
Interviewer:  How many children were there?
494:  I had two I have two sisters and a brother. {NW} And then a walk went out. This was the flower garden all out here. {NS} A walk went out to a gate. {NS} A driveway came up the hill. {NS} And then right out here was the cellar house. And uh It had a The cellar house was in the bottom Where we kept our food. And it also had a place on top that was storage room. And we used it a lot as a playhouse.
Interviewer:  Oh I see. {NS}
494:  I guess that's about it. {NS} {X} Now there's a doorway outta this dining room on this north porch too. And out of the kitchen into the side room.
Interviewer:  That look right? Uh {NS} I'd like to ask you some questions about uh about it then. {NS} They uh Did it have a second
494:  Believe I handed you back my sheet a paper too underneath there {X} Did it have what?
Interviewer:  Did it have a second story?
494:  No it didn't.
Interviewer:  {NS} Uh Then {NW} If it didn't what
494:  Oh wait a minute. Yes it did. It had stair steps going up. It wasn't finished. But it was uh the stair steps went up right here in this dining room. {NS}
Interviewer:  #1 What did you call the area? #
494:  #2 Right there. #
Interviewer:  Upstairs? Uh
494:  We just called it upstairs.
Interviewer:  Upstairs?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Attic or loft?
494:  Uh-huh Attic. Now this door up. {NS} And it wasn't finished up in the you know in the rooms but it was storage place. And it gave a good place to play paper dolls and.
Interviewer:  Alright {NW} Uh how did you keep the light uh from coming in the windows? What did you have?
494:  We had uh the old-timey shades that pulled down.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  On rollers.
Interviewer:  I see. And uh Will you tell me how um something about the way the rooms are {D: furnished} Um This whole thing was oh this is a porch here. {NS} And this was a side porch?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  {D: Side} Porch and front porch Uh {NW} Tell me what Take away the sitting room and the parlor and how they were furnished?
494:  Well Oh As I said well there was a bed in that sitting room. And it was just rocking chairs kind of gathered around the fireplace. And might have been a dresser in there. Believe it was. It wasn't furnished lavishly. It was very sparsely furnished. And of course there were two beds in that next room. And our dresser. {NS}
Interviewer:  Did you have anything um. Where did you keep your clothes? Did you have um what is it
494:  #1 Oh #
Interviewer:  #2 A separate building closet or #
494:  No there Where did we keep our clothes?
Aux:  Hang 'em around the door I guess.
494:  #1 I guess we did. #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did you ever have a or did you ever see one of these uh really very large pieces of furniture?
494:  Yes. #1 Uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 You did? # What did you call it?
494:  #1 Oh chifforobe #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 Uh chiffonier #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  Now some some of them are called chiffoniers.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  No we didn't have one a those.
Interviewer:  Uh did you ever did you ever call it a wardrobe? Or is that
494:  #1 Yes yes #
Interviewer:  #2 A separate thing? #
494:  We called it a wardrobe too.
Interviewer:  A wardrobe I understand might be really quite high. Six to eight feet high.
494:  I remember where we kept our clothes. That little side room back yonder. Uh my dad I remember now. It's all coming back to me. He had stretched up a a pole across one end of that. Uh and we kept our clothes hanging on hangers on that.
Interviewer:  Right.
494:  And then there was a curtain across in front of that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} And {NW} In the parlor what um did you have there?
494:  We had a piano in one corner. And a little square table setting out in the middle with a lamp on it. {NW} And I guess some chairs. {NS}
Interviewer:  Did you have anything like this?
494:  #1 Oh no. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 No. #
Interviewer:  #2 Alright. # What would people call it?
494:  Uh now we had later years we had one and it was made out of leather. It was called a devonette.
Interviewer:  Devonette?
494:  Devonette.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  It it opened out and made a bed. I believe we did have that in the parlor.
Interviewer:  Did people ever use the word sofa very much?
494:  #1 Not then. #
Interviewer:  #2 In Davenport? #
494:  Not Davenport. Where we used that.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  But we didn't hear the word sofa until years later.
Interviewer:  And {NW} Did you ever uh have any made of horse hair or know about them?
494:  I knew about them. Well we didn't have one. I think they were too expensive for us. {NW} Cause I think they belonged to the rich people back then.
Interviewer:  I see. I can't imagine why they were.
494:  #1 I don't know either. #
Interviewer:  #2 They don't seem very comfortable. #
494:  {NW} I know it.
Interviewer:  And uh {NS} Are they {NW} Bureau you say? Did did you say bureau or or dresser or which uh?
494:  A dresser.
Interviewer:  Dresser.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And the chiffonier Did it have a mirror or um?
494:  I don't think we owned one of those then. {NW} I've got one in here now. That's got a mirror on it. And it's real old it belonged to my aunt. Along about the same time.
Interviewer:  It it uh is it drawers plus a mirror.
494:  #1 Uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 Is that good? #
Aux:  Drawers on one side and a door on the other.
Interviewer:  Oh uh-huh. {NS} And uh what was the parlor used for mostly uh?
494:  Oh Well {NW} {NS} We practiced our piano lessons in there. {NS} And well we didn't use it much. At all.
Interviewer:  #1 Is that right? #
494:  #2 I mean. #
Interviewer:  #1 It was just kind of a #
494:  #2 It's for company. # Yes just for company.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} I asked uh one man what the parlor was used for and he said {D: well spankings} The only place there was to go. {NW}
494:  Yes. {NW} That's right.
Interviewer:  And other people tell me that uh they never use theirs unless the preacher came.
494:  Uh-huh. {NW}
Interviewer:  There was a pretty special
494:  It's pretty special and you see that was a room kinda off across the hall away from the rest of the house. And it just wasn't used much.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And this is a chimney?
494:  No the chimney's down here in this sitting room. We didn't have a chimney in the parlor.
Interviewer:  So there was no way to heat the
494:  #1 Huh-uh #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh # parlor.
494:  Oh well it had a flue. We had a little stove there in the wintertime a little wood burning stove. Had a flue that went up through the top of the house.
Interviewer:  I see. Mm-hmm.
494:  But the fireplace and chimney was in the sitting room and in the kitchen.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And {NW} How about the bedrooms uh? Would you tell me uh how the bedrooms were were made what you used on beds?
494:  We had a feather bed. Had a straw mattress. And feather beds.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. How'd you keep warm?
494:  {NW} With quilts.
Interviewer:  Quilts?
494:  Quilts.
Interviewer:  All right.
494:  Up here in the wintertime we had as many as six and seven and eight on us. {NW} You couldn't turn over once you got in bed. {NW}
Interviewer:  And uh how about uh did you have something to cover the sheets in the summer uh?
494:  Uh yes we had they were called counterpanes. I think the correct spelling is uh counterpane P-A-N-E but they're we called them counterpanes.
Interviewer:  So that's what I'm interested in.
494:  #1 Yes. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh # These words are often spelled differently
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Than the way they are pronounced. So
494:  That's what they were called.
Interviewer:  I appreciate your um
494:  They were usually white and and well I think in fact they were always white. I don't there were any colored ones back then. But they were always white and they were woven in different textures.
Interviewer:  #1 Oh I see. #
494:  #2 Um # Have a raised pattern-like effect.
Interviewer:  It was an ornament and
494:  Uh-huh yes it was.
Interviewer:  And {NW}
494:  And the beds had uh uh a lot of them I don't know whether we had or not but I know his mother had them. The big pillows with the big ruffles and you didn't sleep on those pillows. Uh they had big ruffles around them. And they were laid off to one side at night.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And you slept on some more. And the next morning then when you made up the bed these pillows then were were stood up kind of an ornament across the top.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear
Aux:  Lay one down and then stand one up.
494:  Uh-huh. And they were #1 Starched #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 And ironed #
Aux:  #2 #
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Did you ever hear of a pillow sham?
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  Is that What
494:  #1 I guess that's what #
Interviewer:  #2 They are? #
494:  You'd call 'em.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Er it wasn't a pillow slip. {NW} Cause it {NS} I guess you sewed it on there because you didn't sleep on it and it didn't have to be changed as often as a
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  pillow slip would.
Interviewer:  The only uh shams that I've seen are are are right then. They didn't look as if they were real pillows. Uh
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Yeah they were about so big.
494:  That's why they were called shams.
Interviewer:  And uh They were {D: plenty stuffed}
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  They were decorated and and um pretty large in fact more square than
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh pillow.
494:  And I can remember his mother after I got in the family. Oh now that bed had to be made just right. It was a feather bed. And she would even after she got it all smooth as well she could smooth it with her hand she'd go get her broom and take her broomstick And uh smooth that bed. {NW} It had and she didn't allow any sitting on that bed in the daytime.
Interviewer:  I see. Uh It must have been a a source of good pride. {NW}
494:  It was. {NW}
Interviewer:  And How about bolsters did you ever have that?
494:  Yes we had bolsters. Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh what what's the when were they used and when were
494:  Well now I think my mother and daddy had the bolsters on their bed.
Interviewer:  And that's just a solid?
494:  That's just a #1 Make one long #
Aux:  #2 {D: You a liar} # She just kept up when she made up the bed she'd put the bolster on it in the daytime we didn't sleep on the bolster.
Interviewer:  #1 Oh I see. #
494:  #2 Well #
Interviewer:  Were they made out of feathers or?
494:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  And if somebody uh when you were children so when other children would come to stay too many of them you didn't have a bed for 'em where where would they sleep?
494:  We made pallets on the floor.
Interviewer:  Floor {NW}
494:  You wanted that word pallet didn't you?
Interviewer:  Yes ma'am.
494:  {NW}
Aux:  {D: Either we'd do that}
Interviewer:  Aw
Aux:  We all slept at the the some at the head of the bed and some at the foot of the bed.
Interviewer:  Oh I see {NW} {X} What was the pallet uh made out of uh how did?
494:  Well sometimes we had an extra feather bed stored away somewhere. And my mother'd bring that down put it on the floor and put quilts all over it then.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  But then a lot a times it was just several quilts spread out.
Interviewer:  And the kitchen um Let's see you had
494:  Our kitchen was I guess you'd say our family room. We had the fireplace in there and uh had a big table in the center. Uh Where we ate.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  The dining room was reserved for company.
Interviewer:  I see. Like the parlor.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  {NW} Did you uh did you have a room or do you remember anybody having a room called a big room? Or ever where the whole family might
494:  Well I guess you'd say our sitting room was our big room because when we weren't in the kitchen we was in the sitting room.
Interviewer:  I see. Mm-hmm. And uh you kept your milk out here I suppose where it may
494:  Well
Interviewer:  In the well?
494:  Kept it there in the summertime kept it in either in the cistern you know lower it down with ropes in the cistern. When it got real hot now in the spring my mother kept it out there in that cellar house. It was cool down there in it.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And then when it got on hotter she kept it in the she'd lower it down in the cistern.
Interviewer:  Cistern.
494:  And then in the wintertime in that little pantry back there my dad built a little what he called a window box. It uh it was a little screened in affair. Stick it on the outside. And with screens so the cats and dogs and birds and so on so forth couldn't get it. And That's where she kept her milk.
Interviewer:  I see. Did you ever hear of a dairy Uh uh the word dairy used?
494:  No. {NW}
Interviewer:  For that uh how was it used? When you were I mean what
494:  You mean where you milk the cows?
Interviewer:  Is that where?
494:  The cowshed. {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh did you ever use the word dairy?
494:  Not that I can remember.
Interviewer:  Oh. {NS}
494:  Did you ever remember it?
Aux:  No I don't I don't remember using the word dairy we just went out to milk we used a milk shed or a barn. We used milk for money.
494:  We called it the cowshed.
Interviewer:  Cowshed?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Alright. And {NW} How about a room where you kept things that you didn't want to throw away but you couldn't use?
494:  Well that went up to the attic I guess.
Interviewer:  I see. {NW} Did you have a name for it? Uh
494:  #1 Junk room. #
Interviewer:  #2 Say # Junk room?
494:  I guess that'd be the junk room.
Aux:  That's what we called our shed {X} Junk shed. {NW}
Interviewer:  Junk shed? Did you ever hear that used uh called plunder?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  Not a plunder.
494:  I never did hear it.
Interviewer:  And I got these uh Different versions of
494:  #1 Uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # I'd like to tell you And um How'd your mother describe uh what she did in the morning to keep the house uh tidy and clean? She'd go oh I have to do what?
494:  Clean up the house.
Interviewer:  Just clean it up?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh what did she use for a broom? How was it uh did they buy it or did they make it or?
494:  Uh Are you now I don't know. Now I think that we #1 had a broom made #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  And I believe they were bought from here I don't believe they were store bought. {X}
Aux:  There used to be several in this country that'd make brooms now we ain't got no broom factory on their own make it at their homes. Uh We had a fellow down here that lived down here {X} he had a little broom mill. He'd make broom and he'd take them around.
494:  And peddle them that's we had a broom peddler that would come through.
Aux:  He'd come around stores sell 'em to stores or go house to house and sell them. {NS}
Interviewer:  And uh where would she keep it uh?
494:  #1 Behind the door I think in the kitchen #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And uh how about the keeping your clothes clean how did they do that?
494:  Oh well we had this old-timey rubboard that you got out and scrubbed and rubbed and then put 'em in the pot and boiled. {NW} And uh they had to be boiled and uh {NS} parched every so often and then scrubbed again. {NS}
Interviewer:  What uh how did you get the soap out? Uh
494:  You rinsed 'em through the uh well at least two waters.
Interviewer:  You did?
494:  Uh-huh. {NS}
Interviewer:  Okay what kind of soap just a homemade?
494:  Homemade lye soap.
Interviewer:  Lye soap. {NS}
494:  In fact when I started housekeeping I didn't I had homemade lye soap I I thought I was rich when I got to buy my first box of powdered soap.
Interviewer:  Is that right? {NW} Uh was the lye pretty hard on your hands I suppose?
494:  No it wasn't Huh-uh. {NS} And you know a lot of people now just go wild if they can find a bar of homemade lye soap. {NS}
Interviewer:  I guess it's it cuts water doesn't it?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Hard water pretty well. Uh how about the ironing uh?
494:  Well you ironed with the uh what was called flat irons. Uh and you heated 'em in the wintertime we'd heat 'em at the fireplace. {NS} Our own little cookstove. {NS} Uh and then that's what it's called a cookstove.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And uh {NS} You'd change and when that one gets cold you take it and put it back on the fire and get you one that was there hot ready and waiting and uh. {NS}
Interviewer:  Oh I see. Uh what when how would you where was this uh place that you boil your clothes was it on the stove?
494:  Out outside.
Interviewer:  It was outside.
494:  And a wash kettle outside.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And Is that one of these heavy uh
494:  Yes iron kettle.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And how did you get the clothes out there? Did you have a special place to keep keep them in the house and then carry them out?
494:  I believe we did and then uh I think on this north porch I'm if I can remember right we had what we called the dirty clothes box. {NW} And that's what where they were put. It was a wooden box with a lid on it. {NS} With a you know hinged {NW} and then on wash days my mother got out there and she would sort these out. She had a pile she called the first white ones then the second white ones {NS} and then a a pile of uh colored ones and then {NS} down below work clothes overalls and things like that. Course these were washed first they were washed in order that she had 'em piled out.
Interviewer:  What'd you have a Something to carry 'em out there into the
494:  No our tubs were right there at the edge of the porch and uh
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  the kettle right on out in the yard then.
Interviewer:  There wasn't a wash basket or
494:  Uh I don't think so.
Interviewer:  Did you have a market uh whatever you would call a market basket or
494:  Mm {NS} You know I I can't remember I can't remember uh that. {NW} I don't even remember I got to thinking the other day after you talked to us when we went to the store to buy our groceries what did we take 'em home in? I don't believe we had well I guess we did have paper sacks didn't we?
Aux:  Yeah we had paper sacks. {NS}
494:  But you know we didn't buy many groceries back then. {X}
Aux:  {X}
494:  You didn't go and take out big big bags of groceries like you do now.
Aux:  I was raised on my daddy running stores.
Interviewer:  Oh did he?
Aux:  Where I was born and raised. But you didn't uh {X}
494:  In the fall of the year we'd buy a barrel of flour. And and course we did uh kill our own hogs we had our meat and and lard.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  All the year and uh
Aux:  All you needed to buy was coffee and sugar.
494:  Coffee and sugar and maybe a a bag a beans or something to last through the winter dried beans.
Interviewer:  {X} No purpose for a sa- for a basket or anything.
494:  I I don't think so.
Aux:  Take the corn to a mill and
494:  #1 Have it ground #
Aux:  #2 {X} # Get it ground for cornbread. {NS} {NW}
Interviewer:  In your conversation here I hoped that this is what would happen and it is happening. {NW} I'm getting questions from you're reminding me of things I wanted to ask. Uh when you took corn meal to be ground or took corn to be ground uh what was what did you call one load? {NS}
Aux:  One what?
Interviewer:  One load. I mean just enough to take in and {NS} And um
494:  Now didn't we when we'd take it to be ground for meal did we sit out at home and shell it off the cob and put it in a sack. We didn't take it in a wagon. That to get it ground for meal.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  We sat down at home.
Aux:  They'd throw it in a little old sack throw it over their back Carry it to the mill and and The grist mill would take out toll. He he'd uh take out two corn for grinding yours.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  And that's the way you paid him.
Interviewer:  Uh
Aux:  Oh.
Interviewer:  How much did you take?
Aux:  {D:Edna?}
494:  Um it would just be a
Aux:  Half bushel.
494:  I can remember we'd uh the days before my daddy'd take the meal or the corn to be ground we'd have we'd have to sit down us kids we'd sit down and
Interviewer:  I see {NW}
494:  cause in the wintertime it's uh before the fireplace and we'd we'd shell off the nubbin end that might have some bad grains in it. And that would go in the bucket for the chickens. {NS} And uh then we only shelled what went in for our meal. The good corn.
Interviewer:  Now let's see the nubbin end would be the small one?
494:  Uh-huh the small end. Cause it lots of times had some bad grains on it. And that would be shelled off in the chicken bucket.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And then we'd have to shell the rest of it. And he'd have a sack I guess. I would he could carry a hundred pound sack at the time or not but
Aux:  No they wouldn't carry that much but {X} you didn't have to go that often.
494:  And maybe the miller would take out about a peck you know he had a certain amount he'd take out for grinding it.
Aux:  In the summertime you couldn't we were getting
494:  #1 Uh-huh. #
Aux:  #2 it in # pretty quick in hot weather course it was the wintertime.
Interviewer:  I see. Did you ever hear that called a turn a corn?
494:  Yes uh-huh
Aux:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 That's what it's called. #
Aux:  Turn a corn.
Interviewer:  I see and
Aux:  A turn a corn's a mill.
Interviewer:  I see. So that would be about a half bushel.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  And then you mentioned paper sacks did you um would you tell me something about the other sacks you had?
494:  They were called tote sacks.
Interviewer:  Tote sacks?
Aux:  Totes.
Interviewer:  And what were they like? Uh {NS}
494:  Like burlap. {NW}
Interviewer:  Whereas a tote sack would be just like a
494:  A burlap bag uh-huh.
Interviewer:  You ever hear croker sack?
494:  I never did did you?
Aux:  No I don't think I have {NS}
Interviewer:  Well so you didn't really have a use for baskets then. You had to gather eggs?
494:  Yes now my mother had a egg basket.
Aux:  Egg basket.
494:  And and she would take eggs to the store.
Aux:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 In this little basket # Uh-huh. {X}
Interviewer:  I see. {NS} And we have to cover everything where was the uh
494:  Outhouse?
Interviewer:  Where was the outhouse?
494:  It was out house. {NW} It was about as far back in the corner as you could get. {NW} And
Interviewer:  Did you call it uh you ever have any joking terms or uh?
494:  Oh I think we called it the toilet and
Aux:  Now I know what toilets are
494:  {D: I don't} Oh a closet I think I heard my mother call it the closet.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh that'd be a fairly elegant term.
494:  Uh-huh. It would be.
Interviewer:  Did you have any family names?
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  #1 Okay. #
494:  #2 The the name # Toilet would be kinda she didn't want to say that much and and call it the closet
Interviewer:  #1 Uh-huh. #
494:  #2 as you said # kind of a modest stuff.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh did you ever call it the privy or was that not a term?
494:  Not really. Not really.
Interviewer:  #1 Huh-uh? #
494:  #2 Huh-uh. #
Interviewer:  The white house or
494:  No.
Interviewer:  Joking names like that
494:  No. {X} Yeah.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. {NS} And uh on the outside of the house uh what did you have it covered with um?
494:  The uh clabber clapboards that what you call 'em? Weatherboards weatherboarding.
Interviewer:  I see they they went uh horizontally they weren't up and
494:  #1 down. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
494:  Horizontally.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. {NS} And uh what how did you cover the what'd you have shingles or uh
494:  Oh.
Interviewer:  like on the roof.
494:  Wo- wood shingles I believe. {NS} Mostly.
Aux:  {X}
494:  Yeah.
Aux:  {X}
494:  We didn't have asphalt shingles like we have now.
Interviewer:  Do you remember uh uh using tin or uh?
494:  Yes uh-huh.
Aux:  Oh yeah. {NS}
Interviewer:  It's a quite a racket uh
Aux:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 Yeah if it hailed or rained sure did. #
Aux:  {X}
494:  Handmade shingles in other words what he's {NS}
Interviewer:  I see and what's uh {C: museum name?} they've got a an exhibit on an old farm and they show you how those shingles used to be made.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Um How about uh {NS} Let's see. In this particular area how would the roof the roof come down
494:  It was in a Yeah had a valley
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  down in
Interviewer:  And did you use uh anything to catch the
494:  #1 Yes mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # How was how did that work?
494:  Well most the time it was just uh two boards nailed together in a V that ran from that uh the end of that valley down to the cistern. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh would it would it run under the house or how?
494:  Oh. {X} No we had a rain barrel and out here was the valley coming there and a rain barrel was there. And it just ran off into the rain barrel.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  #1 But now this cistern #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Cistern I mean you're a
494:  Now let me see I believe he had gutters. Now would there have been tin gutters or? Wooden gutters and then right here there was a downspout and that wooden trough ran from from right there over to the cistern.
Interviewer:  Oh I see. {NS}
494:  The gutters came off you know that porch off that side of the house.
Interviewer:  This whole side here?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} And uh {NW} {NS} And a coal stove {NW} You had in the kitchen?
494:  Uh it was a wood stove.
Interviewer:  Was it a wood stove?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Did you burn any coal or?
494:  Not too much back then.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Coal was kind of a uh uh rich man's uh commodity too.
Interviewer:  Was it you must have had plenty of wood.
494:  Yes we did.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. When you started to use coal what did you call the thing that you kept it in?
494:  Uh coal scuttle.
Interviewer:  A scuttle?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh
494:  But we had uh had the stove woodbox that's what we'd call it. And we shortened it to {D: stowood box}
Interviewer:  {NW} I see. {NW}
494:  It's too much to say stove wood we just call it {D: stowood box}
Aux:  {D: stowood box}
Interviewer:  That's how it works.
Aux:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 That's right. #
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And uh how about the fireplace the you got two of them would you describe the two of them?
494:  Oh. {NW} Well they we had a what we call a dog irons. And that's what the wood was laid across.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And course we'd use the back log a biggun back in the back.
Interviewer:  How would you start the fire?
494:  With the kindling and corn cobs soaked in {D: coal oil}
Interviewer:  Is that right? Uh {NS} Really got a
494:  And I want {NW} I wanna tell you I can well remember when I was a little girl my mother and my older sisters were going off somewhere that afternoon. And she had made some light bread rolls to and she had 'em up in the warming closet in the of the oven you know I mean of the stove. It had a back up on it and then two little things I don't know if you've ever seen 'em or not.
Interviewer:  Oh yes over the
494:  Over it they were called the warming closets. And she had these had two pounds of rolls up there rising to cook for supper. And she said everybody said I'm gonna leave this uh {NS} oh fire in the stove. And said every once in a while you go in and add a stick of wood so that I don't want the fire to go plumb out but I don't want it too hot I want it just to stay warm so the rolls will rise. Well I liked to read and I got off in one room I was way up in the parlor where I was reading I got real interested. And I forgot all about keeping that fire in there. And I thought about it later when it that was plumb out or I thought it was. I piled me a lot of wood in there and I reached around behind the stove and picked up the coal oil can. And poured some coal oil on that wood. Then I struck a match to it. And you can imagine the explosion I had. My eyebrows were singed and my hair was singed and of course the rolls fell flat because when it exploded the rolls fell flat. My mother came in I didn't say a word. She went in to look at her rolls see if they was ready and course they were flat. She came hunting me up she said what happened? She knew something had happened. So I had to tell her.
Interviewer:  And you were lucky just to get singed.
494:  I was lucky to get singed that's right.
Interviewer:  Yeah. Oh that's a you took your duty too seriously.
494:  Yeah. {NW} {NS}
Interviewer:  What uh uh do you remember cooking in the fireplace at all or?
494:  Yes we cooked some um. We had an old black what we called a dinner kettle. And especially in the wintertime course we didn't keep didn't have the fireplace going in the summertime but in the wintertime a lot of times my mother would uh hang this dinner kettle in there with beans in it
Interviewer:  #1 But how big was that uh #
494:  #2 collard greens. # Oh it held I guess about a gallon.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Cast iron?
494:  Cast iron.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And then she had what she called a big heavy dutch oven. And she'd put the sweet potatoes in that and set it down on the coals and bake those sweet potatoes.
Interviewer:  Uh That's interesting did it have um did it have legs on it uh?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear that called a spider?
494:  No. I don't believe I did.
Interviewer:  Uh {NS} Some places uh call what I'm sure is the same thing.
494:  I guess it was.
Interviewer:  The spider. And other places call uh just a {NS} just an ordinary uh thing that you fry eggs in.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Um
494:  Skillet.
Interviewer:  Yeah a a sometimes #1 a spider. #
494:  #2 Uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NW} And uh {NS} They Let's see I don't think I asked you about the part above the fireplace.
494:  We had a mantle.
Interviewer:  What you kept on it? {NS}
494:  Well things that uh well we had a clock up there for one thing a striking clock. And I can't remember what else we did have up there.
Aux:  You had lamps {X}
494:  Yes lamps that's where we had our lamps sitting up there.
Interviewer:  And how about the what was the {NW} solid place that?
494:  The hearth?
Interviewer:  Yeah what was that made out of? {NW}
494:  Uh
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  Concrete and bricks. {NS} Brick I believe uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And uh stuff that um collected up in the chimney?
494:  The ai- the soot.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and did you ever did you ever remember your grandmother saying anything about uh using the ashes from the fireplace in the kitchen for anything?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  What?
494:  You made uh soap made lye soap made harmony.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And how about would they bake anything in the ashes uh?
494:  Oh you mean the hot ashes well that's what I was talking about a while ago with the uh
Interviewer:  They keep it in the oven.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear of ash cake or um? {NS}
494:  Hoecake johnnycake ho- hoecake I think's what we called it
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And that would be baked in the ashes or not?
494:  Uh-hu- {NW} Uh
Interviewer:  Apparently ash cake is like a hoecake except
494:  #1 it was they'd #
Interviewer:  #2 Probably so. # put it in the ashes and cover it over.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And it would have a kinda special flavor that uh
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  they seem to relish. {NS} And how about uh What did you milk into? What did you use when you milked the cows uh?
494:  Well in later years I can't re- I think we just used gallon syrup buckets {NS} earlier but in later years my mother had a special uh aluminum bucket. And she would milk in a little {D: steer} a little little {D: steer} about oh about a quart I guess. {NS} And a little handle on it. And she'd milk in that and then she'd pour it up into this bigger bucket.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And that way she said if the cow kicked her or cow kicked it oh {NW} she wouldn't lose it all she'd just lose a little bit at a time.
Interviewer:  I see. What do you keep water in?
494:  We had a water bucket we and it's in the kitchen we had our little what we called the the washstand. The water stand, wash stand I believe it was.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  We had a water bucket and a dipper and a wash pan on that.
Interviewer:  What was that bucket made of? Wooden?
494:  Uh no it was granite.
Interviewer:  It was?
494:  Now I believe tha- {NW} #1 His mother had a wooden bucket #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # You had a {D: cedar}
494:  Cedar.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And I think ours was granite. Though
Interviewer:  And uh did you what did you do with scraps from the table or did you have a
494:  Well the hogs got 'em and the chickens got 'em we didn't have any problem back then.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and what did you keep 'em in before you took 'em out?
494:  We had a what we called a slop bucket.
Interviewer:  And that was in the pantry?
494:  Behind the kitchen stove.
Interviewer:  Behind the stove mm-hmm.
494:  Even the dishwater went in there.
Interviewer:  {NS} While I'm {NS} thinking about it {NS} uh how did you feed the hogs what did you pour uh {NS}
494:  Had uh
Interviewer:  poured it from the slop bucket into what?
494:  Into a trough. {NW} It was a it it too was v-shaped and made out about twelve inch planks. {NS}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And course stopped up at each end. That was called a hog trough.
Interviewer:  Did you ever know anybody who used a {D: hollow log} and?
494:  Yes uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Pork trough. {NW} And uh the cups that you used for um did would you what'd you say you had a dipper?
494:  We had a dipper ev- everybody used the same dipper.
Interviewer:  What uh was the dipper made of?
494:  Well it was ours was granite what was yours?
Aux:  I guess it was I don't remember if we had a wooden dipper. {X}
494:  Sometimes people used gourds.
Aux:  Yeah they used gourds.
Interviewer:  Yes I was
494:  I believe at one time we had a gourd dipper I believe our gourd dipper hung out by the well.
Aux:  Keep it out at the well.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Did uh you ever hear those gourds called anything else? Like a {D: simlin}
494:  No. I never did.
Interviewer:  Does that word sound #1 familiar? #
494:  #2 Huh-uh. # That doesn't even sound familiar at all.
Interviewer:  And {NW} Did you have anything called a tin pail or a tin cup or? {NS}
494:  Mm Yes I think we did. {NS}
Interviewer:  Was that later years?
494:  It probably was.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} And um When you first got electric uh what did they call the thing that's leaking out the light that you screw in a socket? {NS} What'd they call it when they first came out?
494:  You mean the light bulb that part?
Interviewer:  Right so
494:  Uh-huh light bulb.
Interviewer:  They just used
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  same.
494:  But I tell you we had something before we had electricity. We had a carbine system. It was kinda like a gas system and that carbide outfit was kept in that cellar house. And we had it piped to every room in the house. {NS} Run through pipes. {NS} And course the the light was up in here in the center and and you'd light it like a gas light.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And it was it really was
Aux:  {X} Carbide.
494:  Mm-hmm. {X} That carbide made a {X} sor- sort of a gas.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} {X} We were talking about uh using gas lights the other day and somebody remembered the word mantle.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 Uh-huh. #
Aux:  {X} Come after this carbide though here.
Interviewer:  {X}
Aux:  Gas lights.
Interviewer:  Trying to think what was a mantle made out of that it lasted so long? I mean how do you remember what uh
Aux:  No I don't know what they were made out of.
494:  If you touched it it would fall apart.
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Yeah it was very fragile but uh I wonder what it was made of.
494:  I really don't know. {NS} We had carbide lights in that house. And when we sold it and left. {NS} And moved to Ridgley course we had electricity for the two years over there. But then when we moved back to the edge of Obion County we had to go back to coal oil lights.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS}
494:  And it was uh {NS} well after I married moved up here course we didn't have electricity up here we still on coal oil. {NS} For a few years after I married my mother and dad got electricity through that section down there low- below the bluff. {NS}
Aux:  Bout 1938 I think it was working.
494:  And I don't think we had electricity. I can't remember but anyhow we
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  we had and and at one time papa had a carb- oh
Aux:  Delco
494:  Delco system.
Interviewer:  Delco I remember uh that was you make your own.
494:  Make your own electricity. {X} {NS}
Interviewer:  I have an aunt who still has a Delco system in the basement uh. She doesn't use it but it's all set there in case uh um {NS} How about the the things that you would use to keep plants in the house over winter? Like your violet there. {NS} Uh {NS} But what would you keep what do you call the thing that you keep it in?
494:  The flowerpot?
Interviewer:  Is that a flowerpot? And {NS} how about the thing that you keep cut flowers in?
494:  Flower vase.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And um {NS}
494:  I tell ya most of the time we didn't have store bought flower pots. We'd have an old bucket that had worn out that we'd plant our flowers in.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Maybe paint it up or
Interviewer:  Keep 'em over winter?
494:  Uh-huh. {NS}
Interviewer:  How about um {NS} when you were a girl did you have anything {NW} that you would put in a a nest to fool a hen? {NS}
494:  Nest egg.
Interviewer:  Nest egg uh what exactly uh
494:  {D: Liars} Gourds little gourds.
Interviewer:  Gourds.
494:  We couldn't afford the store bought ones. {NW} Did you ever hear of what?
Interviewer:  You ever hear of china?
494:  #1 Yes. #
Interviewer:  #2 China egg? #
494:  But that was the kind we couldn't afford you had to buy them so we used gourds most of the time.
Interviewer:  Uh what what were they like uh?
494:  Well they were just a little round kind of shaped like an egg.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} What um {NS} Why were they called uh d- china eggs?
494:  Well I guess they were made out of uh some kind of china {NS} #1 material. #
Interviewer:  #2 Is that made in #
494:  I suppose so. {NS}
Interviewer:  That was real light then?
494:  Well I bet you they'd be an antique I mean they'd be
Interviewer:  Yes I
494:  #1 a collector's item now wouldn't they? #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Uh-huh. {NS} I've never seen one.
494:  I've seen 'em. I think we had 'em in later years. But I can remember back when we lived at that place we {NS} we just used gourds mostly.
Interviewer:  And you'd call a {NS} call a this thing a nest egg?
494:  A nest egg. #1 Uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 No matter what # it was made from?
494:  That's right.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And at the table what did you eat with uh? {NS} The thing I'm looking for there is did you ever have case knives?
494:  Yes. #1 Mm-hmm. #
Interviewer:  #2 You did? #
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And what are they?
494:  Well they were what we call our table knives now. But uh they usually had a was it a bald handle and uh
Aux:  Yeah most of 'em did but ours doesn't have ours just a
494:  But they did- they just called 'em case knives.
Interviewer:  I see nothing special.
494:  Noth- I don't think. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh Uh sometimes I got the impression that they were made with wooden handles.
494:  Yes uh-huh it's I think they were.
Interviewer:  But that didn't make 'em a case knife they just uh it was just a name?
494:  Well not that I know of now it could've been.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But I just remember 'em being called case knives.
Interviewer:  Hmm how about the other utensils uh?
494:  Well fork and spoon. {NS} We had a what we called a table spoon that went in the bowls.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  To dip out with.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} And how about the um {NS} the uh {X} three three words here. When you would tap a barrel to get something uh molasses out or something what would you call the thing that you put in?
494:  The the {NS} the spicket is that what?
Interviewer:  Yeah.
494:  I don't think we ever called I don't think we ever had a tap {D: bell to tap} but I think that's what it's called.
Interviewer:  And When you would get water piped into your house did you use the same term then or?
494:  I think so.
Interviewer:  And would you turn {NW}
494:  {X} We didn't have water piping in the house I don't think. {NW} For years and years of course I think by that time they were called faucets.
Interviewer:  I see spickets went out of use and faucets-
494:  I think so uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh the way that you used to do dishes uh?
494:  Well we had a dish pan and a draining pan. {NS} And I think I I don't remember whether we had a pan in between there or not that we rinsed them in. I think most of the time it was just washed in the soapy water and put over this draining pan and then you'd dry 'em.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And did they say um about the ads talk about dish towels and dish cloths and so on but what did you say?
494:  Uh drying rag. {NW} Drying rag.
Interviewer:  And dish?
494:  Dish rag.
Aux:  Dish rag.
494:  Dish rag and drying rag.
Interviewer:  And if you wanted to buy um {NS} a a cloth and you wanted to take along something you show the store keeper what you wanted it was an old square what would you call that? To take along uh {NS}
494:  A patch. Uh a patch.
Interviewer:  Alright. Did you ever say sample?
494:  Sample uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And {NS} how about uh the thing that you wear over your dress? {NS} {X}
494:  Oh uh I can remember we had dust coats.
Interviewer:  Did ya?
494:  We had dust coats. Of course we had aprons. And uh
Interviewer:  Then what's the difference? Between a between an apron do you remember them just coming to the waist?
494:  Uh some of them did and some of them came on up and went around your neck. Most of them I think went around your neck and tied back here in the back.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And {NW} how about uh things that you used to keep your small coins in? {NS} Did you have any
494:  Mm-hmm the sugar bowl I guess in the.
Interviewer:  Sugar bowl. And uh to take it to town what would you put it in?
494:  Mm. You I don't know. I don't even know whether we had a bank account back then at all I'm not sure. {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh I wonder would you use #1 pocket #
494:  #2 I guess we did #
Interviewer:  Pocketbook or purse?
494:  Yes mm-hmm.
Aux:  {X} these long pocketbooks.
494:  Yeah pocketbooks what it was called.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And then purse uh Was a later term or?
494:  I think so cause I know it was I can remember pocketbook from way back.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Which do you use today?
494:  Well I I use I use both terms.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  Sometimes ol' pocketbook comes back and I use that most of the time don't I?
Aux:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  My thought is if you use a small one did they would you say
494:  Well nowadays I say uh billfold or a coin purse.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But I don't know what I said back then.
Interviewer:  And
494:  Change purse I guess.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And the thing that ladies wear around their wrists? {D: or arments}
494:  Bracelets?
Interviewer:  It's always been.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And around the neck? Is
494:  Oh now {NW} {D: laudalliere} {C: probably lavalliere} was worn around their necks.
Interviewer:  Now that's a new one.
494:  Lavaliere I don't know how you spell it. But now I can remember it was a chain with a little uh well they'd call it a a pendant now I guess.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But I can remember it was called a lavaliere back then.
Interviewer:  That's a new one uh. {X}
Aux:  That's what she'd call it a lavaliere.
494:  And then uh they wore brooches. You know for pins.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  We call 'em pins or garment pins or scatter pins or costume jewelry they called 'em brooches.
Interviewer:  I see. How about uh {NS} other than the lavaliere what what would you {NS}
494:  Beads?
Aux:  Beads?
494:  Yeah would it be a string or? String of beads.
Aux:  String of beads.
Interviewer:  The thing I I was curious about did you ever hear uh pair of beads?
494:  Yes. Pair of beads. {NW} That's right.
Interviewer:  What is a pair of beads?
494:  I now I've wondered that too.
Aux:  I think they're just the words.
494:  But now that's the expression pair of beads.
Interviewer:  And there there's nothing two about it?
494:  #1 No uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 There's just a string. # Mm.
494:  Right.
Interviewer:  Well that's a mystery I
494:  Well it it is but now that's what it was called pair of beads.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. How about uh {NS} a girl {NW} {NS} who liked to spend a lot of time in front of the mirror? How you say she sure likes to
494:  Primp.
Interviewer:  Primp?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And how about a man? If he thought he was kind of a good-looking guy what start worrying about it what would he be doing? He likes to
494:  Huh I don't know.
Interviewer:  A man doesn't do it very much. {NW} Didn't have a chance to I suppose. Uh.
494:  Well what is that word he us- or to use? {NS} Cause he wouldn't be primping that would be sissy. {NS} I don't know.
Interviewer:  Would you {NW} Would you ever use the word doll up? {NS} For a man? {NW}
494:  Might do it. Might do it.
Aux:  Too soon we'll spend about an hour every morning on their hair. {NW} Wash it and dry it and spray it. {NW}
Interviewer:  To our generation that that is uh I see it on television and you know these these guys are up there {NW} and they uh #1 blower and everything and. #
494:  #2 Yep that's right. #
Interviewer:  Hard to to uh {NS} to believe. And uh how about the things you carry to keep the rain off and what would you carry to keep the sun off? Would you take?
494:  The umbrella. Parasol.
Interviewer:  Which would be which uh?
494:  Well uh It was called a parasol way back then wasn't it but uh
Interviewer:  I I was wondering uh sometimes I think {NS} I cause I hear the two terms used was parasol was more for sun and
494:  I believe it was. So maybe the umbrella.
Interviewer:  the umbrella was the real thing.
494:  Uh-huh. {NW}
Interviewer:  And uh How about a man um? {NS} Suppose um {NS} that's true when a man's uh old his best clothes are worn out his wife might say uh it's time for you to what?
Aux:  Clean up. {NW}
Interviewer:  Go to the store and what buy a?
494:  Buy a new suit. Uh
Interviewer:  And what would he buy then? {NW} What kind of
494:  Oh.
Interviewer:  Remember your father's uh {NS}
494:  Well it'd just it'd just be his Sunday clothes that's Sunday clothes.
Interviewer:  What would they be made out of uh or what parts would there be? Um Excuse me a sec-
Interviewer:  {NS} While we were changing the tape there you said that he didn't use a vest right? And uh what
494:  Well now when he dressed up he used the vest because I can remember I can just see today his pocket watch from one vest pocket and the and the chain and then the fob of his oh chain over in his other vest pocket.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And how about uh how did he hold up his trousers?
494:  With suspenders.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Ever hear #1 galluses? #
494:  #2 Galluses? # {NW} Galluses that's what Papa called it galluses.
Interviewer:  Right. Uh-huh.
494:  {D: Wasn't suspensers.}
Interviewer:  And uh how you you use the word overalls um when you were talking about the washing uh did you use a word jeans?
494:  #1 No no mm-mm #
Interviewer:  #2 cause if so uh # Is that a it must be #1 a recent uh #
494:  #2 That's a new # a to- uh well what's the what {X} to being We didn't know anything about jeans back in those days.
Interviewer:  Everything was overalls.
494:  Overalls.
Interviewer:  Um
494:  Or britches. {NS}
Interviewer:  Is that right uh?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  That was my experience and overalls would be uh either pants without a bib or with a bib.
494:  #1 Well now most of the time we think #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  of overalls we think of 'em coming with a bib with these straps coming over and hooking here.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. How about just blue denim trousers? What was your
494:  Well they were just britches.
Interviewer:  Britches. Uh-huh.
494:  Weren't they {X}
Aux:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  And if somebody {NW} if a boy had his britches uh pockets full of things he had found stones and all sorts of things you'd say well look at his pockets what?
494:  Bulging.
Interviewer:  Bulging. #1 Uh-huh. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And uh how about um if you boil a new shirt {NW} hot water sometimes uh got trouble getting {X} it it what?
494:  shrunk.
Interviewer:  Shrunk?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  Drew up.
494:  #1 Drew up. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 Drew up that was the #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Alright. Drew up is
494:  Drew up. {NS}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Let's um {NS} I hope you enjoy this one {X}
494:  #1 Oh I'm just I'm having fun #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 And bout the washing #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 you talking about #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  the lye soap we'd take a knife and go out there and cut the bar of lye soap up into the water boiling water in the kettle and it would melt up. And then on the rub board we had you know there's a little place up here on the rub board I don't know where you know or not but you'd lay your bar soap and you'd rub some of that soap on this rub part of it and then scrub your clothes with that. And maybe if there's a real dirty spot you'd take the bar of soap rub it on that real dirty spot.
Interviewer:  Right.
494:  But to boil it in the kettle we cut it up with a knife.
Interviewer:  Oh I see. And if I understand you you boiled it then you rubbed it then you boiled it.
494:  That's right.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  Now let's see we rubbed it then boiled it
Aux:  show you boiled lye soap
Interviewer:  Oh yeah. {NW} Yes sir.
Aux:  While to make that.
494:  I made it for the Obion #1 County fair last year. #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  #1 And uh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  #1 We had what we called the old country store and #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Fine smell.
494:  And I didn't have enough made I sold it for a quarter a bar #1 and I #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  it went like hot cakes.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
Aux:  She made that out in the wash kettle.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  {NW} He helped me make it. {C: laughing}
Interviewer:  very uh It's got a fresh uh
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  In fact it smells like ivory doesn't it I suppose Ivory deliberately {NW}
494:  Probably.
Interviewer:  made their uh soap {X}
Aux:  You can't buy {X} now though.
Interviewer:  Um And there's no way to make it.
494:  And there's no wood
Interviewer:  #1 ashes like we used to have in our stove. #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  I I think our merchant out here at Elbridge got in a case the other day so it it is kind a hard to get but you can get it occasionally.
Interviewer:  Would uh would coal ash uh work?
494:  No I don't think so huh-uh. Had to be wood ash.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Well uh I'd like to switch over to {NW} some questions about foods. Um
494:  Okay.
Interviewer:  What um did you have a word for foods that um
494:  Vittles.
Interviewer:  All of them #1 together? #
494:  #2 Mm-hmm # vittles.{C: laughing} Put the vittles on the table.
Interviewer:  And uh if you ate between meals what was that uh?
494:  {NW} That just eating between meals.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh Would you call it a bite or uh
494:  A a bite you wouldn't call it a snack because we didn't I don't think we used the term snack until later.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} And uh if you cooked a lot and then served it a second time you re- #1 heat it #
494:  #2 Warmed over. #
Interviewer:  Warmed overs? And what did you have on the table for seasoning um
494:  Oh you mean like salt or?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  We had salt and pepper and the sugar bowl.
Interviewer:  Did you have anything for greens?
494:  Uh yes we had uh uh pepper sauce.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And how about molasses?
494:  We had molasses pitchers always on our table and the butter dish.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Did um did you use you said molasses pitcher did you use any other word? {NS} there
494:  Mm
Interviewer:  Molasses stand? {NS}
494:  Yes you know I believe we did. No it was a preserve stand. Molasses pitcher preserve stand.
Interviewer:  Preserve stand.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And what was that? {X}
494:  Well that's what we had the pear preserves in or peach preserves or
Interviewer:  And the stand in other words it'd be just a
Aux:  Stood up on a little
494:  Stood up on a little #1 pedestal like and uh #
Aux:  #2 #
494:  had a top on it. And my mother you know she'd can the pear preserves and instead of setting the can on the table or the jar you might #1 say #
Interviewer:  #2 Oh #
494:  she would empty it out in this preserve stand.
Interviewer:  I see. I see. I heard that used with molasses I'm not quite sure. And you would dip out the preserves?
494:  #1 Uh-huh dip out the preserves uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # With molasses. And uh {NW} You ever remember anything like this uh when something is cooking and and people would come in uh and they'd say well I just and they'd sniff #1 and they'd say #
494:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
Interviewer:  wow just what?
494:  Smells good.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Would they ever say smell that?
494:  Smell that? Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Would they say smell it or smell of it?
494:  Uh But smell that I believe yeah I don't believe it'd be smell of that.
Interviewer:  I've heard both.
494:  Uh-huh. {NS}
Interviewer:  Curious.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Some places I I guess they say consistently yeah just smell that {NS}
494:  Yes since you mentioned it I believe it is smell of that. Uh-huh. {NS}
Interviewer:  And {NW} how about um eggs uh did you how did you use 'em how did you
494:  We
Interviewer:  prepare 'em?
494:  We uh well you wouldn't say raised your own eggs we had our own eggs had our own hens.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  I guess produced our own eggs would be the word. And well we cooked 'em just about every way you could cook 'em. We had fried eggs and scrambled eggs and boiled eggs and
Interviewer:  How would you boil 'em?
494:  stuffed eggs. {NW} Put 'em in a {X}
Interviewer:  Boil 'em how long and until
494:  Well now you really boiled eggs back then. You know nowadays I don't think you're supposed to boil 'em you're really supposed to kindly {NW} you're not supposed to boil at all.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  oh But I think they really boiled back then.
Aux:  Put 'em in boiling water and let 'em boil about
494:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  eight or ten minutes if you wanted 'em hard boiled.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. So did they
Aux:  not too hard
494:  Now my dad would always like an egg uh soft boiled egg. He didn't want it to stay in there over two or three minutes. And he liked to then crack it open and and take a spoon and dig out the inside into a little dish and put some butter and salt and pepper. He liked that.
Interviewer:  What would you call the insides the two parts?
494:  {NW} Well I don't know.
Interviewer:  Would you say uh yellow or?
494:  Yeah yellow.
Interviewer:  Yolk?
494:  #1 No it was #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 yellow. #
Interviewer:  #2 yolk? #
494:  The yellow of an egg.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Yellow and the white?
494:  Mm-hmm the yellow and the white.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh poached eggs uh did you ever
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear them called dropped eggs?
494:  No. Just poached eggs.
Interviewer:  And um you mentioned hominy you made your own.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  {NW} And how about uh tell me something about uh the way you used milk but you you'd milk and then from the milk pail where would it go?
494:  Oh it would go my mother had a strainer. No I believe she kept a cloth a clean cloth that she used to strain her milk through.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  She always said a strainer you couldn't keep a strainer clean enough and she was very particular about the milk. And these this was one of the things she would really boil is that milk straining cloth. It was pure white and um you'd strain it through that. And then we drank lots of milk th- those days because we didn't have any- such a thing as iced tea. Of course we children weren't allowed to drink coffee. And uh we dranked it whole milk and we'd eat clabber a lot. #1 Did you ever hear that? #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # I was wondering about that. Did you make anything of the clabber uh?
494:  Oh We learned in later years to make cottage cheese but I don't think my mother ever learned to make cottage cheese out of that. But we would we really liked that clabber. And we'd sprinkle sugar on it and eat it.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Supposed to be very good for you.
494:  Uh-huh That's about the same thing as yogurt
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  nowadays.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. How about butter? Did you uh
494:  Oh yes we had our own butter. Churned our own butter.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And what did you call it when the butter would get too old and?
494:  Well it was it was rancid.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. You ever #1 hear #
494:  #2 That's # when she- she'd use that and make it a {X} soap. #1 Instead of a #
Interviewer:  #2 Oh # I see.
494:  Uh-huh she'd use old butter lot a times making soap.
Interviewer:  Um Would you mention uh {NS} cornmeal uh what kind of things did you make out of cornmeal?
494:  Mush.
Interviewer:  Mush?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Ah
494:  It's real good. {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh but uh did you ever fry it?
494:  Uh-uh. {NW}
Aux:  {X}
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Oh well you call mush
494:  Oh no no he was talking about uh
Aux:  frying cornbread
494:  he's talking about frying the {D: makeup of}
Aux:  butter
494:  cor- uh meal with hot water and salt.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And ma- it's called uh hoecake but {NW} but fried mush yes my mother we'd have uh mush for supper one night and she would pour some of it out into a a bowl and let it sit overnight. And then the next morning it would slice out real nice and she would dip that in egg and fry it.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Real good.
Interviewer:  And the hoecake i- that is uh fried also?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Do you remember anything else um that you would make out of cornmeal? Ever hear of corn dodgers?
494:  Well that's just about the same thing as hoecake. Corn dodgers and hoecake different people called 'em different thing corn pone.
Interviewer:  Corn dumplings?
494:  Corn dumplings.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Hush puppies?
494:  Hush puppies.
Interviewer:  Uh what do what do you put onions in or or didn't you? Uh I've heard that you {NS} that you make something it isn't clear to me what but I think they fry it the cornmeal and and they slice a little bit of green onion in.
494:  Well now you do that for hush puppies #1 I mean you you you #
Interviewer:  #2 Is that hush puppy um #
494:  put some gr- you put onion in hush puppies.
Interviewer:  If you didn't in the corn dodgers
494:  Well I guess you could if you wanted to.
Interviewer:  Uh in other words do you think a corn dodger is the same thing as a hush #1 puppy? #
494:  #2 Well I # think it is.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  Now now corn dodgers is not the same thing as a hush puppy. A corn dodger to me is the same thing as a oh what'd we call hoecake.
Interviewer:  Hoecake.
494:  Hoecake.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Uh anything else that you remember how to cornmeal?
494:  Well not right off. Course we had our regular cornbread.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  That was was a batter and baked #1 and we ate a lot of that with sweet milk. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # bake it in pones or
494:  In a a skillet or a now this was egg cornbread we put an egg in.
Interviewer:  Mm
494:  Now the corn pone and corn dodger you don't put an egg in.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But now cornbread oh you do you make it up in a batter and put an egg in it.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And pour it out into a hot skillet or a hot pan some people have bread pans or square or oblong
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  and you put it in the oven and bake it. And now some corn pones you put in the oven and bake and some now the kind his mother used to make she put it on top of a stove. It was kind of a thick uh batter. And uh it would cook she'd let it brown on one side and then she'd put a plate on top of that and she'd flop it over and then slip it back in let it brown on that side. Slip it off the plate back into the skillet and brown on that side.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And that was real good.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. How about um uh hoecakes and um {NW} things made out of um {NS}
494:  Flour?
Interviewer:  flour.
494:  We call those uh flapjacks.
Interviewer:  Those would be flapjacks.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And uh uh the two would not be the same.
494:  No huh-uh. Cause flapjacks and uh well they're called pancakes now I think.
Aux:  isn't what you call a corn flitters do you?
494:  Yeah corn fritters. That's right.
Interviewer:  Now that's uh a very interesting thing just happened I think you said something different from what she said.
494:  Fritters and flitters. {NW} Well I think they were called both things I don't know why but
Interviewer:  I- I've heard both uh
494:  I have too.
Interviewer:  Flitters and fritters
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  uh-huh. And in fact uh this is the first time I've heard th- those terms this far north.
494:  Well
Interviewer:  Uh Flitters I hear more often in south Georgia.
Aux:  Is that right?
Interviewer:  And uh so y- you did you Did you happen to have relatives who may have been from there or
494:  Well no I didn't.
Interviewer:  So you always used the term
494:  #1 We've used that term uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  Now that's an egg batter too that that's still different from the dodgers and the
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {X} with flour.
494:  Uh it's made with corn meal though instead of flour. You call it the corn flitter or fritter whichever one you want to.
Interviewer:  Oh I see.
494:  #1 And you drop it #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 just like you would a pancake. #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  You know how to pa- you drop a pancake What you do drop this cornmeal batter in a little
Interviewer:  so that
494:  about four in a skillet.
Interviewer:  So your corn fritter or flitter is not the same as a hoecake. {NW}
494:  No huh-uh.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Well that's interesting I uh never got that straight uh um how about donuts did you ever make them or did you call them by anything?
494:  Well yes we made 'em but but uh I don't think we made 'em too often.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Would you call 'em donuts or did your
494:  I believe we called 'em donuts.
Interviewer:  How about uh fried cakes?
494:  No I don't believe we called 'em fried cakes these called donuts.
Interviewer:  And uh in some some German uh uh families with German #1 ancestry #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  uh I think some times they use
494:  Fried cake?
Interviewer:  fried cakes or uh um or all kinds of things #1 um #
494:  #2 uh-huh # I tell you what my mother did do we didn't have uh little packages of yeast that you could go to the store and buy. I don't know when and where she got her starter but she always had a starter of yeast dough. And it would get dried up sometime but you could put it in water and it would come back.
Interviewer:  Mm.
494:  And that's what she made her yeast bread out of.
Interviewer:  Continue growing it uh
494:  Continue growing it.
Interviewer:  I see. You really were independent those days. {NW}
494:  You had to be you didn't have any money.{C: laughing} {NW}
Interviewer:  Must have been a factor of {D: good feeling} And how about uh other things for dessert that you remember? Anything made out of apples or peaches or
494:  #1 Oh yeah #
Interviewer:  #2 deep dish? #
494:  we had uh fried peach pies and fried apple pies and uh apple dumplings and uh
Interviewer:  Did you
Aux:  We had dried apples.
494:  Yep dried apples.
Aux:  good you can dry them yourself put it 'em up on a window let 'em dry.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  Yep dried apples.
Interviewer:  Uh how about a cobbler?
494:  Mm-hmm we had plenty of cobblers.
Interviewer:  Is that now a fried apple pie is different.
494:  Uh yes cause we'd use it sometimes it would be out of the dried apples that were cooked and sometimes it would be out of canned apples. Um You just put some of the apple mixture on the piece of dough and fold it over and fry it.
Interviewer:  Mm. That um
494:  And then we had uh oh
Interviewer:  Could I ask you some of the-
494:  Okay.
Interviewer:  Excuse me #1 but I #
494:  #2 Uh-huh go ahead. #
Interviewer:  shouldn't have interrupted you there.
494:  Go ahead.
Interviewer:  Uh {NW} Wondering if your fried apple pie might be an apple dowdy? Pandowdy?
494:  Well now we didn't call it that.
Interviewer:  Uh apple slump?
494:  Mm-mm.
Interviewer:  Deep apple pie?
494:  Mm-mm.
Interviewer:  Pot pie?
494:  Mm-mm.
Interviewer:  Okay apple grunt?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  All kinds of things uh.
494:  It's just apple pie. Or apple cobbler.
Interviewer:  I see I am sorry I shoulda
494:  #1 That's alright. #
Interviewer:  #2 through there. #
494:  I started to tell you we had what my mother used to she'd make uh she called it a poor man's pie that didn't take any eggs. It was just milk and sugar and butter and flour. She'd mix that up together and put it in a crust and bake it.
Aux:  They were really good.
494:  Yeah they's good.
Interviewer:  That be a hard flat uh dough?
494:  Th- no the crust you'd have your pie crust but it would be kind of a creamy filling.
Interviewer:  Mm.
494:  It uh it just didn't have any eggs in it.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  She'd put a little nutmeg in it.
Aux:  It turned out where you just cut it out.
494:  It would slice out like egg custard but it wouldn't be yellow like an egg custard it'd be a white pie.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. I see that's um That's a new one. Poor man's #1 pie. #
494:  #2 Poor man's # pie.
Interviewer:  Alright. And uh what you would use um oh what kind of pudding what would you pour over it?
494:  A sauce.
Interviewer:  Always a sauce. And {NW} how about uh freshwater fish that you have around here? You remember did you use much fish uh?
494:  We didn't use much fish maybe once a year we'd go down to the big lake we called it {NW} and fry our fish. But now I think I've heard my mother talk about uh this was back in her younger days maybe in oh well I'm the youngest one in my family I think maybe she they had two of the children. And they'd go camping down on the lake. And uh they'd fish and fry their fish.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But as far as just having fish two to three times a week at home we didn't do it.
Interviewer:  Just didn't like it is that?
494:  We just couldn't we just didn't it wasn't available
Interviewer:  Mm
494:  and it was too far to go you you just had a buggy and uh mules or {D: wagon}
Aux:  You know didn't have those fish farms then like we do nowadays you just have to maybe go down to the creek to catch some polliwogs.
494:  Yeah we we could do that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  People just didn't have time {X}
Interviewer:  It does take time. A polliwog would be a like a
494:  Small catfish.
Aux:  Small fish.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. {NW} While I'm thinking about that uh did you ever turn over rocks in the creek and find anything that you might eat? Like uh
494:  I haven't.
Interviewer:  Crawdad sound familiar?
494:  Yeah crawdad or crawfish.
Interviewer:  Crawfish?
494:  But I never did catch any I was too scared of the things.
Interviewer:  I see. I see.
494:  #1 Now he may have I don't know. #
Aux:  #2 {X} # I haven't.
Interviewer:  And when you go fishing what uh what would you use for bait?
494:  #1 Worms. #
Aux:  #2 Worms mostly #
494:  Bread.
Aux:  Bread or worms.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Did you ever use these little um
Aux:  {NW}
Interviewer:  fish or small baby fish tiny little
494:  Oh well no uh-huh.
Aux:  Some of 'em do I just I never did fish much
Interviewer:  Uh What did they call 'em uh? {X} Minnies?
494:  #1 Mi-minnows uh-huh minnows. #
Aux:  #2 Minnows minnows #
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But we used when me and my nephew would go fishing down in the creek we'd just dig us some red worms and go
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh when do you remember seafood first coming in uh? Must have been very rare when you were
494:  Oh it was #1 rare. #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  {X} It was after we married I think that {NS} and several years after we married. {NW} We just haven't had fresh seafood around these parts.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What would you uh what do you remember seafood uh?
494:  Oysters is first I remember.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  About the only I'd uh that about all I would eat is oysters.
Interviewer:  And uh how about lobster or anything?
494:  I've never eaten a lobster.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And how about these orange things?
494:  Uh shrimp?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  I've eaten shrimp. Oh Fried now I've never tried to tackle one not fried I it looks too raw I don't know. {NW} But it's just been in the later years that I've had a
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
494:  a chance to even eat shrimp. Fried shrimp.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Um so that little bone that you get out of a chicken
494:  The pulley bone.
Interviewer:  Pulley bone?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And uh do you remember anything that goes uh with that #1 any #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  superstition and what was uh?
494:  You put it uh if you're not married you put it up over the door
Interviewer:  Was that right?
494:  and the first young unmarried man that walks through that door was supposed to be your future husband.
Interviewer:  I didn't know it. {NW}
Aux:  They do it with two take 'em one on one side one on the other and pull 'em and the one that gets the shortest piece supposed to marry first.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  The shortest.
494:  Yeah the shortest.
Aux:  longest
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  one way or the other
Interviewer:  Now did you ever hear the two parts of the bone uh called anything particular?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  The boy bone?
494:  No #1 I never #
Interviewer:  #2 Af- after # it's pulled #1 apart uh #
494:  #2 huh-uh. #
Interviewer:  Well it's either the long or the short and I can't Some people say uh one some the other. It was called a boy bone and I imagine that has to do with um getting married.
494:  Probably so. {NS}
Interviewer:  You say you you did your own uh uh you had your own hogs uh would you describe the how you kill 'em and uh
494:  {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh in fact I uh {NW} I mentioned this the other day to somebody and I said uh I can't remember anything about hog butchering. There's not a hog butcher he's a hog killer.
494:  Hog killer that's right yes sir I remember about it.
Interviewer:  Alright would you describe that uh
494:  Well you had to get up real early that morning before daylight and uh we had a big uh what's called a hog scalder. It's a big long vat of a thing and uh it's filled with water and there's a pit. It's placed over a pit. And my dad would build a fire in that pit and then course he he's done it too because we've killed hogs since we've been married in fact it hadn't been too many years ago since we quit killing hogs. And you build this hot fire under there and uh when the water get uh got the right temperature how did you test the water?
Aux:  We just sorta tell from looking at it when it was hot enough {X}
494:  And sometimes they kill the hogs in different ways I've seen my dad knock 'em in the head with a sledgehammer and when it when he'd knock 'em in the head they'd keel over and then there'd be somebody right there with a sharp knife to cut their throats. Or in later years we used the twenty two rifle and shot 'em and then somebody'd cut their throats. And they'd it take several men to do that you'd put 'em over in the scalding water then. And then when they turn 'em over in that scalding water they'd turn 'em out here on this board that was laying nearby the vat and they'd go scrape it men would scraping these hairs off.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And then they'd what they called a gamble stick they'd put the slick between these two uh what do you call 'em liters?
Aux:  Mm-hmm.
494:  here in their feet and hang 'em up head down.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And uh there'd be a man there that would uh cut 'em open then called gutting 'em.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And then the women would takeover from there the women would take this big tub of guts and they'd go stripping this fat off of the guts.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And you'd cook that and get lard.
Interviewer:  Pull the fat from that.
494:  Fat from that there'd be a good good bit of fat sticking to the entrails.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And you'd strip that down every once in a while you'd break one of those entrails you'd have a mess. {NW}
Interviewer:  Did you ever use the entrails for anything uh?
494:  Well we didn't. A lot of people we know did.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  They'd uh They'd stuff their sausage they'd clean 'em and stuff their sausage in those entrails.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And uh didn't some people use those entrails as chitlins?
Aux:  Oh yeah.
494:  #1 Chitlins. #
Aux:  #2 There's tons of # people make chitlins from 'em.
494:  We never did we'd we never made chitlins
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm What kind of meat would you uh get from the hog and uh
494:  We'd have what we call the middling meat that would be the side what's what the bacon's made out of.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Now we'd salt that down and that would be sliced and fried as such as we fry bacon nowadays. Then we'd have the hams and we'd have the shoulders what we call then we'd have the back bone that'd be cut up and boiled. You'd have ribs.
Interviewer:  From the back uh
494:  Uh-huh from come off the backbone.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And uh we'd have tenderloin
Interviewer:  Uh the tenderloin would also come
494:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 come from # {X}
494:  Come from I believe after you the middling out there's a big strip there on the middling that you'd pull off and that would be the tenderloin.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. That's supposed to be the best right?
494:  That's good sure is.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And then of course sausage and you get your sausage from trimming up the hams and shoulders to square 'em off or round 'em off however you want 'em and then you'd grind that up into sausage. And then the fat that came off of that you'd cut it up into small pieces put it in the wash kettle and cook it and cook it and cook it till your your cracklings got at a certain stage.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  You'd strain that lard off and uh you'd have the lard to use and the cracklings to make crackling bread that's another thing you make out of cornbread.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh that's right.
494:  #1 Crackling bread real good. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh uh-huh # How about um the the en- the organs um?
494:  We'd have the liver and the heart and the the melt and a lot of people ate the lights.
Interviewer:  And what's the melt?
494:  The melt is a little tender strip that looks kinda like the liver. It's it's it looks but it's Don't it?
Aux:  That's all I'd say that's all I know it just looks like it but it's you have to call 'em melts.
494:  Now you'd stew that now he never did like stewed liver but now you could take chopped uh cut some of that liver up and cut that melt up and cut a piece of the heart up and put it in a pot and stew it drop you a pot of hot pepper over in there that's good. {NW} But the only way he wanted liver was fried. {NW}
Interviewer:  She makes it sound good doesn't she? {NW}
Aux:  {X} take the feet and the head and made souse.
494:  That's right we made souse. Uh I think it's called head cheese in some places but it's called souse around here.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh I've never {NW} if I have I I've slipped my mind this for this word melt is uh
494:  Well there's a little en-
Interviewer:  You
494:  the little uh
Interviewer:  it is an organ?
494:  organ in there or it's attached onto the liver or somewhere it's called the melt
Aux:  the liver you cut it off from the liver
Interviewer:  And uh the lights would be lungs?
494:  Now yes and a lot of people ate those but I I just never did like those. #1 They're kind of spongy or something. #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh
494:  And there's there's something called the sweet bread now where it came from I don't know but you could put it in the stew and it was real good.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Um how about um the um there were well did you have a word for all the organs that you'd cut out?
Aux:  We called 'em guts.
Interviewer:  Guts {NW}
494:  Well
Aux:  Entrails.
Interviewer:  The entrails?
Aux:  The entrails
494:  Yeah uh-huh
Interviewer:  But uh did you ever hear the word harslet or haslet?
494:  Uh-uh.
Interviewer:  Neither one?
494:  Mm-mm.
Interviewer:  And {NW} different kinds of sausage did you ever make any liver sausage?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  The liver put in?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  Mm.
494:  We never did.
Interviewer:  Uh but if you know of it uh
494:  I've heard of it and you can buy what you call liver cheese now. In the grocery you know sliced up but
Interviewer:  Uh now liver cheese is probably where what used to be called liver pudding is is that
494:  Well I guess it is.
Interviewer:  Do you know that word?
494:  #1 No #
Interviewer:  #2 Or did you ever #
494:  #1 no I never did #
Interviewer:  #2 use it uh? # Alright. and uh blood sausage or
494:  No.
Interviewer:  black
494:  mm-mm
Interviewer:  And if meat uh didn't keep you said it's gone what?
494:  Oh it's spoiled.
Interviewer:  Spoiled.
494:  Mm-hmm. Ruined {NW}
Interviewer:  And {NW} how about some vegetables what vegetables did you grow in the in the garden? And in fact how did you refer to 'em? The whole collection.
494:  We just called it the garden.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Did you ever
494:  It wasn't a vegetable garden it was just a garden.
Interviewer:  Uh did you ever refer to them as garden stuff or garden truck or
494:  Uh-huh garden stuff I don't believe I e- we ever called it the garden truck I believe we would call it garden stuff.
Interviewer:  How about sass garden sass?
494:  No I don't believe I heard of that.
Interviewer:  And what what was it that you grew in the garden?
494:  Well we had beans and corn and
Interviewer:  What kind of beans? uh
494:  Well uh we mostly grew the kind that you stick Kentucky wonder pole beans
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And then we had a bunch of bean that we'd let stay on there and shell it we wouldn't pick any of 'em off until they were at the shelling stage and then of course we had the kind that you you snapped you know green beans.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And back when I was a girl growing up oh you didn't have food freezers and you didn't have pressure cookers to can 'em oh we either ate it fresh or we dried it. Now of course tomatoes and things like that we can but now as far as canning shelled beans and canning corn and uh things like that now I believe my mother canned snap beans.
Interviewer:  #1 but #
494:  #2 uh #
Interviewer:  actually it would be quite an effort to can
494:  Yes uh-huh
Interviewer:  it'd be easier to I suppose you could dry a great deal.
494:  Uh-huh. {NW}
Interviewer:  Much shorter time than than to can
494:  And we had the we had the salad patch.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm where was
494:  You heard that expression?{C: laughing} {NW} That's turnip greens or or #1 mustard #
Interviewer:  #2 did you use mustard #
494:  Uh uh-huh and we used mustard greens too. But it was called go out and pick a mess of salad it wasn't go out and pick a mess of mustard greens
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  You'd just pick a mess of salad.
Interviewer:  And uh did you ever plant some potatoes but uh?
494:  Yes we had Irish potatoes and sweet potatoes.
Interviewer:  How about the term yam?
494:  No uh we never did use that
Aux:  We we called sweet potatoes not yams
494:  We've never used that term around here too much
Interviewer:  I'm told that there's a there're two different kinds
494:  Uh-huh
Interviewer:  between yams and {X}
494:  I think it's a little difference in 'em.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh other things that you grow um? tobacco
494:  Mm
Interviewer:  cabbage?
494:  Cabbage onions
Aux:  Spinach
494:  English peas
Interviewer:  How about something you put in soup?
494:  Oh {D: sassafras} what uh
Interviewer:  Okra?
494:  Okra we had we grew okra mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And uh
494:  We grew mostly the l- about the same as what you grow today.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Radishes?
494:  Radishes mm-hmm
Interviewer:  How about the little tomatoes that uh would volunteer? Might not grow bigger than that
494:  Uh-huh we had some of those too.
Interviewer:  you remember what you called 'em?
494:  Tommy toes.
Interviewer:  Tommy toes
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And uh some questions about corn uh did you use much corn on the table?
494:  We did when it was fresh course we had no way to preserve it uh
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  {X} now we really enjoyed it though when it was fresh.
Interviewer:  Wh- what did you call it uh
494:  Well we called it fried corn or if we boiled it on the cob it was corn on the cob
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Yeah the different um on
494:  #1 Roas- roast- #
Interviewer:  #2 top #
494:  {NW} You thinking about roasting ears?
Interviewer:  Roasting ears.
494:  Roasting ears.{C: laughing} It was
Interviewer:  Which uh
494:  I think it's really supposed to be roasting ears. But there again we shortened it to roasting ears.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Hmm And you would you say corn on the cob or roasting ears or both or?
494:  Both
Interviewer:  Both
494:  #1 Mm-hmm. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh # Mm-hmm. You ever hear mutton corn?
494:  Mm
Interviewer:  And the thing on the top of a stalk of corn is
494:  tassel {D: a tousle}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and the that uh stuff uh the nubbin that you have to pull off um
494:  Oh the shuck? Is that what you're talking about?
Interviewer:  #1 Well the shuck would be the whole thing and then #
494:  #2 Yes the silk # The silk
Interviewer:  #1 The silk? #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  And {NW} The little things that grow in the woods um #1 sometimes they're poisonous #
494:  #2 Mushrooms? #
Interviewer:  that sometimes
494:  mushrooms
Interviewer:  Yeah
494:  We never did hunt for them we was too {X}
Aux:  but you can eat them they good
Interviewer:  I didn't catch that
494:  Spring chicken
Aux:  #1 Spring chicken #
Interviewer:  #2 Oh is that right? #
Aux:  It's its it's not mushrooms it's uh it's something.
494:  It's a type of mushroom.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
Aux:  They were real good though Lay 'em there and fry 'em
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm And if they were poisonous what do you call 'em?
494:  Toadstools.
Interviewer:  Toadstools {NW} uh I've heard some some uh different terms for that uh frogstools frog bench frog table
494:  Never heard of that. Mm-mm
Interviewer:  And uh how about {NW} you raised your own gourds for for water
494:  Yes uh-huh
Interviewer:  And I think I asked you about {D: simlins}
494:  Oh I've never heard of that.
Interviewer:  Now How about melons?
494:  Yes we raised our melons too.
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  Watermelons and mush melons too cantaloupes.
Interviewer:  Did you uh have much did you ever raise pumpkins or?
494:  Yes we raised pumpkins.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
Aux:  Used to raise pumpkins and corn every year
Interviewer:  Oh they they would be in the corn?
Aux:  Put 'em in the corn for the hogs
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
Aux:  And then they'd eat two
Interviewer:  Corn they would eat it?
494:  Yes you could eat the field pumpkins too
Interviewer:  Um Di- did you say pumpkin or punkin when you were growing up?
494:  Punkin {NW} punkin {NW}
Interviewer:  And you mentioned that you weren't supposed to drink coffee but people drank their coffee uh how did they how did they drink it? uh
494:  They
Interviewer:  anything in it or
494:  Uh yes Uh well people liked different things some liked sugar in it only some liked cream in it only or milk
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  some like both in it. And if I got to drink it it had to be about half milk and half coffee and uh pour some sugar in it.
Interviewer:  And if you didn't drink it uh with either what would you say I'll take my coffee
494:  Straight
Interviewer:  straight
494:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  You ever hear anybody call it barefoot?
494:  No
Interviewer:  Barefoot coffee naked coffee?
494:  {X} I think today they say I'll take my coffee black
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  But I think back when I was a girl growing up they said I'll take my coffee straight.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh {NS} you would would you have things at the table to drink water from vase
494:  Water glasses
Interviewer:  #1 Water glasses #
494:  #2 Mm-hmm # Oh I tell you another something about the coffee my dad always poured hi- his out in the saucer and drank it out of the saucer.
Aux:  They called it a #1 {D: sipty cup, a sipty cup} #
494:  #2 Mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Ah to cool it off huh?
494:  And then uh he he would take a biscuit and crumb it up in his coffee and he called that hushpuppy
Interviewer:  Oh {NW} I see. I see Uh How about homemade whiskey or or beer?
494:  No the only thing we ever came close to that we ha- got a hold of some California beer seed one time and I'd like to get a hold of some of that again I can remember that
Interviewer:  Never heard of that
494:  we had it down in our cellar and it was good. It looked like it was little white seeds and you put it in water and it would ferment and I don't know where we got 'em but it they were down in that cellar I can remember #1 that. #
Interviewer:  #2 California # beer seeds.
494:  #1 California beer seeds. #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 #
Aux:  #2 {X} # how you got 'em around the start of the mill bu-but I know there was
494:  It was sweet and it uh well it didn't have a kick to it like whiskey would have it was just a
Aux:  just a
494:  just a good drink good sweet #1 drink. #
Interviewer:  #2 kinda like # um root beer?
494:  I imagine uh-huh
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Do you remember any terms that they would use for homemade whiskey?
494:  Home brew
Interviewer:  Home brew?
494:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Would that be whiskey or beer?
Aux:  Well that's more of a beer term isn't it
494:  I guess so it's made out of different fruits.
Aux:  Made out of uh
Interviewer:  Oh I see
Aux:  malt and #1 sugar and water #
494:  #2 uh-huh # #1 yeah and #
Interviewer:  #2 mm-hmm #
494:  apples cut up
Aux:  some apples in it or #1 you can put #
494:  #2 peaches #
Aux:  peaches in it.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. um would they use something like white mule or white #1 lightning? #
494:  #2 Yeah I've heard of that # white mule.
Interviewer:  That would be a whiskey.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {D: blow or} um #1 moonshine #
494:  #2 no #
Interviewer:  popsicle?
494:  I've heard of moonshine but I've never heard of that other word.
Aux:  they had the stills back in {X}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Aux:  people make their own whiskey out in the woods
Interviewer:  I guess that was
494:  We we were decent people though we didn't do that. {NW}
Interviewer:  You didn't even talk about it huh? {NW}
494:  No
Interviewer:  Uh {NW} I've heard stump whiskey or stump or um all kinds of differential I think most of these were words uh that a community would put together to mislead somebody else
494:  probably so {X}
Interviewer:  code word they would use uh And how about berries?
494:  Oh yes we picked blackberries we we had strawberries few of those in the garden
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  and we had wild blackberries and raspberries I believe that was about all we had. I don't think we had any dewberries.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm and peanuts uh
494:  Peanuts we grew peanuts
Interviewer:  Did you call 'em peanuts #1 or #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # Goobers sometimes called goobers
Interviewer:  That's the same
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  same thing mm-hmm and other nuts uh come to mind?
494:  We had walnuts that's all we had.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  {D: pecans}
494:  Oh yes I guess we did have {D: hickory nuts) few if we'd go out in the woods and hunt 'em
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  mostly walnuts.
Interviewer:  And these uh oval shaped um {D: ring 'em I think} get 'em from California
494:  Almonds or
Interviewer:  Did you say almonds when you were a girl?
494:  Well I didn't even know what it was.
Interviewer:  No and {NW} you don't uh have pecans around
494:  We didn't then. Oh now there might have been some wild trees around but we didn't have any close to us.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  And we
Interviewer:  Do you today?
494:  We have s- two out here in our backyard. They not not bearing too good
Interviewer:  Uh-huh Do people
Aux:  They grow walnuts.
494:  Oh yes people grow pecans. Uh #1 A lot through here uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 But no orchards # Mm-hmm.
494:  A lot of people yeah everybody has one or two in their yards.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  We don't have what you call many just plain orchards around here.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
Aux:  I don't normally just regular pecan orchards.
494:  No.
Aux:  They grow a lot in Mississippi.
Interviewer:  Yes {X} beautiful orchards I mean oh but they can't market them because transportation is a problem mm getting 'em
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  picked and to market and just too much of a
494:  And I'll tell you something else while you on food oh and when I smelled an orange today I think of Christmas because then was the only time we got oranges.
Interviewer:  It's a real treat.
494:  When we got oranges it was Christmas.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  Because you one thing you couldn't go to the store anytime during the year and and buy oranges and then that that was a luxury that uh if you could if they did have 'em in the store it was a luxury you couldn't buy.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But at Christmas time we got oranges.
Aux:  That's the only time of the year they were in the store is during Christmas time.
Interviewer:  At Christmas time
494:  Mm-hmm
Aux:  You didn't have 'em all during the year then
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
Aux:  like you do now.
Interviewer:  I remember uh my own childhood we never had any oranges except in the what was called a treat that the Sunday school used to give the kids uh {NW} and uh they always had uh some some nuts and uh an orange
494:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  and candy. How about uh different fruits uh did you have any cherries?
494:  Yes we had cherries and peaches.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm How did you prepare the cherries uh? #1 Did uh #
494:  #2 oh #
Interviewer:  can 'em or make preserves?
494:  Uh-huh we'd can 'em most of the time.
Interviewer:  How did you uh prepare them?
494:  Oh well you just had to sit down one by one and squeeze that pit out of 'em
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  and uh well they just a one by one job.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh {NW} how about peaches what kind of
494:  oh Well we had we had two kinds we had the free stone peach and then we had the clean peach.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And we made peach pickle out of the clean peach the kind that clung to seed you peel 'em and pickle 'em whole
Interviewer:  I see
494:  and the other kind you'd uh you know cut off the seed.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  They'd burst off the seed rather and can them for pies and to eat.
Interviewer:  And uh apples you mentioned uh you dry your own apples #1 uh #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  uh how would you get the how would you prepare them to dry?
494:  Well uh we most of the time would peel the apple and then we'd slice it off all the way around the core.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  But I have known people to ha- uh core take uh well they'd peel it and then they'd take the core out and slice 'em cross ways and have a little round slice of apple with a hole in the center.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. You ever hear that called a snit?
494:  Mm-mm
Interviewer:  Eh um and what kind of um you'd make preserves di- would you make any kind of jelly uh
494:  Mm-hmm apple jelly
Interviewer:  mm-hmm that was a chief uh
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  kind. and um when you would dry fruit uh how would you describe what would happen to it shr- it would shrink or
494:  It would shrink up uh-huh and uh
Interviewer:  um {NS} you ever use the word shrivel?
494:  Shrivel yes
Interviewer:  the uh same?
494:  That's that's a word that you used.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm And uh you mentioned a syrup can uh which leads me to think that you had uh sugar maples is this right?
494:  No now what we had mostly was sorghum molasses.
Interviewer:  Oh I see
494:  Mm-hmm We had the sorghum molasses pitcher.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  #1 And once #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 #
Aux:  #2 {D:you know} #
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  mm-hmm
Aux:  {X}
494:  Occasionally we might have a a bucket of uh Louisiana syrup that my dad'd find somewhere in a store and buy
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  and I didn't care too much for it it was too sickening uh flavor.
Interviewer:  too sweet
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Do you have uh maples {X}
494:  No I don't think so I don't think we have
Aux:  No I don't think so either
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh {NW}
494:  Now we have what's called a sugar maple but as far as anybody ever tapping 'em and getting syrup making uh
Interviewer:  you don't remember
494:  I don't uh-uh
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm {X}
494:  {NW} In my growing up years I don't remember anybody ever tapping and getting syrup from maple trees.
Interviewer:  You had the sorghum syrup {X}
494:  Uh what?
Interviewer:  You had the sorghum #1 molasses so there was no purpose #
494:  #2 Yes uh-huh we we grew the cane # for the sorghum molasses
Interviewer:  Uh-huh How did you um how would you grow sugar if you bought sugar for preserving?
494:  You
Interviewer:  Ho- how would you sell it in a store?
494:  Oh you you bought it by the it was in a big barrel or big bin and you went and bought uh say I want a quarter worth of sugar or fifty cents worth of sugar and uh and the store keeper would take a scoop and scoop it up into a paper bag and weigh it
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  on his scales.
Interviewer:  And you #1 said #
494:  #2 It # wasn't prepackaged like it is now.
Interviewer:  Eh when it wasn't prepackaged you called it um
494:  Our fifty cents worth of sugar.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh Selling it in
494:  in the {D: book} uh-huh
Interviewer:  I see. And town people would buy um lard I suppose same
494:  #1 Uh-huh #
Aux:  #2 Same way #
494:  #1 Mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 Same way. # And uh the uh did you grow many fruit trees um?
494:  Oh nearly everybody had a few trees around in their
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  yard. You didn't have to spray 'em back #1 then like you do now #
Aux:  #2 {X} # pear tree
494:  Yeah we had plum trees.
Aux:  Plum trees
494:  And uh apricot trees
Aux:  apricot trees
Interviewer:  Oh could you really
Aux:  Yeah
Interviewer:  grow apricots here?
494:  But this day and time y- it costs so much to spray 'em oh that it's just a cheaper or more economical to go to a peach orchard or apple orchard and get what you #1 need #
Interviewer:  #2 right #
494:  as to try to raise your own.
Interviewer:  Mm
Aux:  {X} apple orchard peach orchard {X} pretty good size orchard
494:  Well I I don't why back then you didn't have to spray 'em uh
Aux:  Well you didn't have to spray nothing much back then like we do now.
Interviewer:  Seems there's
Aux:  garden wasn't sprayed then
Interviewer:  all kinds of uh lice and bugs and everything else uh
Aux:  maybe when uh uh you'd have lice on the cabbage they'd put ashes around 'em uh lice on the cabbage {NW} I've seen my mother go out and take wood ashes to sprinkle around 'em
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  Mm-hmm {NW}
Interviewer:  A-and that was for lice not the bu- not the worm but the {NW} I see You know there are a lot of young people are getting interested in that kind of thing now
494:  Yes there's a lot this back to #1 nature #
Interviewer:  #2 Yes uh-huh #
494:  organic gardening.
Interviewer:  I uh takes a lot of lot more knowledge than I've got but I- I'm in favor of it
494:  #1 I am too #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 I tell you I believe all this #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  stuff that we're eating's causing all this cancer so many people's having.
Interviewer:  Uh They can't prove that it isn't
494:  I know it
Interviewer:  And uh th-th-the burden of proof is on us I guess we can't prove that it is but
494:  We just don't know what we're eating in this #1 day and time #
Interviewer:  #2 Oh that's right. # I'd like to uh shift to some questions about uh they're just ordinary life uh for example going to school could you um tell me something about your school life um? Uh when how long did the school run and and uh that kind of thing.
494:  Well it uh we had I guess an ordinary term Uh back when I first started to school we had it was a little two teacher one room school and we went to school in what we called the school wagon. One of the men in the community had a top on his wagon kind of like a canvas top and he'd go from our house he'd pick up the children yo- you paid so much each month to get to ride the school wagon and he would take you to school in his wagon.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  and uh Then a few years later I believe it got to where we'd have the split term didn't we when the when cotton {NW} there's a lot of cotton that had to be uh prevalent in the community. And we'd start early in July and then turn out for cotton picking about a month or six weeks and then have the rest of the term.
Interviewer:  I see
494:  And now that stayed in effect until
Aux:  just two
494:  about oh ten or fifteen years ago and uh the reason I guess it's not still going on because people don't pick cotton by hand nowadays they use cotton pickers you know the machinery.
Interviewer:  Now that's interesting
494:  #1 But we had a split term. #
Aux:  #2 {X| #
494:  #1 #
Aux:  #2 {X} #
494:  And then when the school wagon played out we had a horse and buggy that me and my two sisters were educated uh uh with this ol' we had an old gray horse we called him old George and he went to school with us every day.
Interviewer:  And
494:  {D: care of us}
Interviewer:  Uh th- that must've been {X}
494:  They had stables at school when we when we'd get to school we'd put him in the stable.
Interviewer:  Were you uh kind of fortunate to have that?
494:  Yes we were
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  I imagine most many #1 families didn't #
494:  #2 walked #
Interviewer:  uh
494:  Right
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm I see Uh how about uh {NW} how did you refer to the teacher? as {NW} uh just a teacher or a schoolmarm or how did
494:  Oh just as a teacher
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And how would she refer to you? #1 her #
494:  #2 that # as a pupil
Interviewer:  pupil?
494:  mm-hmm {NS}
Interviewer:  And uh suppose you {NS} I suppose George wouldn't let you but uh suppose you decided not to go some day uh
494:  #1 Well #
Interviewer:  #2 What was that # called?
494:  Well playing hooky I guess {NW} But I did oh I'd get to school {NS} and I'd get sick. And I'd start I'd tell the teacher I was sick and wanted to go home well she'd let me and I'd start out walking. And I had an aunt that lived just a little piece up the road and she knew my tricks and she'd be watching for me she'd see me coming she'd come out want to know what's the matter I'd say I'm sick I'm going home she'd say well come in the house a minute and she'd give me a dose of castor oil. {NW} And that cured me I soon learn- and I couldn't get by her house I couldn't fool her. {NW} And she knew I was playing off that's why she'd give me the castor oil.
Interviewer:  I see. Well that's I think worse than a worse than a thrashing I {NW} Wha- what did they do to the boys if they caught 'em?
494:  Oh they'd uh whip 'em.
Interviewer:  Yeah
494:  I don't think they used the word thrashed did they just whip 'em just whip 'em.
Interviewer:  And how were the different years how did you know that you were succeeding in school as you moved from
494:  You'd pass. You'd pass from first grade to second #1 grades #
Interviewer:  #2 right #
494:  so on and so forth.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And what kind of uh subjects would you study uh did they did you have much uh history?
494:  Oh yes we did uh we had history reading and writing and arithmetic.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Uh how did they refer to the war between the states or the civil war in history? Did you study that very much?
494:  Um yes in the eighth grade I think we had to do what we called United States history. And we had all that in the eighth grade.
Interviewer:  How did they refer to it? As
494:  The war between the states?
Interviewer:  Yes uh-huh
494:  that's th-
Interviewer:  Rather than the civil war?
494:  I think so.
Aux:  Mm
494:  Uh-huh
Aux:  war was war between the states
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I believe it was
Interviewer:  Uh i-has that changed uh {NW}
494:  I really don't know
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  whether it has or not
Interviewer:  Do you hear the other term?
494:  Yes we hear the other term now more civil war
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm and {NW} did you study geography?
494:  Yes geography was a very important subject.
Interviewer:  Uh
494:  Spelling was
Interviewer:  What what did they consider to be uh the southern states in geography?
494:  Oh um Kentucky down Kentucky I don't well was Arkansas one Arkansas Louisiana and Kentucky and then on
Aux:  Alabama and Georgia
494:  Alabama and Georgia Mississippi Florida South Carolina
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  Now I don't know about North Carolina
Interviewer:  Is that right? and Do they consider uh was Florida very important state then
494:  Well I don't think it seem- I don't believe it was as important back then as it was now.
Aux:  Didn't think as much of it then as we do now {NS}
Interviewer:  What would be the uh major cities that you remember?
494:  Hmm
Interviewer:  in the south
494:  Memphis? {NW} Um Birmingham Atlanta New Orleans
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Did you study any of the Carolina #1 cities uh #
494:  #2 yes #
Interviewer:  Charleston
494:  Mm-hmm Yeah we did Charleston that was one of them
Interviewer:  Any cities in uh in Georgia?
494:  At-Atlanta is about the only one that I can remember studying is Atlanta
Interviewer:  Remember Savannah or
494:  Oh yes Savannah
Interviewer:  And Macon or Maybe these weren't too
494:  I remember Savannah but I don't remember too much about Macon.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. The reason I I'm interested in these questions is uh uh I think our view of or young people's view of the world is so different from ours uh I know {NW} my own childhood uh uh New York and Washington was you know something #1 so far away #
494:  #2 Uh-huh # Mm-hmm {NW}
Interviewer:  It was almost like another planet.
494:  That's right.
Interviewer:  And uh the smaller cities and states would not really be uh we just wouldn't know 'em we'd know the capital. so
494:  Uh-huh now that was mostly the way it was when I was in school. We'd have to learn the capitals of each state.
Interviewer:  Do you remember uh th- the major cities in Tennessee was much made of that uh?
494:  Oh
Interviewer:  Memphis uh
494:  Not too much. oh
Interviewer:  Was um
494:  As I said the capitals of the states were about the only things that we learned.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What was your attitude toward say the cities in the east uh?
494:  Didn't know too much about 'em.
Interviewer:  Chattanooga was a far #1 far #
494:  #2 Yeah # It was a far piece away.
Interviewer:  and
494:  Even Memphis was far away.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm and {NW} Did you uh study Texas very much?
494:  Well just uh as the general run of geography goes course we had to learn the capital of Texas {NS} and as far other than that
Interviewer:  Did you think of it as a part of the south or? {NW}
494:  Well I don't really know I guess I did.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Those are it's interesting how um attitudes change like that
494:  I believe thought more of Texas being west
Interviewer:  Pretty far west
494:  I think I did
Interviewer:  We always did
494:  Uh-huh
Aux:  out west
Interviewer:  Wild west uh
Aux:  yep
Interviewer:  And how about um {NW} cities in Alabama other than you mentioned Birmingham but uh did you how about the {X} Gulf Coast?
494:  Well I think I can remember Mobile it may be that there was a song written about Mobile maybe that is the reason.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  I can't remember what the song was now.
Interviewer:  Wasn't something about Mobile Bay?
494:  Uh maybe it was. I think that the railroad track the the Mo- Mobile
Aux:  a giant cash signs uh
494:  No The Mobile and
Interviewer:  Mobile in Ohio
494:  That's it Mobile in Ohio
Interviewer:  Mm
494:  Railroad tracks maybe came through not too far west of uh east of Obion maybe that's where I learned the name Mobile.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm And how about uh {NW} places in the north? {NW} the east
494:  Well as you said that was a far piece off {NW} but my uncle oh well what was his job he was with a poultry company and when chickens were shipped north he rode the train and had to feed the chickens in route and I had heard him talk of New York because that was one of the places he went with chickens.
Interviewer:  I see. How about the nation's capital how was that referred to uh?
494:  Well I I don't remember.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm did you say Washington DC or?
494:  Uh-huh Washington DC I think when we said it.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  It's been so long ago I don't even remember. And and they seem so close now.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
494:  It's hard to remember how you #1 felt back then #
Interviewer:  #2 That's right. # That's right. uh it's it's interesting though.
494:  Yes it is
Interviewer:  to try to how how did you regard cities say in Ohio? uh was that pretty far away?
494:  Yes it was.
Interviewer:  How about Cincinnati?
494:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Oh D- did you study it um
494:  Well of course we studied it but i-it's hard to remember as I said a while ago since those places are so familiar now from television
Interviewer:  right
494:  and newspapers and
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  And we we have traveled you know through several of the states and
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  It's
Interviewer:  What was your attitude towards Chicago?
494:  Well that was a far piece off to and a and a mean town {NW}
Interviewer:  What did you think about Cincinnati {D: Ohio?} Did you have any #1 feelings #
494:  #2 no # I didn't have any feelings at all. The thing that brings to my mind about Cincinnati my my sister was a music teacher she studied music and at one time she talked about going to the Cincinnati Conservatory for music.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  And that's the first I can remember or about the only thing I can remember about Cincinnati's being a music uh
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  center there.
Interviewer:  The it has a nickname the Queen City it was I think at one time the center of culture
494:  Uh-huh
Interviewer:  Midwest. Uh how about uh how did they teach you to pronounce things St. Louis or St. Louis?
494:  St. Louis.
Interviewer:  St. Louis?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  uh-huh And the state uh
494:  Missouri
Interviewer:  Missouri uh many time they say Missouri and uh {NW} does that sound more natural or
494:  Missouri sounds more natural
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
494:  Course in later years I'd learned to say Missouri but I think since you've mentioned it back when I was growing up it was Missouri
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  and not Missouri just Missouri
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Missouri
494:  Missouri
Interviewer:  Same with Cincinnati.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  that's Cincinnati, but Cincinnati.
494:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Okay and uh Di- did you do you remember anything about uh the New England states? W-was that felt to be a center of {NS}
494:  Oh
Interviewer:  maybe culture or
494:  I think so {NS} The New England states were just far off and something to be studied about in geography never visited and and uh {NW} probably never would never be seen in
Interviewer:  Uh-huh {NS} Cause I remember them they were they were thought to be uh {X} all the money and uh
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  the universities and uh what seemed to be centered there. {NS} In fact I think most of the country felt pretty inferior about uh somebody who towards somebody who came from New England.
494:  Mm-hmm Does the south still feel inferior to the those states?
Interviewer:  {NS} schools
494:  Ladies only schools
Interviewer:  And uh What kind of furniture did you have in uh in the school room?
494:  What kind of friends did you say?
Interviewer:  Furniture.
494:  Oh furniture we had uh well I first started is double seats desk.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  You had a desk partner, or desk mate. Is that what it's called?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Two of you sat at the same desk.
Interviewer:  How many
494:  #1 And then uh when the teacher called the reading class #
Interviewer:  #2 How many would there be? #
494:  you'd go up to the front she had a bean chair there and you sit on that bean chair up there in front of her desk for your reading class.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. About how many um did you did you have in the room?
494:  Well we when I first started the school we had all eight grades in one room.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And how many desks did you have um
494:  {NW} #1 Well the #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  Mm the room was about the size of a this house I guess.
Interviewer:  That's large.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  I hate to be the teacher.
494:  Well um Well wasn't it?
Aux:  I don't hardly remember that school building down where you were in.
494:  Well it it was it's pretty good #1 size room. #
Aux:  #2 Yeah. # This is a pretty good size room I guess it was
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Sure would have um have to behave or you'd have nothing but #1 chaos. #
494:  #2 Oh yes # And and you had to raise your hand for permission uh to go talk to someone or even go talk to the teacher or to be excused or even to go out the door to spit.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm {NW}
494:  Anything to get up to get out of that desk. You could think up a lot of excuses to raise your hand to get permission to do.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And and uh were was there a section for the teacher at the front
494:  Uh-huh mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And about how many desks and what do you say?
494:  Well we were in rows uh maybe the little first graders were over here in smaller desks and then the desks got larger as they went on over.
Interviewer:  Oh I see
494:  And when she'd call first grade readers while we'd go to the front.
Interviewer:  I see
494:  The rest of you rest of 'em were supposed to be studying.
Interviewer:  Sure they'd have to be different sizes.
494:  Uh-huh Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh how about after you finished um What was your attitude toward going on after high school? Did you
494:  Well when I finished high school oh I had marriage in mind. I didn't want to go on.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm {X} if people did want to go on
494:  If I had if I had gone on it woulda either been to a business school or into nurses' training. Those were my two choices that I had thought about during high school.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm Where would the men go if they wanted to be a lawyer? or a doctor?
494:  Well. We had the University of Tennessee didn't we?
Aux:  Yeah
494:  There at the time?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm
494:  I think. And I guess that would be where they'd go. {NS}
Interviewer:  Did they uh
494:  We had our our church schools we had Lambert. We had Union University, the Baptist school.
Interviewer:  Did they talk about going away to college or
Aux:  Uh-huh
494:  Yes talked about going away to college mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And uh Did they refer to or how did they refer to uh the general experience of school said that you're gonna get a good what?
494:  Good education.
Interviewer:  Education.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  They you remember people talking about book learning?
494:  Mm-hmm
Interviewer:  much uh
494:  mm-hmm {X} But uh that was mostly when I was down in grade school.
Interviewer:  Oh I see
494:  Course it was called education time I got on up to high school. But book learning was definitely a word used in this part.
Interviewer:  And if a girl didn't uh become a nurse what else might she become if she went to a town?
494:  Oh well she could be a secretary.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Hmm My parents weren't much interested in me making a nurse because back then they thought nurses were kindly uh led a pretty loose life or immoral life. {NW} They weren't interested at all me making a nurse.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  But they were willing to send me to a business school.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Uh
Interviewer:  That's interesting. Uh nurses are the hero- the heroines #1 of today. #
494:  #2 I tried uh-huh #
Interviewer:  {NS} But they were they felt
494:  I don't know why they had that attitude maybe they knew some nurses I don't know.
Interviewer:  Well I agree with that I agree that there are places where um a doctor might be respected but the nurse is uh not especially.
494:  Yeah
Interviewer:  And uh if someone came home and displayed something um some information his father might say or where did you learn that or who taught you or what would he say?
494:  You mean if if a child went off to school somewhere and
Interviewer:  He would come home and he would #1 show off #
494:  #2 Oh #
Interviewer:  something that he had
494:  Yeah well where'd you get that tomfool notion? {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh
Aux:  Crazy eyed
494:  Yeah crazy eyed {NW}
Interviewer:  Who taught you that?
494:  Mm-hmm Who learned you that?
Interviewer:  Who learned you
494:  Who learned you that? Wasn't who taught you that, it was who learned you that.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh And in the morning uh What time did the school uh
494:  Eight o'clock.
Interviewer:  And here you say take up?
494:  Take up school took up at the eight o'clock.
Interviewer:  And the afternoon?
494:  Let out.
Interviewer:  At.
Aux:  Four.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Okay.
494:  We had recesses.
Interviewer:  And how about uh homemade games uh playthings Did you ever have anything that uh was on a pole a plank on a pole and it would go around? push you around?
494:  I don't know.
Interviewer:  Just you know homemade
Aux:  Like it would go here scooting around.
494:  Oh you meant the merry-go-round.
Interviewer:  Yes.
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  You either have it at school or at home?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And you call that merry go round?
494:  Merry go round
Interviewer:  did you ever hear it called a flying Jenny?
494:  Mm-hmm. {NW}
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  Mm-hmm
Aux:  They got one out there in Clovedale that what they call it
494:  What flying Jenny?
Aux:  Flying Jenny.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  But back then we called 'em
494:  Merry-go-rounds
Interviewer:  Merry go rounds And a uh board that was uh limber but fixed on both ends you jump on it.
494:  Oh what was that called? Oh I know what you're talking bout.
Interviewer:  Does a joggling board sound
494:  No I guess we just called it the jumping board.
Interviewer:  Jumping board Mm-hmm And a board on a
494:  See-saw.
Interviewer:  {X}
Aux:  See-saw.
494:  See-saw.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And uh {NW} Thing that you would blow on to make music.
494:  Uh.
Aux:  French harp.
494:  French harp.
Interviewer:  French harp. Or.
494:  Harmonica.
Aux:  Jew's harp.
Interviewer:  Or between your teeth.
494:  Jew's harp.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And uh did you refer to toys or little things like that as uh
494:  Play pretties.
Interviewer:  Play pretties?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  Play pretty. {NS}
494:  I don't reckon I even knew toy is, was a word, it's play pretties.
Interviewer:  Play pretties, mm-hmm. How about uh When you went for a, or when you go fishing, what would you What would you go out in? On a creek or on a lake? Would you go on a lake or
Aux:  {D: go up the creek}
494:  I didn't, I was scared to go out on a boat, but it is a boat. Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh did they have rowboats?
494:  Rowboats, uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And {NW} things horseshoes, you ever
494:  Yeah, pitch horseshoes, pitch washers.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And how about, speaking of horseshoes, {NW} Did you watch uh blacksmiths work very much uh?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Remember how they used to put horseshoes on?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  Uh. Tell me something about that. Do you have a recollection of it?
494:  Well I just tell you that blacksmith was that leather apron on and you
Aux:  {X}
494:  Yeah he backs, would back up, bring that horse's foot up between his knees and hold it. And it would just keep me the creeps to see him cutting off maybe part of that hoof. With a, what do you use, a rasp or something?
Aux:  A rasp, or you can use a knife.
494:  I, I didn't like to watch it much because it hurt me to see him cut that off. I'm sure it wasn't hurting the horse but uh It's just like somebody squeaking on the black board, I can hardly stand it. And then when he took these nails and started driving 'em in that, that hurt too, so I just never watched him much, but I have, watched it.
Interviewer:  Watched it. And uh did you ever uh call a a game of horseshoes anything other than horseshoes?
494:  No, I don't think I did, did you?
Aux:  Horseshoes on that, that's what we call it.
Interviewer:  And {NW} when you played tag, what would what was a place where you ran to get safe?
494:  Home base.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Did you uh
494:  I don't think we said home base, they just home. We'd say home free or.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh when when people uh play hide and seek, and you get behind a a bush or something, you say when I was, let's what? So they can't see us, let's
494:  Squat?
Interviewer:  Squat down?
494:  Well yes, squat, uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Reason I asked that is uh when men, who would get down like this and talk What was this called?
494:  Squatting down.
Interviewer:  Squatting down? You ever hear hunker?
494:  Yeah hunker, we heard that, hunker down.
Interviewer:  Is hunker {X}
494:  Hunker down.
Interviewer:  {X} A uh child who who would tell things on other kids.
494:  {D: shribs.}
Interviewer:  It'd be fibs, and what would the child be called?
494:  A tattletale.
Interviewer:  Tattletale. {NW} And if you put your head down and rolled over, you were turning
494:  Turn somersaults
Interviewer:  Or
494:  Somersets.
Interviewer:  I was wondering
494:  Somersets.
Interviewer:  You said somerset.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. When you-
494:  That was the word then. Somerset.
Interviewer:  Some people call it somerset, or or tumbleset.}
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  Somersault.
494:  Well somersault is the word we know today, but back then it was somerset, uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And uh when you {X} be old enough uh to get interested in in boys and girls what uh what would this be uh
494:  Courting.
Interviewer:  Known as.
494:  Courting.
Interviewer:  Courting?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  Sparking, as you mentioned the word a while ago, sparking.
Interviewer:  And uh you would refer to your
494:  A feller.
Interviewer:  A feller?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And he would refer to you as
494:  I don't know. Sweetheart. {NW} I don't
Interviewer:  Sweetheart?
494:  Beau? Uh
Aux:  I guess
494:  Well a beau would be a feller.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. How about uh What was kissing known as, did you have any uh names for that uh smooching or?
494:  Yes, smooching. {NW} That was a good name.
Interviewer:  And uh did you ever go to a dance very much uh
494:  Not too much no. We did some but my parents didn't allow that too much.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Look like I don't wanna In high school, I did some.
Interviewer:  What kind of dancing?
494:  Just mostly uh when it wasn't square dancing it was just I think we call it round dancing and just waltzing and uh.
Interviewer:  We had a lot of square dancing.
494:  Yeah. Now he did, he went to a lot of dances.
Aux:  A lot of square dances. We had a square dance somewhere {D: most of the weekend} {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  We just get somebody to get one, we go back and clean out the room. Have a square dance right there.
Interviewer:  I see. Uh did your parents uh frown on on a one kind of dance?
494:  Well they just frowned on dancing period.
Interviewer:  I see. But it's interesting that uh You enjoyed uh square dance and yet you
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  You kept from it.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  There was nothing about square dance as rowdy necessarily.
Aux:  No, it was just a lot of fun, it's just uh had somebody uh playing a fiddle, somebody picking a guitar and somebody calling {D: sets} and a bunch out there dancing. {NW}
494:  I went to some after I started going with him. Oh. Course I was already graduated from high school and and as he said, I like it if they came in here for the dance that night, all this furniture would be moved out and the rug would be rolled up.
Aux:  Mm-hmm.
494:  It'd just be the empty room. And the fiddlers would be over in one corner, guitar play- players in a
Interviewer:  You hope that you have a solid floor.
494:  Yeah.
Aux:  Somebody calling the
494:  But I just didn't go to any dances up until then.
Interviewer:  I see. And. {NW} If a uh. If a man were to escort you home what would he say, may I
494:  Mm. I don't know because I went and came with him. {NW}
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  What would. What'd you say if you
Aux:  Carry you home I guess.
494:  I guess so, carry you home.
Interviewer:  Carry you home, mm-hmm. And if you had a, if he asked you to marry him, and you turned him down, people would say, well, she what?
494:  Oh, what's that word. She {NW} Aw I can't even think of it jilted him.
Interviewer:  Jilted him?
494:  Jilted him.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. I have a whole uh List of things. She gave him the sack. The gate. The axe.
494:  Yeah.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  Yeah uh-huh. And {NW} But if you accepted him then you say well I think next month we're gonna be
Aux:  Married?
494:  Uh Engaged? Is that what
Interviewer:  Uh okay after you get engaged then
494:  Married.
Interviewer:  Could it be married?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Did you use any joking terms for married?
494:  Hitched. I believe hitched to be the one.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
Aux:  Hitched.
Interviewer:  During uh a wedding ceremony people who would uh stand up with you would be known as what? The man standing up there
Aux:  The best man.
494:  Yeah, I know what they're called.
Interviewer:  Best man.
494:  {NW} I don't know back then, what they'd be called your uh
Interviewer:  I'm wondering did you ever hear the term waiter?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  Alright in some areas they, both the man and the girl stand
494:  Were called waiters?
Interviewer:  Would be called waiters.
494:  Well though I think they call 'em best man and maid of honor or just tendance
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  {X}
494:  Or witnesses. Yes they were called witnesses.
Aux:  Her, her, her sister um brother in law stood up for that. All the while I guess we called them witnesses
494:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  {D: They didn't say marriage}
Interviewer:  And after a wedding somebody would, your friends may {X}
494:  Shivaree 'em.
Interviewer:  Shivaree 'em?
494:  Shivaree 'em.
Aux:  {NW}
Interviewer:  Do you remember those?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Do they still happen or not?
494:  I don't think they do that too much.
Interviewer:  Would you describe what went on in the shivaree?
494:  Well there'd be a lot of practical jokes played and Some of them not too practical {NW}
Aux:  {D: You ride 'em on a rail}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  Just a lot of things. What is all in fun but sometimes it wasn't too funny either.
Aux:  Well, no one {X} their home, get the mat out and keep 'em separated the whole night. {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh. All kinds of uh
Aux:  All kinds of jokes.
Interviewer:  Noisy uh er parading around the
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  in the wagon?
494:  That's right.
Interviewer:  And uh. It's curious uh
494:  And that's boiled down now to just decorating the car, writing
Interviewer:  Yeah.
494:  all over the car and tying toilet tissue all over it and tin cans and
Interviewer:  It's a funny thing, the uh This business of uh shivaree {X} or whatever. it's called. I don't find it in Mississippi at all.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  People just never did it.
494:  Well it it was done here around here, but it's just died out.
Aux:  Back then when {X} they give you showers before, See they didn't ever give nobody no showers back then.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  But couples now just married they'll give 'em a shower.
494:  Oh several showers or teas uh.
Interviewer:  The shivaree that I understand was not quite that
494:  No it wasn't quite that.
Aux:  Shivaree wasn't
494:  There were no gifts connected with a shivaree, that was just. {NS}
Interviewer:  And after uh the woman is married and uh she was gonna have a child you'd say she
494:  Well you just didn't say, period. That was just, that was just something you didn't talk about.
Interviewer:  Suppose two women would be talking to each other. What would they say?
494:  Oh I don't think, I think pregnant was a word that just wasn't used much, I think they'd use the term to have a baby, #1 maybe. #
Interviewer:  #2 Have a baby. #
494:  I, I. It just wasn't talked about then.
Interviewer:  And who assisted with the birth?
494:  Well I don't think we had many midwives around through here, it was We usually had the country doctor.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm, did you ever hear of a granny?
494:  Yes, I've heard of a granny.
Aux:  Didn't you have Yeah, I remember granny was,
494:  I guess they were called grannies instead of midwives.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh {NW} A mother makes a uh that she has had three children, and she she reared them, she raised them up, she what?
494:  She raised them.
Interviewer:  She raised them. And if a child resembles uh Say the boy resembles his father and the girl resembles his uh her, her mother.
494:  They favor.
Interviewer:  They favor?
494:  They favor their dad or they favor the mother.
Interviewer:  The appearance, right?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Suppose the uh father is very moody and the child turns out very moody, you say he.
494:  Takes after his father, takes after his father.
Interviewer:  And disposition.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And {NW} How were children referred to? Would you say kids very much?
494:  I don't think we used the term kids like we do today.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Uh and it was No, I don't think we use the term kids today like we did oh, say twenty years ago. Seems like we say children more now.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Than we used to. Now I know I do. But I don't think back when I was growing up, I don't think we were called kids.
Interviewer:  What were you?
494:  I think we were called children.
Interviewer:  Children?
494:  And then those appeared in there that we did use the word kids. But I think now we're going back to children.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And did you ever hear the word passel?
494:  Uh-uh.
Interviewer:  And the whole passel.
494:  Oh yes, yes, a whole passel of kids.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  A whole passel of children or something.
Interviewer:  And the child is named
494:  after his
Interviewer:  after
494:  father of after his mother.
Interviewer:  And the child whose parents are not married?
494:  Was uh Uh. Bastard? I think that's what it was, it wasn't illegitimate.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. That was a too big of a name I mean we We people out in this area was just Did you ever hear a {X}?
494:  Yeah, I, that's the word I've been trying to think of, mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And if the parent, if the child's parents both died, he would be known as
494:  An orphan
Interviewer:  And the person taking care of him? Appointed to take care of him
494:  Foster parent.
Interviewer:  Would they say foster?
494:  Uh well I think so.
Interviewer:  Or if a court would appoint the somebody to look after him
494:  Guardian?
Interviewer:  Guardian.
494:  Guardian. {D: Guardian.} {D: I think that's the way it was pronounced, guardian.}
Interviewer:  And a baby might be put in something so that you could Well, in in town at least
494:  Push him?
Interviewer:  Push him uh what {X}
494:  Well we called it a baby buggy.
Interviewer:  And you'd {NW} go push the baby or
494:  Or in a stroller. They would call it a stroller sometimes.
Interviewer:  Push him or wheel the baby or roll the baby or?
494:  Uh. Push him I think.
Interviewer:  Push him?
494:  Push him.
Interviewer:  Put the baby on the floor, just
494:  Crawl.
Interviewer:  Crawl?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And uh Anything I'd like to ask you uh some questions about some different parts of the body and anything that comes to mind that you used to say, just take your time. Uh for example. You remember what this was called?
494:  Uh Goozle. {NW}
Interviewer:  I just like it when
494:  Yeah goozle.
Interviewer:  see what comes to mind. This part
494:  {D: Furried} Or brow.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh, and uh This stuff, anything, that I don't have much of?
494:  Uh well hair. Uh.
Interviewer:  And could you grow a
494:  beard?
Interviewer:  And
494:  Whiskers?
Interviewer:  This would be which? This would be which.
494:  Your, your ear.
Interviewer:  Which one?
494:  Oh, your right ear?
Interviewer:  Right here?
494:  Your right year, left ear uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And uh The goozle is just here, but this would be the The whole thing would be
494:  Your throat. Neck.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And uh {NW} This part
494:  Your mouth.
Interviewer:  And
494:  Teeth
Interviewer:  Above your teeth would be
494:  Your lip Uh
Interviewer:  And inside, above
494:  Oh, the the roof of your mouth.
Interviewer:  And the thing that the, the stuff, the teeth are fixed in?
494:  Your gums.
Interviewer:  And this part.
494:  The palm of your hand.
Interviewer:  And what are these?
494:  Fists.
Interviewer:  And two.
494:  Two fist.
Interviewer:  And uh this part.
494:  Your wrist.
Interviewer:  And {NW} All things in the body that are fixed like this are called your
494:  Joints.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And this part of a male.
494:  Is a chest.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh one
494:  Hand.
Interviewer:  But two
494:  Hands.
Interviewer:  And {NW} This entire
494:  Thigh.
Interviewer:  Okay and from here to here, the whole.
494:  Leg.
Interviewer:  Now did they say leg?
494:  No. Said limb.
Interviewer:  Limb.
494:  {NW} It was improper to say leg.
Interviewer:  Okay any of those uh observations I appreciate. And one
494:  Foot.
Interviewer:  But two
494:  Feet.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And this part, what was this part where you don't like
494:  Your shin.
Interviewer:  Kicked. Uh-huh.
Aux:  Shin.
Interviewer:  Um. That's interesting in part because some people call the shank.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Other people refer to the shank as this part.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And {NW} Well I guess that's uh How are you doing, I don't wanna, I
494:  Fine
Interviewer:  I'm enjoying myself.
494:  I am too. {NW}
Interviewer:  I uh Well, I'm welcome here, When, when you were uh
494:  Would you like a cup of coffee?
Interviewer:  {NW}
494:  Uh, he, he'll uh put our glass of tea which ever one
Interviewer:  I wanna tell you I I don't know what's wrong with this throat of mine today, it's uh I think that the change in the weather dried it out. {NW} I've been sitting here
494:  He'll go put the coffee pot on if you uh #1 if you'd rather have that or, #
Aux:  #2 Don't mind, I'll make you that #
494:  we'll make you a glass of tea either one.
Interviewer:  Well tea would be fine.
494:  Okay. You all picked tea {X}
Aux:  Yeah I think
Interviewer:  Thank you very much.
494:  Do you like sugar and lemon in your tea?
Interviewer:  Um.
494:  We, we drink it just straight I mean, as we say.
Interviewer:  That's the way I like it too.
494:  {NW}
Interviewer:  {NW} I apologize for this uh throat of mine, I, I think the the change {NW} from warm moist
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Air
494:  Probably is.
Interviewer:  Dried it out. {NW} If uh somebody had been quite will and then during the night you say suddenly
494:  Sick.
Interviewer:  {X} Suddenly he what? Uh
494:  Well he suddenly got sick.
Interviewer:  Got sick?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And {NW} The response to somebody saying How are you? And you might say well Like today we always say just fine.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  But I wonder how people used to respond.
494:  Well. My mother always taught me to say uh Fine, thank you. Because nobody wants to hear about anybody feeling bad she said don't ever go into a lot of detail, oh I've got a headache today or something like that she said People don't, so they don't really mean it when they ask you How are you? It's, it's just a term that they use you know.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  When they, when they meet you or greet you.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And she said don't ever go into detail say oh I'm sick or been sick, just say well I'm feeling very well thank you. And she always used the term, Well I'm as usual. And we wondered we wondered about that a lot of times
Interviewer:  That's interesting.
494:  I'm, I'm, I'm as usual.
Interviewer:  I'm as usual.
494:  So we wondered what usual was.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. That's interesting uh
494:  I'm about as usual thank you or something like that.
Interviewer:  And if uh somebody seems to be {NW} troubled about something, you say well, uh #1 {X} #
494:  #2 Go down in the dumps. #
Interviewer:  Don't uh, it'll be okay don't don't what?
494:  Don't fret about it.
Interviewer:  Fret. Mm-hmm. And uh the things that people smoked pipes and
494:  My daddy smoked pipe corn cob pipe.
Interviewer:  Did uh you remember cigars and cigarettes?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Uh. In what context or how did they
494:  Well uh my dad never did smoke Now he smoked a few cigars, but he never did smoke cigarette. He smoked pipe. Up until he laid it down one day and quit.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  Now Ezri smoked cigarettes. When we first met he rolled his own. He bought the tobacco and the cigarette papers and made his own cigarettes.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Because we couldn't afford to the ready-rolled.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And then in later years course he he smoked the ready-rolled. And then he laid them down one day and took up cigars. And then he laid them down one day and he hasn't smoked, it's been about oh, nine or ten years ago.
Interviewer:  Good for him.
494:  Now he doesn't smoke it at all now.
Interviewer:  It's a hard thing to do. {NW} And if somebody uh uh just couldn't hear a thing, you'd say well he's
494:  He's deaf. {NW} Wasn't death cause he's deaf.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And if uh somebody came home from war. And had a had been uh shot. You say well he's still, there's a
494:  Oh. Well what is it.
Interviewer:  Or or he's still Well let let's say he's what in the war?
494:  Wounded in the war.
Interviewer:  And the thing that he has as a result of being wounded is?
494:  Uh-huh, scars I guess, he still has scars.
Interviewer:  Or, or a wound.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  You ever hear, did you happen to remember anybody saying wound? {C: pronunciation}
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  Is that right? He he has a
494:  A few people have used that.
Interviewer:  He has a wound. {NS}
494:  I think that he said he takes it plain Ezri
Aux:  If you want to sweeten it
Interviewer:  Thank you very much.
Aux:  You don't sweeten no things.
Interviewer:  Thank you.
Aux:  You want that?
494:  No, baby, leave the napkin with him.
Aux:  Yeah, take the napkin.
Interviewer:  Thank you.
494:  We have some lemon pound cake, would you like a piece of that?
Interviewer:  Well this will help {NS} Sound like an old frog. {NW}
494:  I think he's fixing up a cup of coffee with you He drinks coffee quite a bit. {NS}
Aux:  Would you eat a piece of this cake?
Interviewer:  Well thanks, I I believe this is uh this will be fine. uh {NW} Say you have a wound and it turns uh oh yellowish around, you have to clean that away, what is
494:  It's called puss. Wasn't it? That wound,
Interviewer:  Flesh around.
494:  Proud flesh.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Proud flesh.
Interviewer:  And you remember using anything uh to put on or scratch or get
494:  Oh yes we had some salve uh we would {D: Watkin Salve} that we'd put on. Scratch.
Interviewer:  Did you have anything that was pink or?
494:  Iodine.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
494:  That was before the days of Mercurochrome and {D: mercreation} and merthiolate and so forth. We used iodine.
Interviewer:  Uh that's really dangerous. As a matter of fact it could burn uh couldn't it? And uh if you have a pimple the grows very large and sore that would be a
494:  Uh, a boil.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Mm-hmm, mm-mm. I didn't want any, uh-uh.
Interviewer:  And uh the stuff in a blister would be
494:  Water in a blister, mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And a thing that {NW} we call arthritis now but
494:  Rheumatism
Interviewer:  {D: Rheumatis} You remember children getting something in their throats uh. Choked them to death?
494:  Oh, diphtheria. Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And what would turn you your skin yellow, your eyes
494:  Uh jaundice. Yellow jaundice.
Interviewer:  And uh what {NW} When you eat something, uh not feel so good you say well he's
494:  Sick of his stomach.
Interviewer:  And if he throw it up
494:  He uh upchucks. {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh what.
494:  Throws up. That was the name, throws up.
Interviewer:  They, do you remember any joking terms they might say?
494:  No do you?
Aux:  Uh of throwing up?
494:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  We call it puking.
494:  Oh yeah, yeah, puking. Uh he's thrown up his socks.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  Yeah, throwing up his socks.
Interviewer:  I see. And uh when you get uh pain on the right side.
494:  Appendicitis.
Interviewer:  Appendicitis. Did they call it appendicitis in your childhood?
494:  I think they did but I believe they didn't know too much
Aux:  To do for it.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And uh if somebody uh, has a cold, you say well, where did you
494:  Get that bad cold. Where did you catch that cold?
Interviewer:  And if it makes him affects him here he's
494:  Hoarse.
Interviewer:  And if he gets, gets it down here he has to, what?
494:  Uh cough it up, is that what you mean?
Interviewer:  And {NW} If his throat gets so sore that he can't swallow you say well he just, his throat's so sore he just can't
494:  Swallow.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Remember anything uh any other terms that come to mind? I hope I'm not going too fast here.
494:  No you're not um I'm I'm sure that I've there's another term that comes to mind but I just can't think. Uh
Interviewer:  If he has a heavy cold, what kind of medicine did you use to take? For it?
494:  Well we used to have a lot of remedies, sometimes uh A hot toddy You know what a hot toddy was?
Aux:  {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh.
494:  A little bit of whiskey and a little bit of sugar or honey a little bit of water and heat that and or sometimes you wouldn't heat it.
Interviewer:  The only thing is, surprising me here is how did you have a hot toddy in a Methodist family?
494:  Well, they usually kept, they usually kept a little for such as that. That was all it was kept for.
Interviewer:  It's the emergency is that right?
494:  And I'll tell you something else, my mother was a, she She didn't want any around, my daddy was the one that mostly fixed up these hot toddies for us. And uh she had told us time and time again and in the years since and she lived here with us in this house with us, she died two years ago at the age of ninety-one. And she has told me time and time again, said if I ever get uh where I don't know anything, she said don't ever let anybody pour any whiskey down my throat. uh but she got choking in here, a lot of flame and someone told us that uh to give her a little whiskey and honey and that would clear that up. And she was taking it. My, my, my daughter was sitting there feeding it to her by the spoon and it was, you could tell it was kinda just clearing her up in here. And my other sister was sitting next to her, what's that you're giving her? And Jenny said it's a little whiskey and sugar mixed together and mama clamped her teeth together, she wouldn't take another sip.
Interviewer:  Is that right? Um
494:  She was that much against it.
Interviewer:  I had talked to a fellow who had emphysema and uh he as a Baptist. And he had some medicine which was helping him. But he decided there was some alcohol in it He wouldn't take it, and it really
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  His breathing was was very difficult.
494:  Well now I'm, I'm against uh drinking but I think uh for medicinal purposes I think yes, it's alright.
Interviewer:  It is medicine.
494:  It is medicine.
Interviewer:  Did you ever take any uh thing Did you ever have like malaria around?
494:  Yes and I start to tell you while I go and I was talking about the coffee. Uh that was when I was allowed to take coffee, my daddy gave me quinine. I had malaria one summer and he put quinine in sweetened coffee. And I would uh drink it.
Interviewer:  Mm.
494:  All I see- the quinine, he had two cups, the quinine was put in a little bit of coffee in one cup and I got a little sweetened coffee to drink after it take the bitter taste out of my mouth.
Aux:  You take that and he give you a little bit of coffee.
494:  Yeah.
Aux:  You take the quinine and he give you a little coffee.
Interviewer:  I see. I see.
494:  And that's the way I took quinine.
Interviewer:  Did that uh have an effect on you as you uh Did you have chose that and
494:  Oh yes, I had chills.
Interviewer:  And you got to bed and
494:  Uh-huh, I'd go to bed and
Interviewer:  What exactly was the effect of the quinine on the
494:  Well it's supposed to break it up and I guess it did cause I finally got better. But I'd have chills and high fevers and I'd be up at the top of the hill and I'd roll and I could just feel myself rolling down the more I rolled the bigger I became and I was a terrible feeling.
Interviewer:  And then the quinine would make you sweat?
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And you'd
494:  Supposed to sweat the malaria out. `
Interviewer:  And uh some terms about uh death {NS} We'll get off this morbid {NW} but uh at what, what was a polite way of what was a polite way and what was a joking way of referring to death?
494:  Uh The polite way, they didn't like to say a person died. And you know I don't I don't think that they do today. It was they passed away.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And if you didn't like somebody {NW} what would you say uh I hear old so-and-so
494:  Old so-and-so died, old so-and-so croaked or kicked the bucket.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And uh You'd put the body in a in a what?
494:  Casket.
Interviewer:  Casket.
494:  Coffin, coffin.
Interviewer:  You think, so caskets are a more recent thing?
494:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  We called them back then.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And then each the family would uh go in to
494:  Uh view the body.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And they would they would be considered to be in
494:  Mourning.
Aux:  Back then, they'd set up one, mighty calm, they wouldn't have-
494:  And they call it laying 'em out.
Interviewer:  Oh laying 'em out.
494:  Laying 'em out.
Aux:  And then the people uh friends and neighbors show up with 'em that night. All night long.
494:  And there was such thing as the undertaker coming and taking the body.
Aux:  To a funeral
494:  Away. The friends and neighbors would come in and and uh The women neighbors would wash, bathe and dress and lay out uh a woman that had died. And the men neighbors would do the same for a man that had died, and you call that laying 'em out.
Aux:  Mostly back then, a lot of people do and let 'em be embalmed, of course there wasn't much embalming done.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  I think it's mostly laying 'em out, that's it.
494:  And you set up all night maybe two nights.
Interviewer:  I was gonna ask how long did they keep the body there.
Aux:  Embalming would be too much.
Interviewer:  Uh. Do you remember anything associated with that, such as hounds?
494:  Mm-hmm hounds, howling, yes.
Interviewer:  That's uh.
Aux:  We shut the {X} one night and uh cats got in the house and got on the casket and I thought they was going to get into that wagon cause they had a. {X}
494:  You mean it had that lace. {X}
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear using {X} on the face
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  To uh to do something as to keep the skin I guess from scarring.
494:  I guess so.
Aux:  I know they used to put
494:  Pen- nickels on the eyes
Aux:  To hold the eyes.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh {NW} after well they, they would take the body from the home into the church.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And uh
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  I see. And was it called a uh Did they take-
494:  Funeral, uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Funeral service.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And then to the to the
494:  Graveyard.
Interviewer:  Graveyard. And uh
494:  Cemetery is a name is a word that has come into being.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Uh. Not too many years back, it was the graveyard.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh
Aux:  {X} say graveyard
494:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  I hear people still say graveyard.
Interviewer:  Is there like a term like undertaker isn't used very much anymore either.
494:  Mortician.
Interviewer:  More elegant.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And if. If you uh. Some questions on personality and character. Uh somebody who is a young man who can lift a great deal you say he's mighty
494:  Hefty.
Interviewer:  Hefty and uh someone who has been working very hard and say well I'm I sure am what?
494:  Tired.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Any {NW} Any more uh {NW} #1 any stronger terms than that uh #
494:  #2 Oh #
Interviewer:  come to mind? You say he's all
494:  All in.
Interviewer:  All in.
494:  All in. {NW}
Interviewer:  And if somebody's been sick you say yes he's out, but he sure looks mighty
494:  Bad.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh, you ever hear peaked?
494:  Peaked. Uh-huh. That's the word, peaked. Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And a young boy who's all arms and legs you say he's
494:  Lanky. Gonky. {NW}
Interviewer:  And if a young woman is full of life and say well she's mighty
494:  Uh, perked.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And if and older person, say say somebody in his eighties gets around very well you say well he sure is mighty
494:  Spry.
Interviewer:  Or you say he's uh and {NW} if somebody is very easy to get along with you saw well he's uh
494:  Oh gentle and likable. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh When curious about his Are there different terms you might say apply to a man and to to a horse? Uh If a man is say he's gentle or good natured, what would you say about a horse?
494:  Well you'd say the horse is gentle and good natured.
Interviewer:  Alright.
494:  Uh-huh.
Aux:  And wild. {X}
Interviewer:  It applies too. Uh Somebody's very sure of himself and uh you can't change his mind you saw well he's
494:  He's set in his ways.
Interviewer:  Set in his ways. And if somebody's easily hurt and gets angry. and very sensitive uh say he's mighty
494:  Touchy.
Interviewer:  Touchy? Mm-hmm. Did you ever hear touches?
494:  Touches?
Interviewer:  Yes.
494:  Yes, I guess that, I guess touchy is short from touches maybe. Yeah touches is a word I've heard a lot.
Interviewer:  You would use touchy.
494:  I guess so.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh {NW} Somebody, you're kidding him and he gets
494:  Mad.
Interviewer:  Yeah gets all
494:  Upset.
Interviewer:  You say now now, just keep
494:  Calm.
Interviewer:  Keep calm alright. If a
494:  Calm down. {NW}
Interviewer:  If somebody uh leaves a lot of money on the table and the door unlocked, you say well he's he's mighty
494:  Oh Oh Careless.
Interviewer:  Careless, as, what was it, if she doesn't keep her house very tidy?
494:  Well she's sloppy and uh
Interviewer:  Sloppy? Uh-huh. And uh If you know somebody who uh lives off to himself. You say well he's alright he's just a little
494:  Uh he's just a little touched or he's {X} or a hermit or
Interviewer:  Do people uh ever use the word queer?
494:  Queer #1 Uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 Quire? #
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh which would they say
494:  Queer.
Interviewer:  Queer.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Uh Is that a pretty bad word or
494:  Well I guess it is because it means that they are kinda like funny or
Interviewer:  I was wondering how insulting that is uh. Uh. I mean I have been given some very strong responses to that.
Aux:  Queer?
Interviewer:  Yes, I wouldn't {NW} ever want that you know {D: some of our opinions on} Some people are In some areas, it's a very strong word I guess.
494:  I expect it is.
Interviewer:  And uh if somebody {NW} worries a lot You say well she's very 'un-
494:  Unstable or or uh
Interviewer:  She worries to be so uneasy.
494:  Uneasy, uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And how about the word common? How is this word, how is this word used? Or it used to be.
494:  Well, I believe that word would would go back when I was talking about uh my parents wouldn't let me take nurse's training. I think common is a word that would fit in I think it was a word that was uh what people, if they were common, they weren't held in very high esteem. They were just common.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And that's, it's a curious word isn't it because now {NW} sometimes the best you can say about a man is well They got a lot of money but they're just common folks.
494:  Yeah, uh-huh now that way would be uh that term would be uh well a complementary term to them.
Interviewer:  Would you use it as as you mean a
494:  They're just common folks. Like you and me, yes I've used it a lot.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Don't, you mean worry about those folks, they're just common folks like, like us.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  That means they're not uh
Aux:  They don't.
494:  Well.
Aux:  They don't let their money uh
494:  Yeah.
Aux:  Get 'em. In other words.
Interviewer:  But if you say well she's I'd rather have you say it so I can
494:  Well uh Now I can I can remember back in the back of my mind. If there was a person that wasn't very her character was kindly wasn't too good. that person would be called a common person.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  But now we've got too, two many different meanings there for a same word.
Interviewer:  The same word and one is very strongly
494:  And then opposite that's right.
Interviewer:  Very negative.
494:  You don't hear, I don't think you hear that today. Like, like this term back then, she's just a common person you know, like if she, her character wasn't very good. I think you hear it more nowadays That, that it's just common folks like us
Interviewer:  Or a compliment.
494:  I think it's more of a compliment now.
Interviewer:  It's it's curious how uh how those things change and you
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Uh. Makes a world of difference which way you uh which way you mean it. {NW} work with it. Major denominations, Protestants uh here
494:  We have uh and have had for as long as I can remember the Methodist and the Baptist the Cumberland Presbyterians and the Church of Christ. Right in this area. and Then yonder closer to where that bridge is washed out or fell in We have the seven day adventist And they've been there a long time. But when I was growing up that was a far piece away down there.
Interviewer:  The Cumberland Presbyterians are
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Is that a branch of uh
494:  The Presbyterian church.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Uh I wonder what is more uh {D: more straight place or uh}
494:  Uh No I don't believe it is, I believe it's I don't believe it's as straight laced as just the regular Presbyterians.
Interviewer:  And uh would you tell me something about going to church uh what different things you had, did you have music and
494:  Yes we have course, as Methodists we have music in our church. And uh we used to go in a wagon and uh you never knew who was going home with you for dinner or who you was going home with now it was one way or the other. And the dinner was cooked before you went. And how, how the mothers got up and got the dinner cooked and the house cleaned up and the children dressed and got the wagon and went to church when it took you longer than five minutes to get the car and drive out there. I don't know. But the
Aux:  But then on Sunday morning you like to get up and leave by four oh clock, five.
494:  This day and time we we just don't cook much on Sundays and Sure don't invite people home with us much however I did ask our preacher and his mother and dad home with us one day but they had another engagement so they couldn't come but uh. I don't know if people just don't ask the preacher home with 'em anymore much. But uh
Interviewer:  How about uh {NW} How would you go about uh becoming a member? of the church?
494:  Well you uh Well the men uh the Methodist church we go on profession of faith and then we are sprinkled as we become members of the church You know, that we're taken into the church.
Interviewer:  You say taken in or join or?
494:  Join, join the church, I believe that's what we do, we join the church.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh the sermon is always uh uh can anybody other than the preacher
494:  Oh yes.
Interviewer:  preach it?
494:  Yes. Mm-hmm. We have Layman we have lay speakers uh every once in a while.
Interviewer:  A lay speaker can preach?
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  Regularly?
494:  Mm-hmm. Even, even I could if if uh I mean it would be permissible at a Methodist church for me to get up and I don't think it'd be called, I don't think I'd be preaching a sermon, I think it would be Uh Making a talk or something like that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And {NW} How about the music uh Did you, what kind of music did you have when you were a girl especially uh
494:  We had the piano, that's all we've ever had at church, just the piano.
Aux:  We had an organ in ours first.
494:  Oh yes, we did, way back yonder an old pump organ. I've forgotten about that. {X} Yeah.
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  Well we had it in my
494:  We did too out here in our, our church.
Aux:  We had the one at church. {NS}
Interviewer:  And uh Would uh Would you complement the pianist or choir or say that the music was beautiful or
494:  Oh yes uh-huh we'd say that the music sounded pretty this morning, I believe that would be the word, music sounded pretty this morning.
Interviewer:  Beautiful was too strong of a
494:  I guess it was, we we used the word pretty more than
Interviewer:  And uh how did you contribute to the church?
494:  Uh by
Interviewer:  What is that known as?
494:  Contributions Offerings.
Interviewer:  Rather than
494:  passing the plate Yes rather than dues, we don't have dues.
Interviewer:  And uh how {NS} people, how did you refer to the devil in those days uh?
494:  Uh just the devil. {NW}
Interviewer:  Any any joking terms?
494:  Uh the boogerman
Interviewer:  Boogerman?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  {NW} Scaring children by
494:  Yes, the boogerman.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And how about the places that were thought to be well had spirits or something in them? houses.
494:  Oh ghost houses you mean or?
Interviewer:  Just how are you
494:  Uh, h- haunted houses, hainted. Hainted houses. {NW}
Aux:  We call 'em haints.
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And {NW} were were haints uh from the devil or were they thought to be associated with the devil?
494:  Well when I was a child I didn't know where they came from I just scared to death by them. I guess they were thought to be
Interviewer:  Evil?
494:  Evil. Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And going to town uh Did you have, would you name the different kinds of things that you would have in the town? {NS} When you were a child say uh? Start with uh have a post office uh
494:  Post office and the bank And uh
Interviewer:  How about a place for books?
494:  Uh we didn't have one in town then. And uh we had the grocery store. The general store what it was you know, for merchandise.
Interviewer:  And uh how how is a library financed uh? here in
494:  Well we had a grant from the University of Tennessee that uh we have uh the regional libraries at Martin University of Tennessee at Martin. And we have a bookmobile that comes out of there about
Interviewer:  Oh I see.
494:  Every so often and uh brings books out to the little station out here. In the little village of Alebridge. And other spots all over the county.
Interviewer:  We were talking if I can interrupt you {X} Uh we were talking about how our experiences are getting standardized all over the country and the funny thing that Mississippi noticed is that there's a lot of money being put into libraries. Tremendous buildings really very handsome. But the curious thing is they, in every community I've been in they will hire the librarian from some place else.
Aux:  Hmm.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  And the state board orders the books. So uh the regional flavor is gone.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  They, they have local people as assistants. But they, the librarian I go to libraries to find out uh history of the community. Time after time the librarian will be from Vermont or Oklahoma or
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  Pennsylvania
494:  Did you go by uh library in Union City when you were up there? We have a nice library in Union City. Of course we're, we are
Interviewer:  But actually uh {X}
494:  {D: Stires}
Interviewer:  {X} I believe she's from here.
494:  I think she's somewhere over in Weakley county Martin now where her home originally was, I remember that Does her husband teach at the University of Tennessee?
Interviewer:  I didn't get to know her
494:  I I don't remember But I think her home is
Interviewer:  Her home is beautiful uh and she was very helpful she sent me to uh
494:  But know she's just recently not too many uh just a year or two ago now we did have a local lady as the librarian and she lives there in Union City.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And she's been librarian for years but she got new held And she wanted to retire. As librarian, she's assistant librarian now she stepped down.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  She still goes in and works with this {D: Miss Stires} was appointed librarian then.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. They uh That's a very handsome building certainly so.
494:  Of course we're privileged to uh go there and check out books too.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  As well as our little uh community.
Interviewer:  {X} Real help Did you remember uh anything about railroad stations or
494:  Oh yes it was a treat to get to go by and watch choo-choo trains come through. {NW}
Interviewer:  And uh Uh When you When you were young where was the county seat?
494:  Uh Union City.
Interviewer:  It's always been.
494:  Now it used to be Troy But uh, Do you remember Troy?
Interviewer:  I went through there.
494:  Well, it used to be Troy but I don't know what year it was that it was moved all to Union City but I was too little
Aux:  The kind of seat on the county that they wouldn't let they wouldn't let a railroad go through there.
494:  Through the railroads off west.
Interviewer:  I see.
Aux:  And that's how come Troy lose their count, county seat, cause they wanted a railroad company. They moved it to Union City.
Interviewer:  City really grew.
494:  And there's been
Aux:  Union City {X}
494:  There's been hard feelings down through the years.
Aux:  Always had always will.
494:  And always will be over that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Between the Troy people and Union City.
Interviewer:  Yes, geographically
Aux:  It's right in the center by the county.
Interviewer:  That sure is a small place now compared to Union
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Union City. Uh, hotels or anything about uh
494:  I don't remember too much about hotels uh
Interviewer:  Or going to plays uh
494:  No.
Interviewer:  Do you have anything like a opera house or
494:  Probably had one in Union City, but that was a fur piece away. {NW}
Interviewer:  And hospitals? How about uh
494:  No we didn't have hospitals.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  And when you would go to uh town Say you bought so much that uh You could hardly what? it home.
494:  Tote it.
Interviewer:  Tote it home?
494:  Hardly tote it home.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And if the merchant sold it uh. For a surprisingly low price, you say well he He sold, he must have sold that at a
494:  Uh. what I can't remember #1 the word. #
Interviewer:  #2 You say low # cost or at a loss?
Aux:  Margin or cheap.
Interviewer:  At a loss?
494:  I guess so.
Interviewer:  And on the other hand if uh you go bargain for something and it's so high you say oh no that costs
494:  Costs too much and you try to uh Jew 'em down, jew 'em down
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And if you don't have enough money You might go to somebody and
494:  Get credit.
Interviewer:  Get credit.
494:  Buy it on credit.
Interviewer:  Or. You might go to somebody else and actually If you couldn't get credit from the grocery you.
494:  Borrow some money is that what, want huh?
Interviewer:  And say well, could I have some money because It's awfully, what these days?
494:  Hard to live these days {NW}
Interviewer:  Or money might be very
494:  Short.
Interviewer:  Short?
494:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Scarce? Uh one of the things I I find is that if somebody might pay a bill twice a year, and when he does, it's be a pretty good sized bill.
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Uh the grocer might give you something
494:  Uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And what was that known as, or what uh?
494:  Oh.
Interviewer:  When you pay his bill {NS}
494:  What was that? {X}
494:  No
Interviewer:  {X} {C: Distorted, sped up}
494:  No
Interviewer:  Something like that? {C: Distorted, sped up}
494:  Well
Interviewer:  {X} {C: Distorted, sped up} {NW} {C: Distorted, sped up}
494:  But that did happen when you pay off your bill, your grocer
Interviewer:  How much would they give you? Uh {C: Distorted, sped up}
494:  Go in there and get a pitcher
Aux:  {X} {C: Distorted, sped up} Alright, my dad used to get one. {C: Distorted, sped up}
494:  This is, this is an heirloom we treasure it.
Interviewer:  Well that's
494:  I hope it's not too dusty. {NS}
Interviewer:  That would be uh Uh if
494:  This is what he gave when
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  When his uh
Aux:  That was on the bottom of it.
494:  Turn it over and see down the bottom.
Interviewer:  {D: Sanders} in gold. Yes, well how much, how big of a bill would uh
Aux:  I don't know how much it.
Interviewer:  Would it take
494:  People usually uh he, it was a country store. And people would usually uh pay off in the fall when they sold their crops.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  I tell you there's a lot of people who didn't pay off too.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  So if they get up a hundred dollars, this would, this would be uh Uh-huh. Yeah, this is handsome. Uh There's a
Aux:  I wouldn't mind if uh He'd give that to me, he lived in a Gary. Gary Indiana. {X} Moved back here to Troy. And then we were uh packing up to move. {X}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
Aux:  {X}
Interviewer:  Well that's really something to hold on to. Your father's name right? You can tell, this, this must have cost something because {X}
494:  That probably didn't back then cost too much but it'd be worth something now.
Aux:  {X}
494:  There's another expression that uh We didn't use go to the store as shopping. We'd say go trading.
Interviewer:  Trading.
494:  Mm-hmm. I've got to go to town to trade.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  And uh, and it wouldn't be that we're trading. Well I guess where the term came in because people might carry some eggs. Or something and trade for the groceries. And then it just came on down to just the term trade, I got to go do my trading.
Interviewer:  Uh suppose somebody uh was known. To be pretty close with his money, you say he's an old.
494:  Miser
Interviewer:  Miser And uh
494:  He's an old tightwad. {NW} I believe that was it, tightwad.
Interviewer:  If uh Is there a difference you say uh He'll pay you pretty well but uh you'll have to
494:  Uh. {X}
Interviewer:  I see the ideas. {NW} Is there a difference between miser and a tightwad uh?
Aux:  Well a miser.
494:  Yeah I guess so, yeah the miser holds on, and the tightwad he he he he will
Interviewer:  Hard to get out.
494:  Yeah he's just hard to get out.
Interviewer:  {NW} And uh Did you, you say, you mention paper bags, would you um Find a dress? Uh how would a dress be prepared for you to take home?
494:  Oh. You'd buy the yard goods.
Interviewer:  Or a ready made dress or a a suit or something? Would they have a wrap? Would they have paper?
494:  I really don't know because of. We weren't fortunate enough I think to ever buy any ready made.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
494:  Now you might, did you?
Interviewer:  Did you have paper for uh
Aux:  I guess we did uh As far back as I can remember.
494:  And I guess when my dad bought. Pants and overalls and things like that ready made, they they were wrapped up, they weren't put in a bag like, paper bag like our suit box anything like they do today. There He would roll off a big sheet of paper and put it in there and wrap it up tight.
Interviewer:  How attitudes have changed.
494:  I know it I I think that. {C: there a noise interfering with the speakers}
Interviewer:  What uh {NW} what kind of response uh particularly i- in the school and the church uh where you trained? W- was there a difference in uh local government the federal government or or would you? {NS}
494:  I'll tell you I I think that we knew more about our local government because we didn't have communication enough to to really know too much about our federal government back then.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm What if somebody got a letter from Washington?
494:  Oh that would be the big news of the day
Interviewer:  {X} uh #1 Uh #
494:  #2 that # that person would be a very important person because he got a letter from Washington.
Auxiliary:  Can I pour you some more tea?
Interviewer:  No this is fine. How about uh the the idea or the term law and order did you ever use that uh? Did you talk about it in in campaigns election #
Interviewer:  #1 campaigns or? #
494:  #2 {NW} # I I don't know I don't remember.
Auxiliary:  I don't I don't remember much about.
Interviewer:  Well you hear it so often.
494:  I know it.
Interviewer:  Now {NW} and uh
494:  #1 I think uh {D: something} like #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  politics were quieter. {X} {C: there is a lot of noise}
Interviewer:  #1 you just didn't hear too much #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  about politics uh as much as you do today.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Well do you remember the phrase um?
494:  Law and order?
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Yes I think I do.
Interviewer:  mm But it wasn't used so much as as as now uh
494:  I don't think now as a child growing up I don't think I really knew the the uh importance of politics it I I knew that I was a Democrat and my daddy was a Democrat.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  and I had slew of friends that u- that we we were walking to school at that time that we walk to school with and their parents were Republicans. And oh my we got into some {NW} hot arguments {NW} That's along about the time when Hoover and #1 Al Smith were running against one another. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  And uh they thought I was awful because I was a Democrat and I thought they were awful because they were Republicans
Interviewer:  That was the extent of your?
494:  That was the extent of my political knowledge I just knew Republicans were something awful and they knew Democrats were something awful {NW}.
Auxiliary:  Oh.
Interviewer:  And what uh when you had capital punishment uh would you say that the murderer was what? When he was executed?
494:  Oh he was sent to the chair #1 think that's the way the terms we used uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Uh the chair was used then {X}?
494:  I was it? #1 I guess it was. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did you ever talk about the?
494:  The gallows?
Interviewer:  #1 Uh-huh they #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  The gallows where #1 was hung. #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  uh
Auxiliary:  I'll tell you what back in course I don't remember much but I heard my dad talk about it #
Auxiliary:  #1 a lot they had night riders way back yonder. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  And anyone done any wrong then the night riders getti- get him a good hanging.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  They had a lot of hangings down there at the lake {X} Samburg down in there shootings.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And this was th- um called night riders?
Auxiliary:  uh-huh Yes uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And this uh was in your before your time?
Auxiliary:  Mm yeah it's before my time. But uh mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {NW} What um I forgot to ask you {NW} before uh just reminded me when you said night riders um when you were children how did you refer to um uh negroes did you did you?
494:  Niggers.
Interviewer:  Niggers.
494:  #1 Niggers. #
Interviewer:  #2 Oh I see. # And what was the attitude towards this was this uh {C: the reel is speeding up} as you said I mean was it a good term?
494:  No it was a bad term {X}. {C: tape fast forwards and voices squeal} #1 Oh and and him too because #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} #
494:  I- we wer- this is number nine district in Obion county. And there were just not any colored people in Obi- in number nine district. And they didn't dare set foot over here th- it's something.
Auxiliary:  They just scared.
494:  They just wouldn't come in here #1 and we just didn't have much #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  contact with the colored race.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  The black race.
Auxiliary:  There were niggers lived out here at Obion and you couldn't get them to come out to Eldridge at all. #1 They just wouldn't come through {x} no way. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  It's just been in recent years that they would.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  Of course now down at {NW} the edge of Lake County where I grew up where my daddy run this store. Uh a third of his trade was negroes out of the Lake County uh big farmers over there. They just crossed the lake and they all traded over at the store.
494:  #1 Well see he's using the term trade. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 I wouldn't {X} #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm But uh how was um?
494:  But they were just a curiosity to me because.
Auxiliary:  #1 just never around them #
494:  #2 I just wa- was not around them # #1 much. #
Interviewer:  #2 mm-hmm # If a negro wanted to show respect to a white how would he how would he call him?
494:  Uh
Interviewer:  Wh- wha- what would he?
494:  #1 Oh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  M- my my sir my sir my uh what is the word?
Interviewer:  Well {NW} it changes uh sometimes {C: sounds like mars} sometimes {C: sounds like mass}.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Uh and would he use the first name or the last name?
494:  The first name.
Interviewer:  First name?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  I remember most of them niggers uh that traded over there at the store they called my daddy mister Pat. Mister Pat. Mister Pat.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  That's what nobody called him that he just
494:  {D: But they always put that mister onto it or mars marsir}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  onto it.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm {NW} I've heard both I wonder what the difference is um. Uh getting around to other terms. What um how do you remember referring to a white person you don't have much respect for?
494:  Poor white trash.
Interviewer:  Poor white trash?
494:  Poor white trash.
Interviewer:  Do do these uh does the term peckerwood or redneck?
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
494:  #1 Well peckerwood #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  yes I I've
Auxiliary:  You old peckerwood.
494:  #1 I don't I haven't heard #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  redneck much but I have peckerwood.
Interviewer:  The word here?
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  Rascal.
Interviewer:  H- how about somebody who lives up in the hills and uh pretty rough he might be a bootlegger real rough fights and so on? Uh you got any special names for for him?
494:  Oh I can't think.
Auxiliary:  {D: You} I don't know I don't know we had some {NW}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {D: I mean around here}.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear the word hoosier or hoosier applied to somebody like that?
494:  No. I don't think I have.
Auxiliary:  I don't believe I don't I don't remember what they called them.
Interviewer:  This whole list t- uh that we collected um everything from mountain boomer to mossbacks swamp angel cracker hoosier backwoodsman {NW}
494:  #1 I don't think #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  we've ever heard of those.
Interviewer:  uh-huh What would you call a child born with uh uh one parent would be white the other would be black?
494:  Uh mulatto isn't it?
Interviewer:  Uh #1 I think that would be used today. #
494:  #2 Oh yeah well what was that uh? # I can't think of that name.
Interviewer:  Th- that uh did you have mulatto or um halfbreed or?
494:  Well there's there's something else that I had heard it called. But I can't think of it.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And to get um {NW}
494:  But they were an outcast #1 I mean #
Interviewer:  #2 They were um? #
494:  Whoever they were. {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  You were not to associate with 'em.
Interviewer:  Uh one last question on this how do you feel uh about the the recent uh trend of calling people black black people?
494:  If that's what they wanna be called black uh I guess so but it's hard to not say colored people or or negroes.
Interviewer:  #1 How do you feel about #
494:  #2 But uh #
Interviewer:  saying black #1 person black person? #
Auxiliary:  #2 I- I don't I still like to say negro but uh but uh # I know we're not supposed to I mean it's not don't sound good no how I say it. I think back then that's what they wanted to be called back then.
494:  My little grandson of course they live in Memphis and uh he kinda got into it with a little black boy that wanted to steal his money. If he has lunch money or steal lunch and things and he called him a negro one day and this little black boy didn't like it he told him he didn't want to be called nigger. And he said well sa- sa- my little grandson said go look but he said there's no such word as nigger. And uh my grandson said yes there is said you go look in the dictionary you'll find it. And uh
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  but he said you won't find whitey in the dictionary he th- this nigger was calling him whitey.
Interviewer:  oh
494:  He said now negro is in the dictionary. And even nigger N-I-G-G-E-R but he said whitey is not.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm mm-hmm
494:  And they looked it up and sure enough it's in there. And he my little grandson proved it to me it was in there.
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  {D: If you I'll} tell you a story uh friends of mine in Atlanta have a prettiest little uh blond child and innocent blue eyes and just as sweet as as she can be. But they're they're living in you know this integrated business and schools. {NW} So they decided they would get accustomed to it and uh u- uh they've would let Nellie have a black uh friend from school. So they had her over there to play one day her mother heard {NW} they started a quarrel. {D: argued about {X} And uh the little {D: white} girl stood up for her rights you know and made black girl very mad the black girl turned to her and says oh I hate you you old nigger.
494:  Oh {C: laughs} yeah it's
Auxiliary:  That was the worst she {X}.
494:  Yeah it's the worst thing she {X} {C: laughs}
Auxiliary:  Well.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  {D: I've} for myself I feel I feel uneasy saying black person a- and black man black woman. #1 Yeah i- it really is. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} uh {X} #
Interviewer:  You uh you spend a lifetime
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  thinking about colored people being more gentle or more dignified a term then suddenly to have to.
494:  And I still say that the white people have pushed this integration. I believe the black people the majority of 'em had rather be to themselves. And I think if our government had spent more money on their schools and built their schools up equal to the white schools they would've been happy.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {D: Well it} I think everybody would have got a much better education.
494:  I think so too.
Auxiliary:  {D: It's going to be just a} turmoil all from now on.
Interviewer:  Right.
494:  But I've always said that I didn't care for my child going to school with a black child a negro child. And even sitting at the same desk or eating at the same table I that didn't bother me at all. But what did bother me would be that they would become thinking a little bit too much of one another. I do not approve of intermarriage.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  And that's what's going to happen.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  #1 That's inevitable. #
494:  #2 {X} # That's right.
Interviewer:  We can't stop it now and what what really gets me about it this um busing business isn't the it really is the wildest.
494:  #1 Oh it's silly. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Wh- whose child is being bused forty miles a day now how can a kid uh?
494:  And maybe the school is right at #1 their back door front door I think it's silly. #
Interviewer:  #2 Yeah. # #1 {D: Just to haul} somebody around the #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 countryside like that is just nonsense. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  It is it sure is and the way they are having bus wrecks in Memphis but i- well it that's awful down there.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I don't have to worry about our children now because they're all three married but I do have eight grandchildren.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  That the oldest one's thirteen. Of course we don't what's and the youngest ones will be seven next week and uh we don't what's going to happen to them.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm {D: Uh it's um}
494:  #1 It's a mess it's just a mess. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} um # And I think eventually {NW} we'll pull ourselves out uh i- if we could only uh get our minds back on what the purpose of the school is #1 which is to educate and not to to uh #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # #1 That's right. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # kind of.
494:  I think the time's coming when the white race will be the minority race and the black race will be the majority race.
Interviewer:  Well {D: that uh u- th-} in this country uh?
494:  In this country.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  #1 Because they they're growing by leaps and bounds. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Yes well that's right.
494:  White people are practicing birth control more than the black people and
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  and they're just
Interviewer:  {NW}
494:  well they are just going to be in.
Interviewer:  Certainly that's true in the cities especially in the north uh. I uh
494:  Well I believe Memphis is already more than half of the population more than half black.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  A good many of the cities in the north especially the inter cities.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Almost all black well {NW}. You uh refer to your relatives uh?
494:  As kinfolk.
Interviewer:  As kinfolks and uh you say uh well she has the same name as mine but we're?
Auxiliary:  No
494:  No no kin.
Interviewer:  No kin.
494:  Or lots of time we'd say we're a different set of dogs.
Interviewer:  #1 I see. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  And uh your mother's sister would be your?
494:  Aunt.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  Or aunt I believe we said aunt when I was growing up.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh that's a curious word.
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  People uh in uh Mississippi for example will say aunt.
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  They've um um other people will say it's almost an A in ain't.
494:  mm-hmm Well now some people around here say aunt I have a cousin that says aunt. #1 But I have never I don't know. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  I I've never been able to say aunt.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Course uh when I was a child growing up I said aunt.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And then I I say aunt now and I I don't know why.
Interviewer:  Uh.
494:  That's a curious word.
Interviewer:  Yeah.
494:  #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} um # And uh your brother's son your sister's son would be your?
494:  Nephew.
Interviewer:  mm And uh h- how how in the family uh do you refer to each other you'd say to somebody outside you uh {X}. I don't know about that I'll have to talk to #1 the mister or the husband #
494:  #2 Oh. # The husb- oh yeah the husband.
Interviewer:  #1 I'll have to talk to the husband first? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And you would say?
Auxiliary:  I'll talk to the wife.
Interviewer:  Talk to the wife? I uh
494:  Uh he he'd say I have to go home and talk to momma.
Auxiliary:  #1 {C: they all laugh}. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh #
494:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # #1 Well that's right. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Auxiliary:  #
Auxiliary:  #1 I call her momma. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh sometimes momma or # sometimes the old lady.
494:  #1 Yeah but I I when were married #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 I said don't want ever hear you call me #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 that don't care what you call me but don't #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  call me the old lady.
Auxiliary:  All the grandchildren call her mom and I call her mom half the time.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And uh a woman who has lost her husband is?
494:  A widow.
Interviewer:  A widow. And somebody who comes into the community and um nobody knows him what uh how would you how did you used to refer to him?
Auxiliary:  Stranger.
Interviewer:  The stranger.
494:  {X} oh I tell you we used to have when I was a child growing up we had a lot of tramps through the community.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  And if somebody strange we'd we'd think he'd be a tramp.
Interviewer:  A tramp.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And some greetings {NW} in the morning you'd say what uh?
494:  Good morning.
Interviewer:  And then after the noon hour?
494:  Good afternoon.
Interviewer:  And the what's uh oh say after six o clock?
494:  Good evening I guess.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  This this business of uh evening did you always say good afternoon?
494:  No. NO it was really good evening.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
494:  #1 A- after the noon hour we'd say good evening. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh {X} evening? #
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And {NW} when you leave somebody say at night you say well?
494:  Good night.
Interviewer:  Good night.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh if somebody comes {D: you said} you might say well it was nice to see you be sure to come?
494:  Again.
Interviewer:  Again? At Christmas what kind of greeting would you give Christmas morning?
494:  Merry Christmas.
Interviewer:  Merry Christmas?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear it as Christmas gift?
494:  uh-huh But that was it #
494:  #1 and on Christmas Eve it'd be Christmas {X}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh Um that's apparently all gone.
494:  Yeah I expect it is.
Interviewer:  mm and The morning of the first of January you'd say?
494:  #1 Happy New Year. #
Interviewer:  #2 New Year. # And as best you can try {D: to} as a child you would tell time you'd say this this the hour hand?
494:  uh-huh #1 The minute hand. #
Interviewer:  #2 The minute hand. # And this would be on what time?
494:  Fifteen minutes 'til eleven or quarter of eleven.
Interviewer:  Okay and this would be?
494:  Seven thirty.
Interviewer:  Seven thirty or?
494:  Half past seven.
Interviewer:  Half past. uh-huh And {NW} {NS} how do you refer to the sun uh in the morning and at night?
494:  It comes up and it sets.
Interviewer:  Uh well that is um.
494:  Sunrise but uh that's what #1 we know that but we we call it #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  the sun coming up.
Interviewer:  Ah so you get up before?
494:  The sun comes up.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
Auxiliary:  Before sun up.
Interviewer:  Before sun up?
494:  Sun up uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And you go to bed?
494:  Before sun down.
Interviewer:  Before sun down.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh {NS} uh how if something is going to happen on let's say tomorrow was the third suppose something had to happen on the tenth say well I think he'll this will happen Monday?
494:  Week.
Interviewer:  Monday week.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  uh-huh And uh {NW} is that uh
Auxiliary:  #1 did you use that when you were a child {X}? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And you say this uh last year we had a pretty good crop. We're not gonna do so well?
494:  This year.
Auxiliary:  Year.
Interviewer:  And {NS} the weather um if if the weather is um it's been fair say and you see some clouds rolling up you say I think the weather is?
494:  Oh changing
Auxiliary:  #1 The weather's changing uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And on the other hand if it's been stormy?
494:  #1 It fairing up. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # #1 Sure. #
494:  #2 Fairing up. #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And if the we-
494:  Clearing up {D: mi- might be} clearing up or fairing up.
Interviewer:  Which two uh?
494:  I don't know which we use most.
Auxiliary:  Fairing up.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Clearing off the weather's clearing off. That was the term we used.
Interviewer:  Clearing off.
494:  Clearing off.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm #1 A- uh either either one then sounds? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Okay and {NW} if the wind has been blowing hard and {D: stirred}?
494:  The wind is laying.
Interviewer:  Laying uh-huh.
494:  mm
Interviewer:  And on the other hand if the wind has been real still but it's?
494:  #1 It's get- wind's getting up. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  {D: getting up}
494:  mm
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh how bout different kinds of rain? uh
494:  Showers? That what you mean?
Interviewer:  Yes suppose uh just enough to settle the dust.
494:  Oh just a little sprinkle.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And are showers more gentle?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  What if you have a real heavy rain?
494:  Oh we had a the bottom fell out.
Interviewer:  Th- the bottom fell out? {C: laughter}
494:  Or a downpour.
Interviewer:  #1 Downpour? #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 I've heard some wonderful expressions for that #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 uh in #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  south Georgia they call that a a {X} not {X}.
494:  {C: they all laugh} a what?
Interviewer:  {x}
Auxiliary:  We call them frog stranglers.
494:  #1 Yeah frog stranglers. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And uh you ever hear of goose drowner?
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
494:  I don't believe I have.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  A lady explained to me that uh when she was a girl {NW} she one of the worst jobs she had was to round up the geese because in a heavy rain #1 they'll uh {X}. #
494:  #2 Aw. #
Interviewer:  heads up to let the water run off their back and they actually drown.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  So she uh she called it a goose drowner.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  What was it rained in Miss- I mean uh in Louisiana it rained uh?
494:  #1 Oh uh worms. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  mm
494:  Red worms. I actually saw that.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  My daughter lived in Mississippi uh I mean Louisiana. And it came a I mean a downpour.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And it didn't last long but streets flooded. And uh we went out and these little red wiggly worms were all over their driveway. And the sun had come out and they dried and stuck there we had to take the water hose and wash and sweep them off.
Interviewer:  They have to terrific rains there they really do.
494:  And it actually rained uh worms uh we we've heard the expression I guess raining fishes isn't that?
Interviewer:  {X} yeah yeah.
494:  It rained worms they came from somewhere.
Interviewer:  I think I'd rather be hit by a worm than a big {X}. {C: laughter} a lot of hail though.
Auxiliary:  Yeah
Interviewer:  Uh how bout um when ligh- when you have a lot of lightning and thunder it's called what?
494:  A thunderstorm.
Interviewer:  Storm.
494:  I think we used to call 'em coming up a thunderclap.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm {X}
494:  #1 mm-hmm yes #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And uh you have a cold and cloudy day in November what um?
494:  Oh it's just a dreary drizzly
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And
494:  day {NS}.
Interviewer:  If you got up in the morning and it's u- #1 and you feel a chill? #
494:  #2 Chilly. #
Interviewer:  Chilly?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Ever hear the word airish for that?
494:  Not around here I I've heard it uh.
Interviewer:  #1 But you've never used uh? #
494:  #2 huh-uh #
Interviewer:  And um different kinds uh the white stuff on the roads that makes it hard to drive. Would u- a- are sort of like clouds?
494:  Oh fog.
Auxiliary:  Fog.
494:  Fog uh-huh.
Interviewer:  You've always called it that?
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And {NW} if the moisture that's uh on the plants in the morning?
494:  Dew.
Interviewer:  And it freezes {X}?
494:  Frost.
Interviewer:  #1 um #
Auxiliary:  #2 Fog. #
Interviewer:  And uh when uh a little pond would freeze over what would you say that?
494:  Frozen froze over.
Interviewer:  uh-huh and was this would you call anything?
494:  If it was lightly we'd say it was a skim of ice.
Interviewer:  Skim of ice?
494:  Skim of ice.
Interviewer:  You ever hear that called mush ice?
494:  huh-uh
Interviewer:  Mush ice.
Auxiliary:  No I don't believe I have.
Interviewer:  And uh it's been dry a long time what uh {NW}?
494:  The drought.
Interviewer:  A drought? And uh as much as you can I'd like you to try to remember how you used to say it uh words common proper names for people uh for example mother of Jesus?
494:  Was Mary.
Interviewer:  And George Washington's wife?
494:  Martha.
Interviewer:  And the nickname for Helen that starts with a N um wait 'til the sun shines?
494:  Nelly.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And for a little boy named William?
494:  Bill.
Interviewer:  Or?
494:  Billy.
Interviewer:  Billy uh And
494:  You know I- I think I'm I'm saying it like I do now these words.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I think when I was a child growing up I'd say Billy.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Now I say Billy.
Interviewer:  mm
494:  I I make both L sounds
Interviewer:  mm-hmm I I guess and and Helen or or Nelly used to say Nelly. mm-hmm mm-hmm
494:  I- it's a different sound.
Interviewer:  It's a different uh way of {X} speaking {C: outside noise} I think we do start to uh no matter how we feel about this we start to imitate what we hear.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {X} all right there {D: that's uh}. And how bout the movie actor uh Gary?
494:  Well there's several of them Moore.
Interviewer:  Uh well n-
494:  Cooper Cooper.
Interviewer:  Yes. {X}
494:  I used to say hi- Cooper.
Interviewer:  uh
494:  But now I say Cooper.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  I don't know which is right.
Interviewer:  Where where did you keep the um {NW} where'd you keep the chickens?
494:  In in the coop.
Interviewer:  In the coop?
494:  mm-hmm In the coop.
Interviewer:  Which rhymes with Cooper.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh the wife of uh Abraham or um?
494:  Uh uh Sarah.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And {NW} so you have uh uncles by the name of William and John you'd call to them uncle?
494:  Uncle uncle John is that what you're talking about.
Interviewer:  Or uncle?
494:  Uncle Bill.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Uncle Will. And {NW} the uh commander of the uh confederate forces would be r-?
494:  Robert E Lee.
Interviewer:  And his title.
494:  Uh general.
Interviewer:  General {X}. And the old man who uh sells Kentucky fried chicken?
494:  Colonel.
Auxiliary:  Colonel Sanders.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and the uh man in charge of the ship?
494:  Captain.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and {NW} the man whose presides over the county court?
494:  The judge.
Interviewer:  Judge? {NW} Well because you are a lady I have uh not covered a lot of questions on farming animals and buildings and land and crops and things like that. I'll bet you can answer it.
494:  I bet I could too. {NW}
Interviewer:  The question is how uh how are you doing would you rather have me I would like very much to hear you have to say but if if but you're getting tired?
494:  Go ahead and ask 'em. {C: laughs} {X}
Interviewer:  Alright.
494:  I'll let him help me answer 'em.
Interviewer:  Fine. Okay. Well I'd like to start by asking you to describe the farm buildings and the farm in particular. When you were a child what uh kind of buildings uh that you had other than the house and uh where you kept things things like that?
494:  We had a barn. They had stables on each side for the horses and mules. And uh on one side on the other side it was a shed for our farm machinery such as the big wheat thrasher the big steam engine that we had.
Auxiliary:  The steam engine.
494:  And uh it had a hayloft and oh what fun it was to get up in that hayloft and play. And uh it had we had uh the hay fork with the pulleys that pull the we didn't know any such thing as baled hay then. The hay was brought in on the wagon loose and uh this big fork was let down and somehow somehow or another hooked that and then it by hand. They pulled it up or some I believe they finally got to where they hi- hitched a mule to it.
Interviewer:  mm
494:  And it would pull the hay up on a track. And take it across to this loft t- at a certain place where we wanted it dropped or papa wanted dropped and then they released that fork and that hay would fall down until they filled this hay loft up with loose hay.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And uh
Interviewer:  Uh I don't think I've heard about that fork uh how was it built uh?
494:  #1 {D: Well it was it was bout this long wasn't it Ezry.} #
Auxiliary:  #2 Well it was a long needle that we called 'em # #1 hay needles is what they called 'em? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # And you'd slip it down into this into a bunch of hay on the wagon. #1 And then the trigger would release and some #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  forks spread out.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And it would hold a big clump hay to go up.
Auxiliary:  {D: They had a} long rope that reached on up in back of the barn and had mules back here that would pull it. And then you'd you'd rip it up and then it would go in that.
494:  That's right the mules were on the other end and you'd have to holler I remember hollering uh they they'd holler when they'd get the fork ready for him to to go. And then there's a man out here at the other end of the barn they had the mules would let the mules uh-huh.
Interviewer:  {X} I see.
494:  And then I can remember wheat thrashing time.
Interviewer:  U- uh let's start right from the beginning and uh uh tell me how y- they'd harvest the wheat and what they'd do with it uh.
494:  Well oh we had I- I don't remember exactly the machine that cut the wheat down. But we had a thing that would tie into shocks and then it was a binder that's right. I'd get the binder cut it down and shocked it I mean cut it in shocks too and would just throw it out.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  It would cut it.
Auxiliary:  And shock it and tie it.
494:  And tie it into sheaves and throw it out. And it was our job as children well I think we had some hired help too to go along then and take these sheaves and stack them up into a a bunch. We had littled bunches all over the field.
Interviewer:  Is that what you a hay bunch?
494:  A hay a hay b- bunch I guess.
Auxiliary:  Then they come along way and pick it up and haul it to the wheat thrasher.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Uh those those um?
494:  Shocks of wheat there's called hay sh- wheat shocks I guess.
Interviewer:  Shocks uh-huh.
494:  And uh then this wagon when they get get it all cut and ready to start thrashing the wagon'd come along and they'd put these sheaves up on there and haul it to the one spot see this the combine now goes all over the field.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  But this hay thrasher with the steam engine that pulled it would be set in one spot. And then the wagons would have to haul the wheat there and put in this thrasher. And it would separate the wheat and there had to be a bagger there that would catch the wheat and you know in the bags.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And sew up the top and then the straw would be blown out of the big uh pipe of a thing and we had what we called straw stack.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  Course I remember more about th- the fun in the straw stack than I do the. #1 Working the field. #
Interviewer:  #2 the steam engine. #
494:  Oh I was scared to death of that steam engine.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh the uh in many areas they still show those engines uh do they around?
494:  #1 We have one at the Obion county fairground. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 {D: Yeah it stays there all the time}. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  uh-huh But uh
Auxiliary:  They they start that thing during the fair and let it run out there.
494:  I don't I don't whatever happened to my dad's old steam engine and ol' wheat thrasher.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I don't know what happened to it.
Interviewer:  Uh w- how big was the sack um?
494:  Oh they'd be huge stacks.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 Straw stacks. #
Auxiliary:  Thrasher great big field {X} straw stack.
Interviewer:  And would the straw stacks stay there and uh?
494:  Well our people used them you know to make straw beds and what else did we use them for? I- it didn't have much of use the cow didn't eat it did it?
Auxiliary:  No they no back back then they didn't of course they bale it now and feed it to cattle.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm I was wondering whether
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  {NW} whether uh you ever hear anybody put uh posts up like a slant or a kind of a slanted post roof and then cover that with straw?
494:  Oh I never did.
Interviewer:  Called a hay rick or?
Auxiliary:  We used to stack hay in the hay in the field set a pole in the ground and start in at the bottom way around and keep going up and finally just get.
494:  Oh I know what you mean now.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Th- putting this pole down and stacking this hay all around yes. #1 We did that. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Now what was that uh was that a?
494:  That's that was called a haystack.
Interviewer:  #1 Haystack. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Haystack. #
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {X} uh-huh
Interviewer:  And {NW} the the straw stack was just built up and the animals didn't stay around it or?
Auxiliary:  I don't know what {D: now}.
494:  #1 I just can't remember what had happened to that the straw stack. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  Well I've stacked a lot of hay myself. We used to stack my daddy used to stack {X} of wheat. We didn't have no bale we'd stack all of our hay in the field.
494:  Something had to happen didn't it because every year we'd have a new straw stack.
Interviewer:  uh I seem to remember uh animals course this was in Ohio where it's probably gets colder than it does here the animals.
494:  I do yeah I remember that too.
Interviewer:  And they they would work around it.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Until they'd have a kind of shelter.
494:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  #1 Yeah they'd start in at the bottom and #
494:  #2 I remember that. #
Auxiliary:  maybe this other would slide down the pole they'd #1 I've seen one out here we'd have #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm a regular shed {X}.
494:  Well then now I'd go on and on about the buildings {D: we had what we call the gair room it was a little} building off out in the barn little piece where the harness was kept. And then we had what was called the wagon shed
Interviewer:  mm
494:  put the wagon under there. And then we had what was called the cow shed that's where we brought the cows in to milk them.
Interviewer:  Is that where you milked them?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Did you ever milk 'em outside?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And what was that called?
494:  Well we just milked them out in the open. Uh they were gentle #1 we didn't have to hem 'em up anywhere. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # the cow?
494:  Cow lot.
Interviewer:  Cow lot?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 Did you ever hear that called a milk gap or milk lot? #
494:  U- I've h- I've heard uh no I've heard it called the cow gap something about the gap go let the cow gap down or something.
Interviewer:  Is that right.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh Well then that must that sounds like more like a ga- a gate doesn't it?
494:  Uh-huh I think it was used more as a gate.
Interviewer:  Uh huh rather than actually a lot?
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  I see. And did you where'd you keep the corn?
494:  In the corn crib. That was part of the barn.
Interviewer:  And the uh {NW} the wheat w- was the grain?
Auxiliary:  {D: I think we'd} sell the wheat {X}.
494:  #1 Uh-huh it was put inside and uh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  we mighta kept a little bit but I think it was mostly sold.
Interviewer:  Did uh people have anything called a granary or #1 gr-? #
494:  #2 uh-huh # #1 Uh #
Interviewer:  #2 Was that like uh? #
494:  Well it wasn't like it w- it was kindly on the order of the storage bins we have today.
Auxiliary:  Yeah you just place it at the barns to keep uh wheat and stuff that you wanted to keep or uh corn.
494:  And it was usually lined with tin wasn't it where it would be rat proof.
Interviewer:  But it was it was not a separate building it was #1 {D: in the barn}? #
494:  #2 Well now some of them were. #
Interviewer:  mm
494:  Some of them were separate buildings.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And how?
494:  I think my granddaddy had one called ol' granary.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  That's what they called that old
494:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  #1 house out here you know that's what they called it. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #1 The old granary, yeah. #
Interviewer:  #2 Is that right. # And uh you called it the cow shed? And how bout uh where you kept the {NW} where you kept th- well the area around the barn was that uh?
494:  That was the lot.
Interviewer:  That's the #1 lot? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And the place where the cattle would graze?
494:  Pasture.
Interviewer:  uh-huh What uh did you use the word f- wh- what do you mean when you say meadow um is that the same as a pasture?
494:  Well yes it is but we never did use the word much.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Now uh I well I remember us using the word hay meadow.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  That would be the field of hay that was being grown to be cut to make hay we called that the hay meadow.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  #1 You didn't let the cattle run on that. #
494:  #2 mm #
Auxiliary:  You used that for hay.
Interviewer:  I see {X}. {NW} And {NW} how bout where the hogs were um?
494:  Well we call that the hog lot.
Interviewer:  The hog lot? And when you?
494:  Or the hog pen. #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # #1 keep them penned up? #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  Uh and wh- was what uh did you call the time of day when when you would feed the u- various animals uh?
494:  Oh we'd say milking time or or feedi- feeding time.
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  #1 Feeding time {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: uh-huh} # do you ever call that chore time or?
494:  Not too much.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh {NW}.
494:  That was too fancy a name I guess.
Interviewer:  #1 Too fancy is that right? #
494:  #2 {D: Yes} # It's time to do the chores I we just called it
Interviewer:  #1 it's time to do up the night work. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # uh-huh
494:  #1 Do up the night work that's it. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {D: We'd bring in the wood and pump the water} {C: rattling noise}
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  then feeding and milking.
Interviewer:  The uh what are what are the different terms you used uh regarding the two hogs uh what would be the the male the female the little ones the?
494:  The male was the boar and the female was a sow and the li- little ones are little pigs.
Interviewer:  #1 Okay little pigs how bout the word shoat um? #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} # Shoat we used that too.
Auxiliary:  {D: uh-huh} shoats and pigs was a little different pigs smaller than shoats. #1 The uh #
494:  #2 shoats would be {D: up a certain}. #
Auxiliary:  Finally they called them shoats uh.
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # How bout the barrow what uh?
494:  Well I've heard that too we
Auxiliary:  That was a that was a um male hog. #1 Named after male hogs barrow. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # I believe we called it the barrow #1 before boar came into existence #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah #
494:  that was what it's called back
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  then.
Interviewer:  Um when a a boar um was altered #1 was? #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # Then he's a barrow.
Interviewer:  Then he's a barrow.
494:  #1 Is that right well. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh And what term did you use uh it was altered the term that you used? {C: general stuttering from everyone} And uh did you ever remember wild hogs at all?
494:  I don't think I did.
Auxiliary:  No.
494:  Did you?
Auxiliary:  Not um.
494:  #1 Don't think we had. #
Auxiliary:  #2 I don't know #
494:  Now we've had some pretty wild ones #1 {C: laughs}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 And they came out of Mississippi a lot of them did {C: laughs}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And what do you call those?
494:  Tushes.
Interviewer:  {X} {X} You mentioned the hair scraping the hair off the hog's back when you butchered. Uh is the hair same have you ever use the word bristle?
494:  mm-hmm mm-hmm They it was more common to use hair than the hog hair.
Interviewer:  mm
Auxiliary:  Uh the bristles near the hog uh now they'd get mad and their hair right there on top of their neck here would stand up. We call that their bristles.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 #
494:  #1 He sure is bristled up look at he's mad he's bristled up. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  Did you ever keep any sheep?
494:  No I don't believe we did.
Auxiliary:  We never had any sheep.
Interviewer:  uh #1 Did people? #
Auxiliary:  #2 goats once #
Interviewer:  I see. Did people uh around here use um use sheep?
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # They did?
494:  Now I think I've heard my dad talk about sheep #1 but it was before my time I think they kept some but. #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} {NW} # Did they grow 'em to #1 kill or to? #
494:  #2 Or just # sell the wool I've they've had sheep shearings and
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  and don't think he ever grew #1 too many. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} sheep. I mean keep sheep {X}.
494:  I don't know too much about sheep.
Interviewer:  Uh th- the male and the female would be a?
494:  The yew and um ram.
Auxiliary:  Ram.
Interviewer:  And {NW} and with cattle what do you call the male?
Auxiliary:  The bull.
494:  The bull.
Interviewer:  Bull?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And {D: now} what about the male of the horse #1 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 stud. #
Interviewer:  Stud?
Auxiliary:  mm
Interviewer:  What would you what do you #1 remember? #
494:  #2 Yeah. # #1 that's it stud mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And uh {NW} a female?
494:  The mare.
Interviewer:  #1 The mare? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Um were you ever reluctant as a boy talk about uh boar or stud or bull around women?
Auxiliary:  Yeah we wouldn't ever do it there when I was a kid
494:  #1 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # talking around menfolk but you'd never hear it you didn't talk around women
Interviewer:  mm-hmm uh growing up on a farm you must have heard it though.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  Yeah I've heard it.
Interviewer:  But uh #1 did you hear {X}? #
494:  #2 {X} # I heard it accidentally because it certainly wasn't talked in front of me. #1 I guess some {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  be talked i- in front of children.
Interviewer:  And how bout older women when you grew up was it uh?
494:  Well {D: they} wouldn't talk too much #1 {D: No} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # how would the differences be made?
494:  Uh we'd talk about the mail hog or the.
Auxiliary:  {X} #1 {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #1 Uh-huh that's interesting isn't it uh #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  cause people have no
494:  It seemed to have some vulgarity attached to it or something that just wasn't #1 nice to talk about. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 just wasn't nice back then I guess #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Auxiliary:  #1 what you'd call {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  #1 {D: they wouldn't talk about their um} #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  That's um That's a big change {X}.
494:  Uh it certainly has been a big change.
Interviewer:  How bout different kinds of dogs you remember um?
494:  Oh we had collie dogs mostly.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Or or
Interviewer:  Do you remember uh uh calling little little dogs very noisy and?
494:  #1 Oh little fox terrier that the one you talking about? #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # Did you ever call him a feist or #1 {D: feis?} #
494:  #2 Yes # uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Which which one?
494:  Feist little feist dogs.
Interviewer:  uh-huh and a dog that has a lot of different um um breeds any?
494:  He was just plain old cur dog.
Interviewer:  Cur dog?
494:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  And uh if uh how would you call to the dog to get him to attack another dog or something?
494:  Sic 'em.
Interviewer:  #1 Sic 'em and how would you #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  call him off?
494:  Oh well how did we call him off? uh I don't know #1 {C: laughs}? #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # And how about uh I forgot to ask you this {NW} if a if a cow uh is gonna have a calf how would you refer to that? {NW}
494:  find a calf. yeah.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 find a calf #
494:  #2 That # #1 cow's going to find a calf. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # going to find a calf.
Interviewer:  I see. And uh that's pretty delicate too #1 {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh Yes. #
Interviewer:  Not direct at all. {NW} And if you get back to dogs for a minute. {NW} Suppose somebody uh walked by and you had a big watch dog and you'd call after him and say you better not come up here or you'll get?
Auxiliary:  Bit.
Interviewer:  I used to say dog bit.
494:  #1 Mm-hmm dog bit. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh And {NW} if you were mad at a dog you might pick up a rock and what?
494:  Throw it at him.
Interviewer:  Or did you ever say chunk?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  You'd chunk a rock at it?
494:  Chunk a rock at him.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And how did you used to call uh different kinds of animals uh call 'em in?
494:  soo cow, soo cow
Interviewer:  #1 Alright. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} # {D: was} calling the cows in mm-hmm yell whoopee.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  piggy piggy woo piggy
Interviewer:  And uh how would you get uh horses to come?
494:  Oh you kinda neigh would you uh uh?
Interviewer:  For mules?
494:  {X} {C: laughs}
Auxiliary:  ah you just most call had them a name and you can call 'em by the name
494:  #1 Call come here come here #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  Sam or come here.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  Gray or something and they
Interviewer:  And that was true of mules?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  uh And how bout chickens um?
494:  Chicken chick chick chick chick chicken.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm You ever hear anybody call sheep?
Auxiliary:  u- uh
494:  #1 {NW} {D: I've} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  #1 not been too familiar with sheep uh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  I {D: had to call two sheep}.
Interviewer:  {X} sheep?
494:  {X} sheep {X} sheep. #1 {X} sheep #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  {X} a boy little {D: thing} down here. Few years ago and he'd he'd {X} sheep. So uh {D: he was up at our store one day and it was raining so} {X}. I want you to tell me how you call the sheeps. He said that's a sheep {X} sheep uh secret {C: they laugh}.
494:  Sheep secret {C: they laugh} {X} sheep #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
Auxiliary:  That's a sheep sec-.
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 {D: secret sheep} # U- uh he never did say how {D: he} #1 called them in. #
Interviewer:  #2 {C: laughs} # Speaking about other uh how about uh what noises do them the animals make uh for example when a calf lost its uh lost its mother what?
494:  maah
Interviewer:  uh-huh What about how do you describe that um?
494:  Well it's kind of a little baby moo.
Auxiliary:  #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Uh-huh and a cow that uh is um well it's you know missing its calf?
494:  She moos. It's doing something I don't know what it is {NS}
Interviewer:  {D: I told you this}. {D: Sometimes it} Cranky I don't know what's causing that.
494:  #1 That's alright. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Uh {NW} you ever {X}?
494:  D- I- no we've never.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  #1 Never said {D: that}. #
Interviewer:  #2 How bout that uh # soft snuffling noise that a horse makes when he's waiting to be fed uh?
494:  Nickering.
Interviewer:  #1 Nickering? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And {NW} Did you have uh your own horse that you could ride?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And you have a harness for him?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Anything else that you can tell me about that um different parts if you recall?
494:  Well we had the reins that you held to guide him and we had the saddle the stirrups that you got up on him with and and they had to learn how to fasten that belly band underneath there and
Interviewer:  Uh would you girdle?
494:  #1 Yeah I guess so. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh # Would you um {X}?
494:  Put the bits in his mouth.
Interviewer:  #1 Uh-huh #
494:  #2 {C: chuckles} #
Interviewer:  Before I go to horses and buggies I wanted to ask you wha- did you ever have any oxen around? Do you remember?
494:  huh-uh
Interviewer:  {NW} And how bout uh two mules and two horses on a plow?
Auxiliary:  mm
Interviewer:  Would you say I I'm gonna I've got a
494:  Team team of horses.
Interviewer:  Team of horses or a
Auxiliary:  team of m-?
494:  #1 Yoke of yoke of oxens uh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did you ever talk about a pair of #1 mules? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # #1 Pair of mules. #
Interviewer:  #2 m #
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Would you say it was more often said a team of horses and a pair of mules or?
494:  #1 {NW} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  I believe so. Team of horses and pair of mules I believe was the way it was expressed more than.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm {D: oh} {NW} Would you would {D: give me} a better idea how you would you say hitch up or uh harness up or ho- how would you
494:  #1 Hitch up I believe is what we always said. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X}? # And um when you were driving a say a horses for a buggy you hold a what?
494:  The reins.
Interviewer:  The reins and uh y- use what {X}
494:  #1 The the whip {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And you?
Auxiliary:  Buggy whip.
Interviewer:  Oh so then uh
494:  Yea and nay.
Interviewer:  A- a- and
494:  Giddy up.
Auxiliary:  Giddy up.
Interviewer:  To stop him?
494:  Whoa.
Interviewer:  And the parts of a um of a buggy?
494:  The sash.
Interviewer:  Th- that goes on either #1 side of the #
494:  #2 mm #
Interviewer:  the horse? But uh on a wagon you'd have a?
494:  The tongue.
Interviewer:  Tongue uh-huh And uh the harness uh would be come back in the {X} back in the it would be hooked up to a?
494:  To a doubletree or singletree or or
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  mm whichever was {X}.
Interviewer:  And uh do you remember the different parts of a of a wagon wheel or wagon wheels put together?
494:  #1 Had the hub and the spoke and the #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  rim.
Auxiliary:  felloes and the rim.
Interviewer:  #1 Uh what's the word uh? #
Auxiliary:  #2 felloes #
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  That's what {X}. #1 {X} #
494:  #2 What's the felloes, is that? #
Auxiliary:  felloes is uh what uh goes around that the spoke stick end
Interviewer:  #1 And if it {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
Interviewer:  Alright but how does it the bottom #1 D: spoke would go up to the felloe? #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm-hmm that's right. #
494:  #1 And then the iron rim around that. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # the rim.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And how would you keep uh the uh wheel from squeaking {NS}?
494:  Well you had to soak it in water.
Interviewer:  mm
494:  #1 But #
Auxiliary:  #2 {D: oil} #
494:  you mean when?
Interviewer:  Yes as the as the wheel would
494:  #1 Oh yeah you sor- you had to {D: rinse that} axle. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 I thought you meant on this rim when it #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh #
494:  #1 when it when it #
Auxiliary:  #2 No. # Black axle grease.
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  uh
494:  Axle grease.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And {D: they used it say} The way it's squeaking you'd better, better what?
494:  You'd better grease that axle.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  a lotta time in the summer time if your wagon had dry out the wheel wood and you would have to Th- th- the tire would get loose on 'em. You'd have to take 'em to a blacksmith and he would uh uh shrink 'em what you call shrinking the tire. He'd heat it and he had a thing to put in it to draw it up. And then he'd heat it and put it back on that put it back on that wheel make it tight again.
Interviewer:  I see. I've heard also that uh they might soak the wheel.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # They do a lotta times
494:  #1 That's that's what I was thinking about #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 going to the creek {D: and leave it in there} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # If they got too loose you have to take 'em and have 'em
Interviewer:  #1 And uh would #
Auxiliary:  #2 and have 'em shrunk have the tire shrunk. #
Interviewer:  #1 the tire come come back over like this? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #1 You may could put it on the tire. #
494:  #2 {D: Right} #
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  He knows little more bout bout blacksmithing because there was a blacksmith shop right #1 across the road in front of the store. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 I see see. #
Auxiliary:  #2 store {X} # #1 {D: and when} I got #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #1 big enough I worked in there I helped him there right smart. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  He had a grist mill in there he'd grind corn.
494:  I bet that's a a word he used to uh expression he used just now. Do you ever hear that I helped him right smart?
Interviewer:  #1 Yes. #
494:  #2 {C: 494 laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 That's one of the most interesting ones. #
494:  #2 {C: 494 laughs} #
Interviewer:  Yeah that's used uh in some places uh he has a or they're right smart of cotton #1 this year #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #1 mm-hmm #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And uh um if I if I could ask you an- any other ways that that's used comes to mind uh I haven't
494:  #1 Well. #
Interviewer:  #2 heard that # Um very often but a right smart of
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  #1 cr- crop? #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  um but u-
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  #1 Right smart of time. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} #1 the farmers they got a right smart of crops #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  I feel like a right smart being through planting.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm mm-hmm
494:  Yes that's another way to express it.
Interviewer:  I didn't I don't realize.
494:  I I like r- right smart being through planting.
Auxiliary:  Oh uh-huh
Interviewer:  Another thing I uh {NW} I'm glad to see is still it's still used a lot. {D: How somebody wants to um} something {X} he's got a big piece of furniture and it's in the way and {X} I sure like to to get? Do you know this?
494:  Get rid of that.
Interviewer:  Uh no I hear it again and again I'd like to get shut of that.
494:  #1 Oh yeah get shut of that that's right. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  #1 Yes that's a term that's been used I'd like to get shut of that. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Um would you uh how would you would you describe uses black axle grease get it all over your hands and your Mother would say oh look your hands are all?
494:  Oh greasy.
Interviewer:  #1 Just uh just greasy? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And {NW} if you took a load of wood to town or a load of anything into town how would you say that?
494:  R- r- {D: rank of wood} is that what y- get in terms of I'm hauling a rank of wood.
Interviewer:  uh-huh um
494:  I think rank was used more than cord.
Interviewer:  Would that be uh about the same?
494:  Oh would it?
Auxiliary:  Uh there's a little difference a cord of wood and a rank of wood.
494:  But most people expressed #1 it in rank of wood didn't. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # uh most of what they cut ranks of wood and they'd cut cords of uh of uh well I don't know. {X} um {X}
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And I've I've heard the expression quite a bit. Bonnie it's your job to get out yonder and #1 rank up that store wood. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} # {C: laughs} Rank it up.
494:  Rank it up.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm uh
494:  My dad would set the posts to the end down here. And then it was my job and my sister's to get out there and rank that up in a right nice little rank. from post to post in here.
Interviewer:  Uh that would be uh less than a cord or more or?
Auxiliary:  Rank as a of any kind of wood is four foot high and eight foot long is a rank. And a quarter wood is a is four foot and eight foot but it's four foot long.
494:  But the cord is
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  see the rank the wood's about this long. And a cord it would be about this long.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  Uh that's that's a weird thing uh for in my childhood a cord of wood is four by eight but uh but the cord was in fact it was um called cord wood.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  #1 {D: But uh} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # well we well we call cord wood a four foot length {X} four foot long wood.
Interviewer:  #1 And that would be used to fire boilers or something like that #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm-hmm {X} # mm-hmm but it's still eight foot eight foot long and four foot high {X} four fif- a rank of wood would be like sixteen inch wood or eighteen inch wood like a stove. #1 {X}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Another interesting difference. Uh do you remember your the first car you got?
494:  Oh yes.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  uh-huh And uh
494:  It was a T model.
Interviewer:  T model.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Did you call it a car or machine?
494:  Car.
Interviewer:  Car. And uh what do you call the the rubber thing that went inside the tire?
494:  The inner tube.
Interviewer:  Inner tube. And uh you remember any about the oil gas uh where'd you get it and?
494:  {C: laughs} I w- we had we had a filling station but it wasn't called service station called filling station.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And uh now where did the gas go in #1 I can't remember {C: laughs}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Under the seat. #
494:  Yes it was under the seat.
Interviewer:  The seat?
494:  #1 You had to get out of the car and raise up the seat #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  and the {D: cap} was under the seat.
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And how bout uh do you remember any about getting it greased or uh?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  Anything?
494:  #1 No I don't hmm-mm #
Interviewer:  #2 changing the? #
494:  #1 I he he does because he grew up with a car I think. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # you you check the oil place under the {X} on the bottom where we had a good long we had a good long rod bout that long that you'd kneel down and turn them {X} you'd turn and the oil dripped out of it well you had plenty of oil in it.
Interviewer:  Oh I see.
Auxiliary:  And you'd turn it back off and
Interviewer:  #1 I see #
Auxiliary:  #2 where you checked the oil level. #
Interviewer:  uh-huh how much {X}
494:  Another place you'd buy gas {D: now they} had a gas tank gas pump #1 at their store. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {D: Yeah} # My daddy always had a
494:  All the little country stores had
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  #1 gas tanks at their store. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # {X}
Interviewer:  I remember that uh that it was a kind of that glass.
494:  #1 Mm had glass up there that's right. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  That's right.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  Thisaway
Interviewer:  #1 {D: why's the gas}? #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} # {D: we don't know}
494:  If you want if if somebody'd roll up that wanted five gallons of gas. He had to pump it 'til reached five up there on that gauge and then he stopped pumping and then #1 let that much out of the {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  uh-huh uh-huh Uh different kinds of roads um do you have dirt roads?
494:  #1 Dirt roads. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} Back then dirt road. #
494:  And mud in the winter time that mud'll get knee deep.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And From dirt you went to?
494:  Gravel.
Interviewer:  And gravel to?
494:  #1 To well a blacktop. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Blacktop. #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Course we still got gravel and blacktop around here.
Interviewer:  Uh how bout uh roads {NW} do you ever have uh In fact I think fifty-one probably was uh how did they describe its uh concreted?
494:  Oh. Now I remember seventy-eight that comes from {C: name of a town} up to u- up to {C: name of a town} that was concrete. When they they I remember. We lived over there right on the highway the two years we lived in {C: name of a town} and they poured that by sections.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Concrete.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And they blacktopped it over or?
494:  O- oh #1 I believe #
Auxiliary:  #2 I think {X} blacktop. #
494:  #1 I believe it is. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # May still be concrete. I don't know whether it is or not.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh when you get stuck in the mud uh h- how'd you get out?
494:  Well you {C: laughs} you had to be pulled out.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} a pair of mules to pull you out. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  Oh.
494:  And sometimes the mud is so deep the mules couldn't pull you out you just had to sit there {C: laughs}.
Interviewer:  I heard you were?
494:  and wait out.
Interviewer:  Have to up help the mules
494:  Pushed uh-huh.
Interviewer:  get out and
494:  #1 Had to push. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
Interviewer:  uh-huh And {NW} here's a question m- more for a man I suppose but let me ask. Do you remember um u- uh having anything to put logs in to saw?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  #1 Wh- what did you put? #
494:  #2 A rick. #
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and how bout the A frame that carpenters would use put two of 'em?
494:  That's a horse.
Interviewer:  uh-huh Um you've been around uh
494:  #1 I've been around a good bit. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  sawhorses. {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  {D: Lot of horses}. {NW} And uh u- what about uh {NS} uh somebody a carpenter who might uh you know really didn't do a lot of work whether he can do it or not {X} he sure is a what?
494:  Oh. J- a jackleg or?
Auxiliary:  Probably. {X} a jackleg carpenter?
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear that applied to #1 preachers or lawyers? #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah. #
494:  I think so uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Wh- what does that mean I mean how i- i-? How's insulting?
494:  Well it just well I I guess it is it I don't know whether you'd be insulted or.
Interviewer:  It is kind of humorous.
494:  Yeah kind of humorous.
Interviewer:  If it was made about a said about a preacher? What that'd be uh?
494:  Well he's just not much of a preacher.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm {X} #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh # {X} {X}
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  #1 not trained that's right not mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And uh did your father use a straight razor or?
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  How would he sharpen it?
494:  Oh a hone and a leather strop.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh #
494:  #1 leather strop not a leather strap the leather strop. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 And uh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
494:  #1 And I I know a little bit #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
494:  #1 more about that leather strop too. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} # #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: I see} # For reasons other than
494:  {C: they all laugh}
Interviewer:  And how bout the h- how did he lather up?
494:  With a brush and a uh bar soap and {X}.
Interviewer:  uh-huh uh-huh And {NW} to sharpen uh knives in the kitchen what would you use?
494:  A whet rock.
Interviewer:  A rock? And
494:  O- sometimes just a a stone or you know.
Interviewer:  Well would th- what would you say whet rock or whet stone?
494:  mm-hmm I guess so.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And how bout uh something bigger for?
494:  Uh emery uh
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  uh-huh emery wheel.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  #1 Grindstone. Grind rock. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 That's it. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # Do do you happen to remember whether he said a rock or stone more?
494:  Grindstone I believe wasn't it?
Auxiliary:  You had grindstone what the old ones were yeah they got emery wheels now because out.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  But he wanted to know was it grindstone or grind rock?
Auxiliary:  Well {X} This old fella that run this blacksmith's shop he called them grind rock.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh grind rock.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  I believe that's what it was too grind #1 rock. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh # #1 the same {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: use} whet rock #
494:  #1 Whet rock. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} sharp you {X} sharpen one {X} {X}
Interviewer:  #1 O- oh I see {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 used to play the {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm #
Interviewer:  And how bout um little thing with wheels there was one wheel and handles?
494:  Wheelbarrow.
Auxiliary:  Wheelbarrows.
494:  #1 Wheelbarrow. #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: Oh} # Uh-huh
494:  Wasn't a barrow it was a wheelbarrow.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And the things that you put in revolvers you might say bullets or?
494:  #1 Uh {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 Shells. #
494:  Uh-huh
Interviewer:  {X} bullets um?
494:  Yeah I see what you mean now. Cartridge wasn't it? #1 What we said #
Auxiliary:  #2 {D: well} #
494:  I think that we called it bullets.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  Bullets and shells.
Auxiliary:  {X} two cartridges and and we poured it into a shotgun it'd be shotgun shells.
Interviewer:  mm
494:  mm-hmm.
Auxiliary:  There's only twenty-two cartridges for a twenty-two you know?
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And {NW} A uh you remember any homemade tools to pound nails with um with do any pounding with uh sometimes made out of wood?
494:  Oh uh well seems like I do but I don't know what they were called.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  A mallet.
Interviewer:  #1 A mallet? #
494:  #2 A mallet # that's what it was.
Interviewer:  And {NW} how big was the was the end uh?
494:  Well different sizes for different jobs if you wanted to pound a a stake in out in the ground you'd have a big mallet.
Interviewer:  #1 Uh they {X}? #
494:  #2 Uh-huh. #
Auxiliary:  Uh-huh
Interviewer:  If you ever h- how when was it that you remember a sledge uh but then you {D: had} In other words when you were young you used wooden mallets {X} stakes in?
494:  Oh well I I think we had sledges when I was a girl growing up too iro- you know the iron.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  But I do remember something about the wooden mallets.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh hey {NW} can you remember about uh hammers in general?
494:  #1 No just just hammers #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: ham-} #
494:  #1 {C: laughs} claw hammers and ball pa- ball peen hammers. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 Ball peen hammers. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh # And how bout the fences that uh were built {X}?
494:  they were um rail fences
Interviewer:  mm-hmm mm-kay
494:  We used to have some of them.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear of 'em called worm
494:  huh-uh
Interviewer:  fences?
494:  mm-mm
Interviewer:  And how bout uh did you use any uh rock or stone here for fences?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  And when was the first wire that you remember?
494:  Well I u- {NW} {X} we had rail fences and wire fences
Auxiliary:  Both.
494:  both.
Interviewer:  #1 mm-hmm #
494:  #2 At the # same time when I was a girl.
Interviewer:  {D: wire} um
494:  Well it was the #1 wire {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} wire. #
494:  wire like we got today.
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  And then barbed wire across the top of that on the post.
Interviewer:  Did you uh what kind of a fence would you put around the garden?
494:  Well it was a higher fence it was a six foot wire.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  #1 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh # Keep the chickens out.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  uh-huh Did you have any wooden fences maybe around the yard or that uh {X}?
494:  Yes I I know what you're talking bout now we'd I don't think we had any of those now we had a little uh I- I remember a little picket fence somewhere. I don't know where it was but I I remember a picket fence in my life somewhere.
Interviewer:  uh-huh So {NW} if you do remember it as a #1 picket fence rather than #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #1 a pailing fence? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {X} uh
Interviewer:  Some
494:  Well I've heard it was called pailing fence too.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Mississippi they {D: center} #1 to call 'em {D: palings} uh-huh #
494:  #2 palings uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  always.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And {NW} they fact somebody told me an interesting thing they they would cut the wedge into slices and then so the chickens couldn't uh fly out
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  their footing.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  #1 Uh I don't know that that's the case here. #
494:  #2 Well it m- # It probably is.
Interviewer:  Some {X}.
494:  Seem to me like we had a pailing fence around our chicken yard I believe that's what it was.
Interviewer:  And you did you you {D: have to remember these uh} paling or picket?
494:  Pailing.
Interviewer:  #1 uh-huh #
494:  #2 {D: That} was paling. #
Interviewer:  mm
494:  The picket was all was considered old white fence like around a fire garden or something.
Auxiliary:  Oh it's much smaller.
494:  Much smaller.
Interviewer:  I see. And uh {NW} different kinds of lands now uh do you remember #1 clearing {D: have you ever had} #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #1 clearing land? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # Call new ground.
Interviewer:  New ground? And how would uh suppose it was bottomland what would that be?
494:  That'd be swamp land.
Interviewer:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 #
Interviewer:  How would they get the water off uh?
494:  Drain it dredge ditch.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And the difference between a swamp and a marsh?
494:  Oh marsh is where uh I don't know didn't vegetation or I don't know.
Interviewer:  Uh one interesting thing that I've been told is that the swamp is a big area but then the marsh might be a s-?
494:  #1 Small area that's right. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # #1 field that's uh marshy. #
494:  #2 uh-huh # Marsh uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Yeah it it doesn't stand water all the time.
494:  That's right.
Auxiliary:  Yeah {D: it doesn't}.
494:  That's ri- uh-huh.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh {NW} the ground of it is exceptionally rich you'd say well that's uh that's very?
494:  humus #1 soil. #
Interviewer:  #2 mm # And uh {D: if you use it as fertile} fertile or?
494:  Mm-hmm fertile uh-huh.
Auxiliary:  Fertile.
494:  That ground is fertile.
Interviewer:  And yo- would you say {X} would you remember saying fertile or fertile?
494:  Fertile.
Interviewer:  #1 Fertile always? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # I've never heard fertile.
Interviewer:  And uh {NW} different kind of land you know what is buckshot land?
Auxiliary:  Uh we have that uh.
494:  That's something won't grow anything isn't it #1 white land. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # ground looks like {X}.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Little white u- uh different colors of grains of sand or? #1 Is it sandy or more clay? #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # it's uh some of it's got sand in it we've got some by uh {X}. This uh {D: muck} yard and it's white
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  clay and I.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm How bout a gumbo gumbo land?
494:  I don't know what that is.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} we don't have {X}. #
494:  #2 {X} we don't have any here #
Interviewer:  {X} would you explain that on uh
494:  #1 It's a heavy black uh. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 But it's real red if you put {X}. #
Interviewer:  #2 Is it {X} #
Auxiliary:  {X} gumbo when it's wet. You can {X} it can be covered with water. And there's water going down {X} you got {X} when it's wet or you won't {X} #1 {X} #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Is that gumbo land?
Auxiliary:  uh-uh you got to {X}.
Interviewer:  Uh that must be between the hills and the river {X}.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 mm-hmm over in Lake county. #
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm {X} lotta gumbo.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh {X} what is that you ever use that?
494:  Well that's a good soil soil isn't it?
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm {X} good soil.
Interviewer:  uh-huh #1 {X} soil and
 {X} #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Would you call gumbo?
Auxiliary:  There's different {X}.
Interviewer:  {D: I s-}?
Auxiliary:  Two or three different kinds of {X} .
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh {NW} when you plow did you ever plow?
494:  No but I know what that is. {NW}
Interviewer:  uh Y- when you first uh what's the difference between plowing and breaking the ground is that the same?
494:  Well when you break the ground you're turning the soil over.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  For and turning the top to the bottom. And and that's called breaking the ground. And plowing is after your crop gets up and you plow through it am I right?
Auxiliary:  Uh I don't know.
494:  Cultivate it.
Interviewer:  Alright.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh
Auxiliary:  {X} they don't do that much now.
494:  But you use a plow to break the ground.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm I see and when you when you break the ground do you turn over?
Auxiliary:  #1 you turn it over {X} under. #
494:  #2 The side. #
Interviewer:  The s- side and and how was your your you're making what?
494:  mm furrows.
Interviewer:  Furrow?
494:  #1 Furrows. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah. #
Interviewer:  uh-huh And {NW} after or while you're plowing would you have two horses and uh a left handed plow what do you call the horse over here?
494:  {NW}
Interviewer:  What do you {D: call}?
494:  #1 Okay you {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  #1 A lead horse and a {D: off} horse. #
Interviewer:  #2 Yes. # Uh the lead and the {D: off} #1 The lead is on the left. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  That's right.
Interviewer:  Uh and the {D: off}
Auxiliary:  The lead's on the left.
Interviewer:  Uh and then uh when you when you break uh when you um when you want to after you plow when you when you wanna make the the ground uh smoother what do you use?
494:  You use the desk.
Auxiliary:  {D: when you you} {X}.
Interviewer:  {X}
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  {X} used to.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  Way back down you disc and then you had what you call a harrow you go back over this with these teeth in it.
Auxiliary:  That's what we'd call 'em that way back?
494:  #1 Yeah we'd {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  #2 that's right uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  {X} we break much ground down here.
Interviewer:  Um they don't they just um
Auxiliary:  They use they use a
494:  A chisel.
Auxiliary:  Chisel they chisel it. {X} long plow on a on a {X} behind the tractor used to go down {X}.
494:  Doesn't turn the ground over.
Auxiliary:  Turn it over it just shakes it loose.
494:  Loosens it up.
Interviewer:  Uh that's that's new to me uh it's probably what I've been seeing in the Delta. Uh {NW} it stirs up a terrific cloud of dust.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {X} and that's a chisel
Auxiliary:  and uh
Interviewer:  and they actually go down a couple feet {X}.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {X} and then they after they they got a {X} what they call just uh it's got {X} {X} roller behind it. And they go {X} they just don't break much round here no more.
Interviewer:  {X} seen hundreds of acres of that uh #1 that really kicks up an awful lot of dust. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  uh
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  You can't always see the tractor {X}.
Interviewer:  Uh we talked about uh wheat and hay and uh did you ever um chop any cotton?
494:  Oh yeah.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
494:  Makes my back hurt right now.
Interviewer:  And what how did you what what does that mean uh chop cotton?
494:  Well it means to go {X} and get the weeds uh the weeds and grass out of it and to thin it out.
Interviewer:  #1 To thin it? #
494:  #2 {D: Block it out} # and leave a certain number.
Interviewer:  {D: did you both}?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 and the weeds and {X}? #
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And what kinds of grass uh undesirable grass or weeds did you have uh?
494:  Oh we had every kind of grass crab grass and uh smartweeds and what else uh #1 stick weeds #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  uh-huh hollow weed.
Interviewer:  And {NW} after you cut clover and it comes back up what do you call that uh that kind of?
494:  Second crops.
Interviewer:  #1 Just second crop? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh {NW} let's see we talk about some of these talked about a {X} barrel a smaller barrel with nails that come in?
494:  Keg
Interviewer:  And around the bigger barrel would have?
494:  #1 Staves of uh {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: Staves} # staves would be {X}
494:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  And then
494:  The staves are the wooden #1 things that make the barrel. #
Interviewer:  #2 Oh. # {D: It's a round disk} iron
494:  Uh the hooves.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And {NW} when you pour a lager into a {X} bottle?
Auxiliary:  What was?
494:  The neck of the bottle a funnel funnel okay.
Interviewer:  The reason I ask that question is I- I've heard tunnel here.
494:  Oh no huh-uh
Auxiliary:  Tunnel {X}.
Interviewer:  And {NW} then th- the way you close off a bottle?
494:  Cork it up.
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
494:  Cap it up.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear stopper or s-?
494:  Mm-hmm stopper.
Interviewer:  Uh is the stopper a cork or glass or {D: isn't there}?
494:  Well it would be either. A bottle or the stopper of a bottle you you use a cork stopper or a glass stopper.
Auxiliary:  Yeah either one.
494:  Either one's a stopper.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And we talked about tow sacks you didn't don't know what was sacked?
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  What was sacked?
494:  Well I- I've heard of a gunny sack now what's that?
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  Might be finely woven.
494:  I guess so.
Interviewer:  #1 Wo- finely woven uh #
494:  #2 Yes. # #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 burlap and uh. # In the hills um you don't have any any big hills around here but uh one fact I'd like to investigate Did you ever he-
494:  Yeah we have gullies. #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 Okay {X}. # Hills valleys mountains notches uh.
494:  We have hills we don't have mountains and we don't have notches.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  #1 But we might have a knob. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # We have hills and hollers. #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} Hills? #
494:  No we have hill knobs or some places I mean they're called that.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  But we just call 'em hills and ridges we have ridges.
Interviewer:  What was uh did you have wide deep cut more than a gully i- in the side of a hill or between two hills? What do you call that uh?
494:  A hollow. #1 {D: Cross a riverbend} that what you're getting at? #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh And uh the creek and uh and the uh on different pronunciations bayou bayou bayou?
494:  #1 No we don't have any of those here we have creeks. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # creek here.
494:  We don't even have creeks they're creeks.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And how bout the smaller things than a creek?
494:  Ah little ditches.
Auxiliary:  {X} branches.
494:  #1 Branches mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm and uh
494:  I've even heard it called both down on the creek bank.
Auxiliary:  #1 The creek banks. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  {NW}
Interviewer:  I read a history of uh {NW} water dam economy and there it referred to um {D: u- the uh} {X} creek {X} big creek and?
Auxiliary:  {X} creek
Interviewer:  #1 creek {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  creek baby {D: the land was cut through by creek baby}.{X}
494:  #1 Oh instead of cr- uh instead of baby creek oh yes. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  I don't know.
Auxiliary:  {D: I don't know}
Interviewer:  {X} And uh different kinds of trees do you have a uh Uh this is interesting I've judged from your columns your {X} how bout uh did you ever hear of a buttonwood or buttonball?
494:  hmm-mm
Interviewer:  uh {NW} I got those names for sycamores if you have uh?
494:  We have sycamores but I've never heard 'em called that.
Interviewer:  And about magnolias um {NW} ever hear a magnolia called a a cucumber tree?
494:  A- now we've we have had cucumber trees here but I didn't know it was a magnolia tree.
Interviewer:  Well I don't know the {X} but
494:  Well it may be in the magnolia family I wouldn't be surprised but I have we have had cucumber trees.
Interviewer:  Cucumber cucumber laurel tree magnolia?
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  th- th- the terms {X}?
494:  uh-huh We think of magnolias we think of Mississippi and on down that way but we do have a few magnolias planted #1 i- in yards here. #
Auxiliary:  #2 uh {X} # {D: between difference} between for uh uh I worked in the state division of forestry. and we have a {X} forester and he's out of East Tennessee {X} and they call trees maybe we what we call a a just like you {D: just} told bout that cucumber tree. They don't call 'em cucumber they call 'em something else.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  #1 Because every name for 'em {X} #
494:  #2 I bet you call it # the laurel tree or something like #1 that {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} they did call 'em laurel. # And I know we got a lynn tree. We call the lynn and they I forgot what he called it we {X} called it lynn {X}. But they got different names for it in different sections of the country.
Interviewer:  It's uh interesting how they the terms change uh how bout uh {X} {D: did you}?
494:  We don't have any rhododendrons here.
Interviewer:  mm And do you have any poisonous {D: pile of} bushes or vines uh?
494:  #1 We have poison oak poison ivy #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  and uh.
Interviewer:  #1 How bout {X} bush? #
494:  #2 Uh. # sumac shumac {NW}
Interviewer:  Which did you say uh did you used to say sumac?
494:  Shumac.
Interviewer:  Sumac.
494:  Shumac like S-H-U-M-A-K-E is what uh.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear that being used as a dye?
494:  Oh no.
Interviewer:  {X}
Auxiliary:  No.
494:  Don't believe I have.
Interviewer:  Somebody told me that uh whatever it's spelled like it's pronounced shumac because she shoe makers used to use it.
494:  #1 Well I guess {D: that's maybe they did} uh-huh. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And uh
494:  But it's really S-U-M-A-C and it's
Interviewer:  Right. {X} {NW} How bout um is there anything that makes that's poisonous {X}? um
494:  Oh the uh mm
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear bout laurel being poisonous?
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  #1 You did? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
494:  But course we don't have any around here.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  But I have heard that it's poisonous.
Interviewer:  Anything that that's poisonous uh do flowers around here?
Auxiliary:  I don't think so not {X} {D: nothing but}.
494:  There's a buckeye tree that's poisonous to cows
Interviewer:  mm-hmm If they eat the?
494:  If they eat the I don't know what is the the leaves or the or the buckeyes.
Auxiliary:  {D: They get enough}.
494:  Maybe.
Interviewer:  And how bout {D: just any} insects um the different kinds that you remember?
494:  Oh we have wasp and bumblebees and we've had 'em since I remember.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  Hornets.
Interviewer:  Hornets uh and the ones that uh
Auxiliary:  go underground.
Interviewer:  They dig up yes.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Which are they uh?
494:  Oh.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  {X}
Interviewer:  Um the bumblebee and the hornet has nests up?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {X} Uh are these the y- yellow jackets?
494:  #1 Yellow jackets what goes in the ground that's right. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  But we have more wasps and bumblebees #1 here than anything else. #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: Really?} # How bout uh things that build nests out of dirt?
494:  #1 Dirt daubers we have a lot of them. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} lot of dirt daub-
Interviewer:  Do they sting uh?
494:  #1 No I don't think so hmm-mm. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  They're little things that?
494:  They're just a nuisance.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  Also a nuisance in the summer they sting you make you itch?
494:  Oh yes they're little sweat beads uh.
Interviewer:  {D: alright an- and how how long}?
494:  Oh.
Interviewer:  T- th- the
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  No it's uh.
Interviewer:  {X} thinking about is the mosquitoes?
Auxiliary:  Oh okay {X}.
494:  Yes.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  Did you as as a child {D: what did you call 'em}?
494:  Mosquitoes.
Interviewer:  #1 Mosquitoes? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And the ones that get up under your skin if you walk through?
494:  Chiggers.
Auxiliary:  Chiggers.
494:  #1 We got them too. {C: laughs} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  And ticks.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And how bout the bugs are green and jump?
494:  #1 Grasshoppers. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear hopper grass?
494:  hmm-mm
Auxiliary:  huh-uh
494:  It's grasshoppers.
Auxiliary:  mm
Interviewer:  And uh spiderweb is uh? Do you um the difference between dew web spiderweb and cobweb?
494:  Well yes I think th- {NW} uh a cobweb a dew web you can be walking out in the yard and can't even see it and run into it it gets all over you. And a cobweb is what grows up in the corner your house. {NW} Different places don't look up and a spiderweb you can see the forms uh where the spider weaves their web out you know in different.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  ways. I think there's a difference in all three.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Which one uh collects dirt it seems to be dusty and #1 are these cobwebs? #
494:  #2 I believe # #1 that's a cobweb mm-hmm. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # Cobweb.
Interviewer:  And the bugs that fly around a candle or?
494:  Uh.
Interviewer:  Or any light?
494:  Oh they're um candle flies no what are they?
Interviewer:  #1 Candle flies and and and? #
Auxiliary:  #2 It's uh {X} #
494:  #1 There's another name I'm trying to think of. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # There's the huge candle fly some places they're called moths.
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  And uh.
494:  But the ones that we call these moths that we see out in our garden these little yellow things that are flitting around from #1 bean row to bean row. #
Interviewer:  #2 that's # mm-hmm
494:  That's moths.
Interviewer:  And the ones that get in your clothes?
494:  That's moths too {NW}
Interviewer:  And uh {NW} the ones that uh send off light at night?
494:  That's lightning bugs.
Interviewer:  Do you folks say {D: the expression} {X}?
494:  #1 No we don't {X}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # There's a wonderful article when {X} uh on {NW} there's a park in Memphis that somebody {X} and said they these lightning bugs need to be investigated.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  That there's {X} {D: they} look over the uh whole park. and so help me every lightning bug is turning off and on his light and at the same time. #1 {X} {C: laughs}. #
494:  #2 Well #
Interviewer:  The whole park was on and off.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  {X} So uh {X} uh you'd be interested in #1 that {X}? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  {X} send you a copy uh um. He said do some more investigating {D: in at regular} {X}.
494:  Is that Lydel Sims' column no he's he writes for the Press {X}. #1 No Lydel writes for {D: parks and hills}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # This is on the front page it's called silent Memphis and.
494:  That's Lydel Sims.
Interviewer:  #1 Is that right? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Uh.
494:  #1 We did take the {D: commercial bill of}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # If you're interested {D: now I'd be happy to} {X}.
494:  Okay.
Interviewer:  {X} send it to you {X}.
494:  Route 2 on Bines. {NS}
Interviewer:  #1 uh {X} #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And what is?
Interviewer:  #1 Send that to you {D: soon}. #
494:  #2 Okay. #
Interviewer:  {X} anything. How bout the uh little bug that um has two sets of wings and darts around uh over water?
494:  Oh.
Interviewer:  #1 S- u- sort of hovers in the garden? #
494:  #2 Yeah. #
Interviewer:  {X} hovers?
494:  W- what are those things? I know what you're talking bout.
Interviewer:  All kinds of names for 'em uh is it something that starts with a snake?
494:  #1 Oh snake doctor yes snake doctor. #
Interviewer:  #2 Snake doctor. # #1 The reason I didn't wanna suggest {X} #
494:  #2 mm-hmm yeah. #
Interviewer:  {X} also. {NW}
494:  Yeah oh we I you mentioned that earlier.
Interviewer:  {D: Is that right}?
494:  And uh I- I thought then that what we called them snake doctors here.
Interviewer:  {X} uh-huh And different kinds of birds uh how bout owls?
494:  We have few owls here uh.
Interviewer:  The big ones or the ones that?
494:  The hoot owls or the?
Interviewer:  The smaller ones um.
494:  U- little oh
Interviewer:  {D: There's}?
494:  Screech owls.
Interviewer:  #1 Screech owls? #
494:  #2 Screech owls. #
Interviewer:  #1 {X} I didn't wanna suggest. #
494:  #2 Yeah {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  The {D: is there any} some of the pronunciations are they use screech screech?
494:  #1 No well we call 'em screech owls. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Screech uh-huh.
494:  {X} is that what you call 'em?
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  #1 Screech owls? #
Auxiliary:  #2 Screech owls. #
Interviewer:  And we mentioned the the bird that uh?
494:  #1 Peck a wood a woodpecker {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} uh-huh # They have {NW} all kinds of small things like uh well everything from rats to weasels what do you call all of 'em together?
494:  They're rodents.
Interviewer:  uh
494:  #1 The rodent family. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # That that's more of a scientific
494:  Uh.
Interviewer:  Uh. What would you call it that? When you were younger?
494:  Well I'd call 'em rats and mice.
Interviewer:  Uh but the whole group of 'em you father might say I'm gonna get my gun and go out and shoot that? Would you say varmint?
494:  I guess you hear varmint.
Interviewer:  #1 Varmint {X}. #
494:  #2 yeah uh-huh # mm-hmm varmint.
Interviewer:  And the little things that uh {X} small but you scare 'em terrific smell?
494:  Oh skunks.
Interviewer:  #1 Skunks {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm-hmm mm #
Interviewer:  Different kinds of squirrels um
Auxiliary:  {X} or um.
494:  Red squirrel the gray squirrel.
Auxiliary:  {X} squirrel.
Interviewer:  #1 And how bout {X}? #
494:  #2 {X} squirrel. #
Interviewer:  {X} squirrel. Things that {D: go underground} that have?
494:  Moles.
Interviewer:  Moles? Uh these look like squirrels they're just about as big uh?
494:  Oh you mean run on the ground?
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Oh.
Auxiliary:  uh chip-
494:  Chipmunks.
Interviewer:  Chipmunks uh do you have chipmunks here?
494:  #1 U- we don't have any chipmunks here do we? #
Interviewer:  #2 No I don't #
Auxiliary:  No I don't believe we do I don't remember seeing any {X}.
494:  huh-uh
Interviewer:  That's another interesting.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {X} some some people call 'em gophers {X}.
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  #1 Ground {X}. #
494:  #2 Yeah. #
Interviewer:  Okay {D: they're just} and different kinds of frogs?
494:  mm-hmm #1 We have uh the bullfrogs and. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  The ones?
494:  Toad frogs {NW}
Interviewer:  Those the same one that {X}?
494:  Uh-huh the u- uh.
Auxiliary:  Bullfrogs.
Interviewer:  {X} supposed to get in trees?
494:  Tree frogs.
Interviewer:  {X} same same?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 Tree frogs uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # And how bout the hard shell things {X}?
494:  Turtles and the terrapins and the.
Interviewer:  Which are which?
494:  Well the turtles I think uh stay in the water more #1 and terrapins ar- #
Interviewer:  #2 mm-hmm #
494:  u- can be on dry land more.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Well.
Auxiliary:  I uh I hate to give up cause I'm enjoying this.
Interviewer:  {NW} {D: well I think that you're running out of questions Let's see uh do you have anything that you uh would like to suggest?One thing m you mentioned right smart when you uh when you got to uh Memphis and you take a bus perhaps y- you tell the driver {X} uh th- the next street is where I want?
494:  Off.
Auxiliary:  Want off.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And uh {NW} somebody is rushing to get to church and uh he's late an- and he might say something about uh church will be over by the?
494:  How'd I get there?
Interviewer:  {D: right up there there}? And uh how bout the expression uh y'all in this area?
494:  We use it quite a bit.
Interviewer:  And uh it hasn't dropped in our conversation {X} probably because o- there hasn't been an opportunity.
494:  I guess ri-
Interviewer:  uh h- how how um how would you say it is used in {X}?
494:  In the general term you all come back to see us or?
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And uh {X} do you do you think that's passing out of use or not in conversation?
494:  Well since we haven't used it here this afternoon I haven't been conscious that have not used it.
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
494:  Uh I don't I guess it may be but I I still use it quite a bit.
Interviewer:  uh-huh I could tell you a joke I remember. A lady {NW} in Mississippi said no uh just country people says {X} not good anymore. {X} But that moment her sister in law came in says y'all still taping?
494:  Yeah.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs} {X}
494:  Yeah.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  So {C: laughs} uh I didn't say.
494:  And wha- what are y'all doing?
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  Now i- it's shortened I mean I use it most y'all.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  Instead of you all.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  What are y'all doing or?
Interviewer:  It's uh it's a shame if it's uh passing out of use because it's uh it's a very nice expression. But uh I was interested in the fact that the lady did not {X} {C: they laugh}.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  Uh it's normally country people.
494:  Well do you know why it's passing out of use I guess like you said all schools are getting uh
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  Standardized using the same.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm #1 Children I suppose {X} #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  {X} um that's not right.
494:  I can remember you was talking about chopping cotton. The two years we lived in Lay county my daddy ran some land over on the river. And the rows over there I don't think have any end. You can't see from one end to the other. They take you all day to to chop from one end to the other. And we ge- we're bout halfway in the field when the noon hour came. And we carried our lunch and was right close to the river and we decided we'd go over on the riverbank and eat our lunch and uh. We had some negroes {NW} chopping with us they were th- nicest best old things. And uh w- we we're going to leave they was going to over there and was all going to eat our lunch together so before I left I stuck my whole handle down so I could tell where to go back to but you couldn't see it. But we was walking on down and I'd reckon this old nigger woman looked back and she said lordy miss Bonnie said you left that whole handle sticking up. You mustn't do that goes right back out and take #1 that down so there'd be a death in your #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 family before the year's out. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  And she made me go back and lay my hoe down. #1 She said we don't want anybody dying in your family. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 {D: There are a lot of passing superstitions like that uh} #
494:  #2 mm-hmm mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  um how bout opening an umbrella in the ho-?
494:  #1 In the house that was one. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
Auxiliary:  {D: I remember} {X}.
494:  #1 She really was and {D: sweeping}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {D: front door and she'd go around come around the house she's} {X} {D: that back door she's coming around the front door} #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} uh-huh # I I've heard that uh
Auxiliary:  She wasn't.
Interviewer:  But it doesn't mean uh bad luck it means company will come.
494:  #1 Well I don't know what her superstition about it was but. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  And I sweep at night she wouldn't sweep. crush out and she might sweep up the floor but she'd leave it a little pile 'til morning she wouldn't sweep it.
Interviewer:  Somebody {X} the door what does that mean?
494:  Good luck.
Interviewer:  Good luck?
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  Uh is it
494:  My daddy was superstitious too he wouldn't. Uh he's gonna plant his field down here. He would go down there and do something on Thursday evening.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  He wouldn't start Fri- he wouldn't #1 start any job on Friday. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did he uh?
Auxiliary:  {X} get through with it now he knew he could start a job on Friday morning and through with it before the day's over {D: if he would}.
Interviewer:  Would he plant by signs uh?
494:  #1 Yes he would he would very much of a sign planter. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} uh he marked all the signs and.
Interviewer:  {X} uh?
494:  Yes it was.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  After all um do you remember any um any superstitions about uh or real events about uh ghosts or haunts {X}?
494:  Oh yes this hill right here is noted. But we've lived here many many years and we've yet to see that first ghost or haunt.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  But we're we've heard stories and my aunt my daddy's sister used to live here there's a great big house oh it was a huge house. It burned. And uh I was a child I used to come here and oh the scary tales they'd tell it would just scare us to death.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And uh then we've heard that we've heard her husband would tell about the different lights that would start up on the ridge and he said now just wait you'll see 'em. We never did see it but they'd talk about it.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Oh it was scary and that house was scary.
Interviewer:  Did you ever uh as a child think you saw a ghost or a haunt?
494:  Oh I think I did I've seen 'em haunted {NW}. #1 But I really don't think I did but I thought I did if you know what I mean. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh uh-huh # mm-hmm A lot of people um tell very convinces stories {X} before the countryside uh before electricity was just absolutely had a totally black.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Uh they would see lights and uh.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  um smell goats Did you ever hear of that?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  The uh if a ghost were passing the sme- {X} the smell of {D: a} goat.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  And uh smell burning uh like burnt silver {X} That's what I remember {X} uh people used to think they were associated with the devil or {X}.
494:  Well I don't know whether they thought that or not but this aunt and my uncle of mine just really scared me to death right here on this very hill .
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And uh even after the old house burned the big ol' house and when Ezra and I moved here married and moved here we moved a little house that was back up in the field little two room house. And course this old cistern is still out yonder and then the- there's another cistern right under the corner of this room when this house was built it was filled up. But that old cistern you know after the house burned uh the bricks crumbled it did grow up with bushes and. We had some more peoples living in a little house out here that was helping near the farm. And this woman said now there's a a haunt that comes up out of that cistern every night at midnight and said she's got on a long flowing robe and long black hair so I've seen her. And we decided one night that we'd just come down here and wait for it. And we sat out there till about two o'clock the haunt never did come out of that cistern.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
494:  I I just don't know what.
Interviewer:  {X} probably discouraged it.
494:  Well probably so.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
494:  But I can remember coming here when my aunt lived here. And uh we'd come and chop cotton for my uncle and she my aunt would stay here they had this big ol' house was huge was four great big rooms straight back and then three straight back and then then three straight back. It was that big and they were huge rooms too. And she would cook and then at dinner time she would bring our dinner to us. And uh to the field and most of the time they all thought I was too little to chop cotton and they'd leave me here to help her fix the dinner and bring it in the buggy to them up there. #1 And that was great fun he {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  she was a good cook. And h- this man was my uncle had every one of these ridges named and every holler. I wish I could remember which ridge and which holler was which since we own the farm now.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I I just don't remember wha- what he called them.
Interviewer:  Did he name this {X}?
494:  No this this ridge got its name pea ridge back during the depression u- when that was depression cause we didn't live here during the depression but it's in the uh late thirties. And um we had {X} the post depression I guess you'd say. And we planted a lot of peas round different spots on these ridges different maybe the cotton wouldn't come up to a certain place and we'd plant peas. Every {X} plant peas we did. And my brother in law who was raised in Cape Torano Missouri uh he was a river man and they were between jobs and he came that year to help us with the farming a little bit. #1 And he said oh {X} we pick peas and pick peas #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
494:  and I think that was when we first got our a pressure canner. And we'd can peas and we'd dry peas. And we had so many ple- peas he said oh I'll tell you what that place is just pea ridge is all IT IS and it's gone to that name ever since.
Interviewer:  Is tha-
Auxiliary:  mm mm mm
Interviewer:  The uh birds didn't go after the peas?
494:  No.
Auxiliary:  {X} no.
494:  If they did there's still plenty left still plenty left.
Interviewer:  That's the uh problem I guess with growing peas now is the birds will go through and {X} and #1 and uh. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Nothing left so well that's that's interesting uh.
494:  {NW}
Interviewer:  What do you think?
Auxiliary:  We're still growing we still have a pea pasture {X} every year {X} {D: have a pea pasture} {X} going to plant one.
494:  One year we put up so many peas canned them and dried them and we ate so many peas that uh he told somebody his blood was ninety percent pea soup.
Auxiliary:  {C: they all laugh}
Interviewer:  {D: Did you ever have uh starlings} did you {D: have a bird} starlings or?
494:  I we called black birds I I don't whether the same thing as starlings or not.
Interviewer:  {NW} They are a a black bird usually is a glossy black with a long tail uh.
Auxiliary:  We got those starlings {X}.
Interviewer:  Starlings are grubby kind of looking blueish gray and speckled?
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  short tail and starlings are the ones that take our peas {X}?
494:  #1 Well. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} to have as much as much trouble in uh in the winter time {X}.
494:  That's right it was the starling {X} and the cities I think even in cities a certain spot he said he had trouble with starlings. And plots in Tennessee I think starlings nearly took over up there.
Auxiliary:  {X} {X} on a hill.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And I I don't remember uh {NW} uh as a kid I don't I don't remember #1 starlings. #
Auxiliary:  #2 I don't remember 'em either. #
494:  I don't ei-.
Interviewer:  Yeah they've just uh taken over.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {X} uh
Auxiliary:  I think they're coming here from so- I don't believe we had 'em when we
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {X}.
Interviewer:  {X} black birds?
Auxiliary:  Oh yeah we {X}.
Interviewer:  Black bird doesn't do much uh.
494:  We had to build scarecrows in the garden to keep some kind of birds out of the garden.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm mm-hmm
494:  Or maybe it was the rabbits we're keeping out.
Auxiliary:  Maybe it was a hamster?
494:  Maybe it was {NW}
Auxiliary:  I think when uh we can {X} {X} scarecrow {X} those gardens and uh {X} for deer.
Interviewer:  #1 Oh is that right {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  Well I didn't know that.
Auxiliary:  {X} up there were when we're {X} awful time {X} with deer. {X} raid the garden.
Interviewer:  {D: I suppose it's uh do you} hunt very much uh.
Auxiliary:  They do hunting too course {X}.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  Th- uh they have a regular deer season.
Interviewer:  I'm surprised to uh to {X} to places #1 {X} {NW} {X} deer crossings no matter where you. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah {X} # mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Talking bout m- uh
Auxiliary:  {X} smart.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  When I {X} for four days {X} I didn't see a deer. {X}
Interviewer:  uh {X} {X} There's four each now so it's mostly {X}.
Auxiliary:  saw a lot of deer tracks
Interviewer:  Oh.
Auxiliary:  down on the little branches where they'd been down the water. But I never saw a deer.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm How long have you been with the forestry um?
Auxiliary:  {D: Twenty-nine} years {X} in September.
Interviewer:  That's uh that's a job next to the one that I've got uh I think it'd be most desirable.
494:  Well when he first went to work for the forestry division they had a forest fires to fight I never knew what time of the night he'd be coming in because lots of times they'd fight the fire on till midnight. But the last few years people have either gotten educated or something because they haven't been having to fight.
Auxiliary:  They just got they just decided to {X} what the value of timber is.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  It's timber that makes fire {X} and they and they {X} at the loss they had of timber {X}.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  He spends most of his time now a lot of it in in the woods uh #1 with the uh district forester {D: cruising} timber and #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  one week he he spent over matches trace.
Auxiliary:  Oh yeah.
494:  mark uh.
Auxiliary:  Yeah right that uh.
494:  freeze ice.
Auxiliary:  {X} a lot of timber {X} got seventy-five acres that's torn down. {X} Th- that's a seventy-five acre fine.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {X} twenty-two thousand dollar wood {X} got forty-two thousand acres {X}.
Interviewer:  I s- um did you have much ice here {X}?
494:  Oh yes.
Auxiliary:  We {X} didn't break the trees down like it did of course we don't have pine like do over there.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm {X} Mississippi was around {X} springs was really in bad shape. {X} I'm sure you've read about it.
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  Highways were closed and beautiful trees {D: in town} {X} and uh trees are just laid over every which way.
494:  mm-hmm I will tell you what happened a few years ago we had a ice storm through here and we couldn't get off of this hill it was so icy. And uh and he would manage to get to the mailbox and back to get our mail and take letters and. We had a I believe I o- one of our telephone lines down when the when the power off too but anyhow we were kinda stranded all except the mail. And we had written our daughters in Memphis that we were stranded you know. And I believe he walked out to Elbridge it's about a mile and a half out there it's a little store maybe one day got us some milk and bread. But anyhow we had written to them that we were stranded. And that was all about the time that they were pushing nationwide sending care packages overseas.
Auxiliary:  #1 well one day we got a package in the mail. #
Interviewer:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
494:  And we had a a package of crackers and some cheese and lots of dominoes and a box of checkers. I don't know what all it had in it it had uh course had o- our name and address on the outside we took that wrapper off on the inside they had care package {NW}.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} poor isolated natives. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} # That's right.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  I'll start telling you how I go about my writing uh messenger. I took a I noticed a little ad in a magazine one time about take a free writing test to see whether you have the abilities to write. So I sent for it and they sent me the test and I took the test did everything it told me sent it back. Well they graded it and sent it back to me and then I got a telephone call. They said I had made such a high score they wanted to send the representative to talk to me about taking a writing course.
Auxiliary:  {D: Oh yeah}.
494:  And well he came and talked to me but I couldn't afford the writing course {NW}. Cost too much I told him I just couldn't do it.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  And there's this uh what it was this famous #1 writers school I guess you've probably heard of that? #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh Yeah well that's uh that really is highly recommended.
494:  mm-hmm #1 But I didn't take it I didn't feel like I could afford it so. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} idea how much # Uh it's a very well good for you.
494:  mm
Interviewer:  I think um you do have a flair.
494:  #1 I just {X} along on these {X} {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  {X} paper here {X}.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  Well.
494:  mm
Interviewer:  And the same things with uh that's true nationwide just about {D: uh these carjacks like this one or} #1 writing {X}? #
494:  #2 Yes. #
Interviewer:  Just doesn't doesn't pay so uh I would like very much to see it. one of your columns if um if you?
494:  #1 Well. #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: care to} # If you uh?
494:  #1 If you give me your leave your name and address I'll #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # {X}?
494:  #1 That's alright. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # I um {NW} {NS} {X} Since I've been traveling the only place I've got that's pretty permanent is uh my elderly parents are home in in Ohio so I'll leave that uh.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And I go up there oh every month or so so.
494:  Are you not married?
Interviewer:  No {X} women wouldn't put up with me.
Auxiliary:  {NW}
Interviewer:  Well {D: the} {D: seems I got more} #1 more of a gypsy in my old age {X} I used to. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} # We like to travel around but we don't get much chance to uh our two daughters in Memphis their husbands took us last year they began planning Christmas. Uh but they were going to take a trip to California and uh they were gonna take us with them. And they both set up they got their vacation set up the same time. And they kept their little bed there talk to us bout now we're going to California with us. And course uh we got to talking {NW} kind of a gas rationing kinda got
Auxiliary:  Oh yeah.
494:  talking about then and I said well I don't know whether we ought to or not we may get stranded out there well both of the daughters well they weren't worried. So they didn't think the gas rationing was all that bad and uh so we we went we went two cars one of 'em's got th- there's five in one family four in the other family. And they said now there's two cars of us going and we gonna take both of you all said.
Interviewer:  Wonderful.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
494:  #1 And said oh it's going to cost you {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  They said all it's going to cost you is where you sleep and what you eat.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And your your gas bill won't cost you a thing transportation {X}. mm
494:  #1 But we just had a wonderful trip it was only two weeks and #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 got to see a lot of the country. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did uh not have any trouble with?
494:  #1 Didn't have any trouble #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  into two national parks and uh gra- old grand
Auxiliary:  grand
494:  Grand Canyon national park and the Sequoia national park they limited us to ten gallons. #1 But that's about it no that wasn't bad #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 but the {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 uh. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} {X}
494:  #1 They never {D: did} let their tanks go down very #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  well bout half full before they'd stop and fill up again. And hadn't had a bit of trouble.
Interviewer:  Well that's uh that's interesting {D: it was towards the} end of the month #1 to uh {X}. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Gallon of uh gas was was difficult in Mississippi uh families {X} around that time. That's funny I don't know why you think of all the #1 {X} on the gulf. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  Well they told us somebody told us in Colorado {X} um {X} get gas in Colorado ninety percent of the stations were closed. Well we pulled up right next {X} they let you have all all you want.
494:  #1 {X} just won't have to pump any tomorrow then. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Oh I see.
494:  But we went we left right at the last of June and we were gone the first week. Well it was right at the last of June or first of July don't know when.
Interviewer:  #1 mm-hmm #
494:  #2 uh # #1 last year last summer. #
Interviewer:  #2 mm-hmm # Well #1 I hear that {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #1 {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} you couldn't hardly get gas in Colorado we filled up.
494:  It was in uh Laramie Wy- Laramie Wyoming.
Auxiliary:  {X} going on down to {D: Denver}.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  So we filled up and {X} that morning and went on to Denver and they told us {X} these people we saw in our motel at night said that uh.
494:  #1 You just couldn't get gas in Colorado. #
Auxiliary:  #2 You couldn't get # gas in Colorado.
Interviewer:  mm
Auxiliary:  And uh we {X} {X} {X}.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  A lot of people like to travel abroad but I'll tell you there's a lot of the United States that I haven't seen. #1 And I'd like to see we've got a lot of things to #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 see here in our country. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And that's the one thing jobs {X} is to #1 {X}. #
494:  #2 {X} I'm # #1 sure I'll never get to see 'em all but. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
Auxiliary:  uh-huh {X}
Interviewer:  Well I certainly thank you for your.
494:  I'll tell you what I'll do we have a little fair Obion County fair and I enter a lot of exhibits. And whatever prize money I enter uh when I win on 'em they pay pretty good prize money uh I put it in a little like {X} savings account. And then I do a catering just kind of as hobby like.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  A weddings or birthday cakes or do a lot of baking in other words.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  And uh whatever they pay me for that I put that and I add it all year to that little savings account. Well we've got a pretty good little nest egg to take a little trip on.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  {NW}
Interviewer:  What kind of things do you enter at the fair um?
494:  Oh anything from uh I enter mostly baking and canning
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  is and garden produce and like the bar of lye soap and
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  anything.
Interviewer:  What uh what time of the year is the fair?
494:  It's the latter part of #1 of August the last week of August it is. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  I have I enjoy those things I've {X} uh {X}.
494:  #1 Uh-huh steam engine {X} so far. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # They don't have a thrasher just the engine.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  #1 And we had pretty nice music {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # They run it.
Interviewer:  They keep it up.
Auxiliary:  Yeah and they
Interviewer:  They had a fair not far from where my parents live they've got uh they have a oh I suppose um a dozen or more with the uh {X} thrashers and uh.
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 They # #1 saw logs there with old uh {X} steam. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah uh-huh #
Interviewer:  The uh thing that impresses me is {X} enormous um {X}.
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  {X} uh {X}
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  They never fly off they never {X} .
494:  #1 That's right. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  {X} flying around.
494:  I remember those too. We are are saving up and looking forward to our nation our country's bicentennial. And we started in this year our fair. Uh and then next year and then the next year will be the bicentennial of seventy-six.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  And uh we're starting in getting old {D: things we want old cider mill old sogger mill an old saw mill and} #1 different things like that set up and uh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # mm-hmm
494:  Then in in seventy-six we plan our big uh celebration of the bicentennial.
Interviewer:  It's wonderful for young people because they {X} uh.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  they'll they'll forget about it uh.
Auxiliary:  What was Obion county uh {X} to have.
494:  Oh the sex- sextra- centennial.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 {X} # but last year.
Auxiliary:  And an old fashioned {D: wig} and {X}.
494:  mm
Interviewer:  mm #1 That sounds {X} have a good time. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 {X} they won a #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
Auxiliary:  sweepstakes out in
494:  in Tennessee.
Interviewer:  Oh is that right?
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  Now I hope I'm in this area I'd like to
494:  Well I do too.
Interviewer:  come and see your fair and
Auxiliary:  mm
494:  We have a nice fair.
Interviewer:  Well thank you very much for your time I'm I uh.
494:  I'm