Interviewer: Heating In this uh- The kind of heating you had in here originally when the house was first built 025: a big fireplace and three of them one in the kitchen, one in yonder, and one here these two still here with one we got electricity and had to put in our cabinets and things we that old chimney was getting bad and dangerous and we just took it out get it out of the way it took up a lot of room until we could put in cabinets and things like that they don't use {X} the fireplace now I use this a lot the stove and electric heater Interviewer: Okay mm-hmm. Now the um uh what about this place that extends out here in the front I don't see one here but-there probably is one made of brick? 025: cement Interviewer: Yeah 025: Used to be brick and then Interviewer: uh-huh 025: lay it on Interviewer: Or stone 025: made it {X} concrete Interviewer: {X} 025: cement Interviewer: What was that called? 025: hard Interviewer: And then uh {X} In the um Uh What's the uh the fuel in this stove Is this- 025: {D: Coal} coal oil Interviewer: and then-but what 025: #1 Kerosene # Interviewer: #2 {X} # and in the fire place you 025: we used to use wood in that you know Interviewer: Ok Um What um- What kept the wood in place in this What'd you call those things? 025: {X} Interviewer: Ok and then the uh Uh What did you call a water uh you know the kind of a large uh piece of wood used? 025: Back stick the big one took the back stick behind It would last maybe a day and a night if it's hickory or {NS: Knocking} say I- I mean hickory or Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: Sycamore or something like that you know Black gum You'd always try to get something like that you know for backsticks the longer they last, the better your fire'll last you know {X} Interviewer: and how'd you get the fire started? 025: {X} grab some pine get your little kindling set that pinecorn and it won't be long 'til you have a fire always have a little dry wood to take off with you Interviewer: And what did you- 025: got it started while you can just burn anything Interviewer: Did you call that pine anything else? 025: They're just rich you know rich pine come out of the heart of the pine tree or something Some pines had a lot of rich in them you know and some didn't Interviewer: Did you ever call that lighter around here? 025: Call it what? Interviewer: lighter 025: Uh-uh Interviewer: lighted 025: #1 No # Interviewer: #2 That's not. okay # 025: get some of that just plenty of pine in them days you know Interviewer: But you call that stuff in the rich 025: Yeah Interviewer: The rich was that- 025: {X} maybe a tree'd be against the skin or something or other {X} affected and that'd be pine I don't know and then you'd just a lotta times you get hearts you know {X} pine you take the sills in this house I had to take the front one out years ago you know and put a block foundation under the {X} and it's a twelve to twelve huge sill fourty feet long and I've got some of it out there in the wood shed yet it's dry you know and it's hard stuff take a great big pine and tear it down to the hearts you know hearts {X} {X} but you get to the heart and you stay there {X} and under this house is a original sills Interviewer: The um Uh That um That Up where those pictures are on the fire over the fire place what's that 025: Well we used to call it the fireboard but now they usually call them the mantels {NW} Interviewer: Did they ever call that in the old house Where your- your father's house um where you-the house you born did they ever call the living room anything else? 025: No, not that I remember of it had three rooms there Interviewer: have you ever heard that called the big house? that one room the room they lived in 025: No I don't know #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 That's not # How was that house layed out Do you remember that? 025: It was layed out too {X} back there we had the kitchen and the dining room back there and two bedrooms in here and a double park place you see there'd be fireplaces in the center houses then no one used two rooms fireplace on each side {X} and that's what that had You'll find plenty of them in the {X} there's one right across the creek over here Interviewer: #1 People them days all built around the same style # 025: #2 Now # you ever go to the country you can tell an old house Interviewer: hmm 025: it's two stories they quit building two story houses anymore for living houses you know anything that's up two stories {X} business place where they can have offices {X} you never see a new house built anymore two stories them days they all of them were {X} they all had two stories Interviewer: Now the stuff you clean out of a fire you have to clean out of a fireplace 025: ashes you'd have to clean them out everyday or two wood it'd make a lot of ashes Interviewer: What about the stuff out of the-that the black stuff that you 025: that's soot Interviewer: Yeah. What kind of furniture did you have in the house when you were a boy say in the living room 025: about the same we got now just about the same we got now we didn't have no radios then no television nothing like that {X} couches nowadays Interviewer: {X} 025: when I was a boy {X} There used to be one here that had what they call a little {X} for the children everybody raised big families {X} {X} they'd be higher than an ordinary bed now and they'd let them pull them out {X} they call them out from under them and let the children sleep in them and then the next morning wake them back up and scoot them back onto the bed Interviewer: I see 025: I seen them there used to be one here {X} Interviewer: You call that a couch you ever call that anything else? 025: Ahh some people call them the sofas {X} couch Interviewer: #1 {X} # 025: #2 # #1 couch # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Any difference between the name? 025: I don't reckon. I- Interviewer: And what about the uh, now these {X} What I'm sitting in what would you call that? 025: Rocking chair Interviewer: Ok Were there any other kinds of 025: Well that old straightback chairs you know then a little chair we used to have {X} got a high chair out there and had uh my uncle lived here {X} my uncle lived here he had some children was raised up together there's an old man over there there in the valley {X} highchair out there and here's mine and then uh my cousin she's dead now she had one {X} it's still on that chair where I cut my {X} my chair so we can tell them apart Interviewer: Is that right? What was the man's name who made those those chairs 025: Muellen Hodge I don't know how you spell Muellen but Hodge Interviewer: uh-huh 025: he got a girl she's old as my wife and her and my daughters rented a house up there they lived together you know up there in Gatlinsburg and she's older than my wife Interviewer: I see 025: My wife says she knows used to know 'em They live here in the valley Interviewer: I see Now What uh in the bedroom what kind of of um furniture uh do you have for keeping your clothes? 025: Well that'd be a little closet somewhere hang them in you know Interviewer: Now closet would be built in wouldn't it? 025: well there's one in yonder in that back room Interviewer: What do you call those moveable things? something it's kind of like a closet except it can be moved around and you can put it on different walls 025: dresser something like that you know {X} that's over a hundred year old Interviewer: Now a dresser would have um 025: a glass in- {X} #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Would a Would a taller one if it didn't have a have a glass over it still be called a dresser? 025: Now I want to show you something in here We had two of them Interviewer: okay 025: Maybe I was wrong{NS: rustling} Now this was covered {C: distant speech} these covered {C: distant speech} Now see you don't know much about these {X} Interviewer: {X} 025: {X} {C: distant} see that's under the stairway there {X} {NS} {X} Interviewer: But that uh the kind of a of a sor- sort of sort of like a closet that I was thinking about was um um one that um uh that um that you can move around from room to room or you can move from wall to wall has two big doors on it um sometimes they're called closets sometimes they're called wardrobes 025: Well I don't know I don't know what you're talking about I don't know if we ever had any of them to have to move around Interviewer: You didn't have anything you called a wardrobe? 025: {X} Interviewer: But all of these things we're talking about these tables and chairs and so forth all of these are different kinds of 025: now right there is a chair that I had made and it's {D: bought him the shucks} I don't guess you've ever seen a chair like that they make them up there in Gatlinsburg and I got a fellow that saw the cherry and added sod here on the place in his vineyard for years and I took it to Gatlinsburg and he made me a chair and I furnished him the shucks and they take them chairs and make {X} and that'll last forever and ever and there's another one that you're sitting in nearly like it but that's a bullet chair but that I had it made out of {X} Interviewer: Is that right? 025: the shucks furnishing the shucks give him eighteen dollars and {X} Interviewer: Is that right? that's a magnificient chair for eight- at any price, but eighteen dollars is unbelievable that's uh 025: we've got a lot of old things There's clocks been here ever since I can remember Interviewer: uh-huh 025: and it's got a rattlesnake rattlers sitting there my grandpa and a fellow boy used to stay with us killed on this big mountain it's in the park now and there's thirteen rattlers in a button right above that pendulum there Interviewer: {X} 025: Can you see 'em? Interviewer: Hanging across the-yeah 025: They're tied right above {X} {X} How many miles that's traveled Interviewer: {NW} right uh that uh a lot more miles than the rattlesnake 025: {X} seventy years I guess that clock's at least seventy year old it go a long, long way right here is a chair that's that old {X} best sitting chair ever I sit in I don't let nobody have it Interviewer: {NW} 025: {X} Interviewer: Were these made by um um Who used to make this? 025: I don't know who made these {X} he made this one I don't know he would {X} but now all these other chairs {X} I guess that old man Hodge {X} made the chair I guess he made them I know made part of them Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: and old rocking chairs Interviewer: Did he make anything other than chairs? 025: I don't remember anything {X} I guess he made other things you know like candles ax handles {X} he made ax handles hammer handles anything like that in the wood line Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: and people had lots of uses for them things Interviewer: Now What uh- up above the the second floor do you have any is there a space up above there? 025: Yeah there's a garrett up there but there's nothing in it {X} seal it all {X} a seal with eighteen inch {X} Interviewer: uh-huh 025: eighteen inches Interviewer: Is that right? 025: You see there this was all handmade stuff you see them days they just took a blank whatever it was and hand dressed it you call them {X} look at it ain't none of them same {X} Interviewer: {X} 025: just whatever the {X} Interviewer: They call them the {X} 025: {X} Interviewer: {NW} 025: that's all you could call them {X} Interviewer: {NW} 025: {X} Interviewer: Sure that's fun you had to really uh uh estimate those 025: These doors now, when- when they made these houses they just {X} maybe one them make one door and one another {X} they ain't made these doors and windows the same Interviewer: uh-huh 025: they're not gonna have a standard Interviewer: uh-huh 025: you have to have windows made you have to have the doors made Interviewer: uh-huh 025: they're not standard anymore Interviewer: I see 025: {X} one time {X} up in the barn down there you know six for sixes six foot long {X} and these big seals down here it's twelve to twelve huge seals fifty feet long and I asked and I said {X} He said there's men that didn't do nothing on the {X} and they'd go to the woods and go down to the creek {X} everybody have the {X} said one yolk couldn't pull them in said another one would two three of them would and then said when they started to build the barn or the house she said the men and the women of the community come and the women brung stuff to eat and helped cook and feed them and the men worked and so it didn't cost nobody nothing and said when this barn was built the house was built so the other fella had one waiting on him so they just went around like that {X} {NS} Now you can't hire nobody let alone get somebody to come {X} Interviewer: Sure that's right Now you mentioned Uh I don't think I want to get the get that again what you called that that uh piece you were showing me in there 025: That what? Interviewer: That-That that piece in the other room that you were showing me with the drawers in it and the glass 025: {X} Interviewer: Yeah 025: What you're talking about? Interviewer: Right right and that's uh was that ever called a kitchen cupboard or was it just {X} 025: I don't know {X} Auxiliary: Now that's a kitchen corner cupboard 025: Huh? Auxiliary: That's a kitchen corner cupboard 025: Well Interviewer: Ok 025: The other one wasn't in the kitchen there's a hall used to be there then run the stairs up this way it was so high it was seven foot high you couldn't get it {X} Interviewer: Now did uh when you um Uh did you have-I don't know if you had one or not do you have a little room off the kitchen where you might store canned goods? 025: We've got a little house where we used to call it the smokehouse and they would keep the meat in it and the other one cans you know Interviewer: uh-huh 025: it's got shelves in it and concrete floors lined and everything we can keep our cans in there {X} and the other one we used to kill a lot of hogs {X} box in there it's about I guess twelve feet long and about four feet wide and it had a cover over it and we'd put our meat in there and salt it down Interviewer: uh-huh 025: We killed a lot of hogs back then Interviewer: uh-huh 025: We took 'em that's what people lived on bread and meat Interviewer: Did did you have anything do you have a room that's um um now you mentioned smokehouse but I wonder if you had a little kind of room right off the kitchen now you had that 025: They used to be one there but it was tore down Interviewer: what was it called? Well it {NW} meal in you know {X} one side to put meal in the other one flour and things like that the other end of it was about the same size as bedroom and boys would stay here you know work first and sleep {X} Auxiliary: used to call it a meal room had meal and flour 025: had meal and flour and #1 an old time coffee mill # Auxiliary: #2 {X} # 025: {X} coffee already ground one of them boys would pop popcorn you know and take it in there and run it through that old {X} coffee mill you know {X} Interviewer: {NW} Is that right? 025: {X} Auxiliary: Why his granddad would too couldn't chew it 025: {NW} wasn't good for people that didn't have good teeth Interviewer: Now the what'd your wife call it now the Auxiliary: meal room 025: #1 meal room # Auxiliary: #2 meal room # Interviewer: Did you ever I was wondering about hearing it called a pantry 025: Oh we had one of them {X} Was it here when you come here? Auxiliary: no 025: It had two great big ol' things up here you know and one of them had flour and the other one meal it had a handle down here and you could sit in there and sift it Auxiliary: #1 My sister had one but {X} # 025: #2 {X} # {X} I guess it just rusted {X} because I remember that {X} they called it a pantry and it had a coffee mill {X} Auxiliary: {X} 025: yeah Interviewer: {X} 025: but it sat upon something and these things was round {X} and you could pour flour in one meal in the other {X} you can sift it you know everybody used to have to sift their meal to get the I mean their meal {X} flour to get the husks you know round, long, little {X} it'd be a lot of husk go in that meal you know Interviewer: Now was um um the um Now sweep to sweep the floor how'd they used to sweep the floor? 025: brooms homemade brooms there's some of them here you ever seen one? Interviewer: Did you make them? What I'm interested in hearing is what you what you what you made the uh did you make the stuff that you made the broom with? 025: {X} broom corn broom corn cut it keep it {X} don't use them anymore {X} we've got some of them old homemade brooms Interviewer: Right. 025: and then when that broom corn dried out you know you could hang it up in a barn somewhere {X} and you get your round stick {X} just go round and round {X} made many a broom that way {X} Interviewer: Now on the outside of a of this frame on the framehouse what do you call those overlapping boards? 025: I just don't know exactly Interviewer: Well now for a frame house I don't think I don't know if you call them a {X} but they used to call they used to use the expression a lot when they would when they would put a they would put these boards on a on a log house over the logs these overlapping 025: {X} I guess what you're told weatherboarding Interviewer: Yeah you wouldn't call that a on your house 025: oh this stuff out here is weatherboarding and this other stuff you know a lot of these houses have never been had weatherboarding {NS} Take the planks you know {X} name 'em from the top to the bottom and then uh put strips down over the cracks a lot of houses is like that you know and then put some kind of paper building paper something on the inside to keep the wind out there isn't that many of them left around here now you might find some somewhere {X} Interviewer: How about the top of the house? um the very outside 025: well that's covered with metal sheet iron Interviewer: was it always that way? 025: {NS} {X} Interviewer: I can't sorry 025: {X} {X} Interviewer: How about on the older houses? 025: just cover the floors Interviewer: uh 025: and I think this house was covered with tin when it was first built cause it stayed on there I think about nineteen and thirty {X} they had it covered it was my granddaddy get up there you know and take some kind of cold, hard paint and painted every year It lasted after a long, long time Interviewer: did that did they blow off a lot in the 025: we have had it blow off a time or two or part of it you know around the ceiling overhead bore planks down there where there was fastened to {X} {NS} Interviewer: but it comes over the mountains 025: well it just comes any direction only it don't come so bad from the North but East {X} the South wind's worse than the West wind we had never had nothing {X} like cyclones this last winter I had a side of wind it blew the roofs off of several barns Interviewer: Now do you have anything around the edge of the of the of the roof to catch uh um catch the water? 025: gutters Interviewer: and then uh are they built in or are they 025: they just hung out Interviewer: I see and then and then there's a what do you call the thing that the water comes down 025: spouts down spouts Interviewer: spouts or down spouts Now you mentioned the smokehouse and you mentioned this house what other out buildings did you do you have on the farm now 025: Oh chicken houses {X} and little things like that and down yonder about turnover you got the water mill down there it's a two story building had a water mill down there ground corn for people all over this country {X} Interviewer: Now before you had indoor plumbing uh what'd you call that building 025: well you mean the little outhouse Interviewer: #1 yeah # 025: #2 where you went to # well they, some of them call them privies and some would call them outhouses things like that we still got the old one down there we got before we got electricity in all the bathrooms Still one sitting down there, the W-P-A Interviewer: uh-huh 025: come around and made 'em during World War two Interviewer: Now what kind of animals do you have on the farm? 025: I don't keep nothing now with cattle used to keep cattle, horses, mules and everything sheep everything goats had a little of everything Interviewer: When you talked about uh sheep you had you raised sheep 025: Yeah we'd run them on that big mountain you know Interviewer: uh-huh 025: we'd keep seventy five to a hundred head of sheep Interviewer: Is that right? 025: {X} on that big mountain and they'd come from the other side Gatlinsburg and see that big mountain it's between us and Gatlinsburg. People that herd the cattle take the cattle up there you know you know that mountain there's placed on the Nor- on the side next to Gatlinsburg called Norton that's fine range back in there my granddaddy look at it {X} and he'd get up and go over there and get back home in time for breakfast {X} look about him and called them they know just about where to find their cattle you know and they had marks that marked them in the ear so everybody could tell whose cattle was whose Interviewer: uh-huh 025: it's hard to tell much about cattle {X} and my granddaddy's mark was called {X} just cut a little something like he could course he had an eye fixed {X} but like taking something like about a fourty four or {X} cut a half half moon out there in each ear {X} everybody knows they're they're marked Interviewer: what'd you call that mark of his? 025: they called him my that was the underbit Interviewer: the underbit? 025: underbit where they cut them some of them would split their ear Interviewer: uh-huh 025: and some of them would take them out of the top of their ear everybody had to have a different mark you know they couldn't all have the same but my grandaddy's mark was two one in each ear underbit well the next man might have two underbits in one ear instead of one maybe in one of them three Interviewer: I see 025: And maybe some of them in the top of the ear and some of them maybe at the end of the ear cut off and some of them cut the ear off and called it a {X} you split the ear down an inch or two you know They'll never grow back up Interviewer: uh-huh, I see 025: everybody had their own bit Interviewer: uh-huh 025: got their own mark Interviewer: Now the uh the cattle um um what kin- uh the uh what kinds of cattle did you raise? 025: Any kind any kind you can get {X} most of them are part {X} people turned the cattle out altogether you didn't know what you had Interviewer: How long ago did you- did you keep the cattle? did you ever get tired of just having one? 025: No we've still got cattle I've always had cattle all my life them days we'd have more than we do now people-I could remember back in the days when there wasn't no fences everybody turned their {X} people kept the fences up you know there wasn't no open fields people turned their cattle out and they roamed one end of this {X} to the other them that didn't take them out and some people would have to keep work cattles steers and the milk cows you know Interviewer: uh-huh 025: they'd keep them here and they'd just turn them out {X} try to keep their milk cows and their steers pretty close to home but their other {X} they didn't have no law then #1 Now the uh- # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 025: {X} old crooked rail rails {X} Interviewer: Did you always just call them rail fences 025: {X} Interviewer: you just called them- did you- 025: crooked rail fences you know Interviewer: What'd you call that first one you put down? 025: oh that was the bott- bottom rail Guess they would just call it the bottom rail {X} and bury it down there in that ground last there for years and years {X} Interviewer: Ever call that the worm? 025: Yeah might be a worm {X} Auxiliary: #1 you've seen them ain't you # Interviewer: #2 Now you mentioned # Yeah sure 025: used to be some round here {X} Interviewer: I've seen some you know but they-they differ from 025: What you've seen is something that's put up for show I don't guess you ever seen a regular old rail out here they've got a rail fence over here but it's a new rail made out of {X} out here in Pidgeon Forge there was one right along up through there Interviewer: #1 they was looking # 025: #2 mm-hmm # some of that just for show {X} Interviewer: and the chestnut tree is all 025: Yeah the chestnut tree is all {X} there used to be a side of chestnut trees after {X} Interviewer: where did the chestnut trees go? you remember? you remember when the chestnut when they had that- chestnut tree 025: they went back I guess near the teens when I was a boy my grandaddy owned eight hundred acres of land on the side of that mountain {X} he had a big chestnut orchard up there an old big chestnut trees he grew you know be several feet around and we'd go up there the Fall and pick up chestnuts not everybody else go and pick up chestnuts people them days their children would pick up chestnuts and all the stores would buy 'em they'd buy their shoes Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: winter clothes with them chestnuts and the merchants would buy 'em and take 'em and trade you know and then they'd hold 'em Knoxville or something Interviewer: I see Now you mentioned uh uh you mentioned steers uh what what were you talking about cattle there? Alright. 025: Steers is you know cattles tongues and heffers and females I only had a a bull that's {X} well a steer is a bull {X} that's been castrated you know and steers Interviewer: I see I wondered if you sometimes they used before before they used horses so much uh they uh for hauling things and for plowing as a matter of fact do you remember 025: well as far back as I remember they've had cattle and horses too Interviewer: yeah didn't they use oxen here uh before World War I? #1 oxen? # 025: #2 well I guess they played out # {X} Interviewer: Isn't that what drew 025: back when I was a boy though before World War one, I was just barely missed that well I was old enough to go to the army but they didn't take me {X} Interviewer: What did you have what uh what did you have what 025: I had pneumonia fever you know {X} they turned me down didn't take me had a bad lung but people had them {X} some a lot of people you know {X} put collar on them plow when a fella used to live here close to us {X} {X} like a horse you know plow on state ground they could stand up to a horse but you know a mule can stand up to a horse can't stand up and them yolks of cattle it had some awfully good cattle they'd log with 'em farm with 'em {X} I've seen plowing ones big plow turning plow Interviewer: Those weren't the same kind of animals though as milk cows I mean they were- 025: Cattle's all the same breed milk cows is cows {X} and give milk and steers you make beef out of them and sell 'em {X} Interviewer: They weren't different like oxen. I mean you wouldn't 025: They're just still the same kind of cattle we got now only difference is {X} are better bred cattle now you know we got better bulls and better bred cattle. These are just {X} people's cattle run out and they might have a big cow {X} well that don't happen anymore because peoples keeps their own cattle and their own bull {X} some people's got black anguses and somes got white faces and somes got derms some one kind and some another but everybody keeps their cattle in their own fields now keeps their own bull in their keep a good grade of cattle Interviewer: I see 025: them days you'd just have anything you didn't know what your cows gonna have {X} Interviewer: especially when you have the open range now what are the how often what did they did they uh did they stop the open range 025: well that was back when I was just a boy my granddaddy he just took fit about it you know {X} I's just a boy Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: I don't know I guess that was back in the early nineteen hund- I mean let's see. I was born eighteen ninety seven I'd say it happened about nineteen ten in the low in the low teens somewhere around there Interviewer: Now do you remember uh that the time when men didn't like to use the word bull in the presence of women 025: oh yeah yeah but now they don't pay no attention Interviewer: what did they used to call 'em instead of 025: they just call them a bull or he-male, female, he-male female he-male Interviewer: females and he-males? 025: female Interviewer: and he-males? 025: he-males Interviewer: that's good do they do the same thing with horses? what do they call a male horse? 025: well a horse is just like cattle you know now there's keep horse for breeding purposes called them stud horse and then ordinary horse was just a break horse or saddle horse or whatever you want to get him for Interviewer: and what if the female was 025: {X} some of them would never breed you know {X} Interviewer: what'd they call a a female? 025: Mare Interviewer: Now did they have a term that they used instead of instead of saying stud in the presence of women 025: {X} they still in the farm papers you know {X} {X} Now Jack you can take a jack or you got your mules you'd take a jack and breed a mare to 'em and you got a mule you see and there was jennies that belonged to the jacks you could take a jenny and breed her to a horse breeds you a mule just vice versa there just crossbreed Interviewer: the jacks and jennies though are the 025: they're the same kind of the same tribe you know Interviewer: they're smaller weren't they 025: yeah they're smaller Interviewer: smaller a lot smaller than mules what is a the male what'd you call the male sheep? 025: buck Interviewer: {X} 025: ram Interviewer: uh-huh 025: buck or ram Interviewer: either one and the female 025: {X} Interviewer: and the you said you'd shear them how much did you shear them in the spring 025: shear them twice a year sometimes they'd use that {X} you know that was a whole lot easier work than the threads you know {X} make-that's something like that right there that's a homemade thing that's over a hundred years old on that couch that's what they'd weave them into Interviewer: that's made of 025: yeah and blankets and {X} that's a homemade that come from my great great grandmother I had to take care of it they'd have big looms you know there used to be one here Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: weaved them on them looms by hand Interviewer: How did they process that now let's take it from the from a going from do you remember from when they from the time you'd shear it until you'd get something like that 025: #1 No,no, no # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 025: They had a thing to do it when I was {X} they kept a wool and wash it and dry it see sheep's a greasy thing get all that grease out of there {X} and then they'd take cards just things you know with teeth in them about six or eight inches long and about four inches wide with a handle on them {X} put them in clips you know and then there's the one {X} then they had a spinning wheel great big- you've seen that one {X} and they'd spin that wool into yarn Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: and they'd make things like that out of it knit socks and whatnot you know make underwear Interviewer: #1 anything {X} # 025: #2 I see # I don't remember seeing much of that done I've seen that wool carded and made into {X} they were all men in the winter time where they all knit socks you know they were about two or three times thicker than anything you can buy now they didn't have no such things as overshoes or boots. I mean they just had boots, but there wasn't nothing like {X} I don't know how people Interviewer: What'd they used to call the old kind of shoes that men used to wear 025: {X} the first ones I ever knew but they're just old hard shoes {D: I wore them} they had a copper thing right across the toe of 'em {X} {X} I reckon people kick so much Interviewer: {NW} you mentioned hog {NS} could you tell me a little about the hog the hog business? 025: Well people just raised their hogs you know and back in the chestnut and acreing time they'd fatten them up there on that mountain they'd mark them too you know and sometimes you'd get them and sometimes you wouldn't get them back and they'd let 'em fatten maybe they'd bring them in {X} before they killed them feed 'em on corn a while well then when that played over people would just build {X} or lots {X} and tucked the hogs in them and fatten them and then kill them I used to fatten a lot of hogs who ate a lof of corn fatten a lot of hogs and sell them to Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: supermarkets or take them to {X} that's {X} we don't even like killing hogs anymore don't raise any more right now it's {X} can't get no lot to raise your grain on it the last few years we've raised corn, wheat and oats and all these things you know {X} ain't very much {X} I don't know everybody used to raise wheat I don't know if a bit of wheat was raised in this community this year Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: Everybody used to have a cane patch and they'd make their molasses you know for their {X} keep bees to make their honey people lived good back in the old days they lived good Interviewer: What-when you talk about raising wheat do you how is that harvested 025: Well wheat was sowed you know with a drill {X} or by hand anyway to get it in the ground then people back in the old days they had to cradle that Did you ever see a cradle? Interviewer: Is that I think I 025: got a big blade on 'em and so many fingers {X} {NS} {X} Did I hurt it? Interviewer: Let me see I'll just check {NW} 025: Well I never know Interviewer: No that's okay {X} that's a curious thing you can't expect a to deal with something like that Now when they um out in the field how did they um uh um did they ever when they were harvesting before they got to thrashing it didn't they tie it up and 025: Well I never did see that happen But I heard my grandpa talk about it they'd have some kind of a floored thing and they had a horses and they'd tie 'em {X} take them around and around and around {X} {X} pick up the wheat and they'd have a windmill {X} Interviewer: uh-huh 025: and they'd run it through that and blow the separate the trash from the wheat Interviewer: uh-huh 025: and they got the thrashing machine {X} ain't no thrashing machines in 'em all Interviewer: Sure 025: {X} Interviewer: But I meant the kind of bundles or something 025: Well they had to make them up into big bundles you know and they had to take part the wheat take out a handful of that wheat Interviewer: #1 Right # 025: #2 and that # man could tie that before you can say {X} {X} and they'd build two or three cellars come behind them shock it Interviewer: Yeah 025: they'd shock it up about eight, ten or twelve of them bunchers and they'd take two and lay on top they'd take them and break them and two in the middle them things would turn water that way Interviewer: Yeah, what'd you did you have a name for that for the one you put over the top? 025: I'd call that I just I forget what they call that it had a name but we just put that on break it down you know and lay 'em crossways Interviewer: did you would you call it a cap? 025: cap or something like that {X} Interviewer: you ever heard it called a rudder? I heard that up in Solomon county How many-now these little bunches you were speaking of did you call those sheaves or #1 or just bunches or bundles # 025: #2 just call 'em # bundles Interviewer: bundles 025: bundles #1 is what I was hearing # Interviewer: #2 {X} # and if um how um how much of this would you say it varies terrifically I know but how much wheat could you get to an acre 025: well it depends it's lots of people that get forty fifty bushel you do well a lot of times if you average ten bushel to the acre my brother in law and my neighbor over here are on a thrashing machine they'd go out here this side of Sevier {X} and all that farm country and thrash and the Birchfields up there on some on that Newport road owned a lot of land there and I heared my brother in law {X} a lot of that now {X} said they'd set it down and they'd go in there and haul it to it then they'd thrashed a hundred acres up there Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: just made about ten bushel to the acre Interviewer: #1 something like that # 025: #2 mm-hmm # that's a whole lot of wheat out of hundred acre Interviewer: When you're getting land ready to they start out let's say it's just a it's completely it's full of trees and everything else you have to do to get a field ready to cultivate 025: Well {X} timber Interviewer: Yeah 025: Well they just go in there and saw those trees off as short as they can get them low as they can get 'em and uh sometimes they begin to get dynamite they would blow them stumps out {X} dig 'em on out Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: let 'em get part of the rock and take big priers and pries them out or hook a team to 'em and pull them ou finally get them cleaned up Interviewer: How'd they get them out when you say they pulled them out did they the team 025: they would put a chain around 'em you know dig around them but you take a great big tree sometimes you couldn't do that a lot of times they just let them rot out and take them out in pieces work around them Interviewer: do they drag them out? 025: get them out {X} Interviewer: If you were taking a {X} see a difference between between just cutting it down flat or taking-getting everything out 025: Well back when people going to clear land farmers they'd take everything out Interviewer: Right 025: then the people that's keeping it for timber would go cut the big stuff out and take care of the younger stuff here Interviewer: I was wondering if you had a different name for taking out you get down there and take out all the shrubs and all the 025: they just call it clearing everything Interviewer: didn't use the word grubbing 025: {X} but not what grubbing meant small stuff where you could take a {X} Interviewer: Oh 025: dig it out Interviewer: #1 I see, I see # 025: #2 small stuff, you # couldn't dig them big stumps Interviewer: #1 I still got some daggers too # 025: #2 {X} # {X} there that never has been cut Interviewer: #1 somebody # 025: #2 uh-huh # cut over, it's never been cleared I've got some over on that hill that's never been cleared Interviewer: Right 025: that kind of land now is worth more than land farming land {X} I'd be afraid to ask anybody {X} Interviewer: uh-huh 025: I'd be afraid to cross anybody well they'll give you a whole lot more for land if it's got some trees on it {X} Interviewer: Sure well they uh but I when you uh when you you've got cultivate it you take a when you start to cultivate it 025: Well they'd just plow it with anything they could you know they didn't have one big long plow with one thing {X} they call them now put 'em on a tractor and call 'em subsolvers, we called 'em subsolvers then Interviewer: mm-hmm 025: but it just one big foot you know and they'd just have to go with that and then later on after they got a little further they can take this plow with two feet on it you know cultivate it and most of the people then have these great big old {X} and three-cornered you know and big long square stalks about that {X} and later on they got the section hire {X} for level land {X} Interviewer: do you ever have the kind that has the spring kind of an arrow with the spring tooth 025: yeah they used to burn them things {X} Interviewer: Is that what they were called? 025: I forget what they called some of them {X} Interviewer: Do you ever call them go devils? 025: No I don't think I ever heard them called go devils Interviewer: #1 Did you ever hear anything called a go devil? # 025: #2 Yeah # Interviewer: What is it? 025: Well what I'd always heard called