Interviewer:  And uh {NS} okay this is side two that we're on, and we've just finished off with uh number thirteen point five, and now we're on thirteen point six. That's just for the tape. {NS} Okay um {NS} okay if I were to say, okay here's another one of those fill in the blank things. Uh {NS} if I was talking about a certain person, and I would say uh like I was questioning for instance, uh {NS} like uh the motives of a certain murderer, and I was saying, you know I can't understand it, I can't understand why he goes about and does these things. What makes uh what {NS}
255:  What are your intentions?
Interviewer:  No what like if I were to say what compels him, wh- wh- what #1 what what other expressions #
255:  #2 oh what- what is the motivating force? #
Interviewer:  Yeah, or something uh something a little bit more simple than that.
255:  Yeah. {NS}
Interviewer:  #1 Now, let's say #
255:  #2 What is his # uh what is his reason.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS}
255:  What is his motivating reason.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What would you say #1 {X} #
255:  #2 Why does he # why does he {NS} why does he follow that tactic. {NW} {NS}
Interviewer:  Okay. {NS} And then I would say uh if we're unsure {NS} about who murdered that person, and we go up and and a- a lot of people, they would be thinking about it we would say people think that {NS} {NS}
255:  Couldn't if it was a suspect. People people think that he did it.
Interviewer:  Right.
255:  People think that he {NS} he sure did it. {NS}
Interviewer:  Okay.
255:  And everything points to him doing it. {NS}
Interviewer:  Okay, I don't know what type of house this is but uh what type of house is this is it- oh let me see well, forget about that. Uh {NS} {NS} the sort of buildings that you uh what sort of building do you think you might have on a farm? {NS}
255:  It should have uh a barn. I lived on a farm out at Hastings for four or five years when I was a youngster. We had uh we had our f- um main house uh we had a outhouse we had a barn we had a pigsty and we had a a help house.
Interviewer:  What's a help house is w-
255:  For the well because men lived in away from the farm they'd- their families {X} Tom, I know Tom very well, he he had his wife and a bunch of children and he he had his house
Interviewer:  What
255:  near the barn.
Interviewer:  wha- what {NW} what would you say is the plural of house?
255:  Houses.
Interviewer:  Okay. Um the buildings that you would store corn in is called a?
255:  Bin. Corn bin. {X} You would have a corn bin, surely. Hayloft. {NS} Or a stable.
Interviewer:  What do you call um a building or a part of a of a building where you store grain? {NS}
255:  Grain house. {NS} Corn corn crib is what we uh that's the really the only grain we stored was corn. Corn grain, and we'd call it a corn crib.
Interviewer:  Uh w- how would you describe those be?
255:  You mean the size or what?
Interviewer:  Yeah.
255:  Um oh it depend upon we had cat- we had milk cows and horses and we had a large barn, a very large hayloft, and a large corn crib because we had several horses and and there were milk cows.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} Um the upper part of a barn is called a? What would you call the upper
255:  Loft. L-O-F-T. Hay loft, mainly. That's the always the case. Be drier up there, you see.
Interviewer:  Are there any other places where you might store hay in the barn?
255:  Well, you'd st- if you had straw for the th- you put straw in the i- in the horse stables. And uh we'd collect straw and have it, but it's different from hay, they that'd be something they would be not eating, they don't eat straw, they would use that for to sop up the the moisture that would occur in a horse stable or cow stable.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. If there was too much hay gathered uh #1 to get in the barn #
255:  #2 You could bale it. # You- we we baled hay a great deal in- in bales. Like if you store that downstairs because that didn't have to be uh hay loft is {X} you have to have so air can get through it.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
255:  And if you had a d- a bale that was not necessary. You could store baled hay anywhere.
Interviewer:  And how is it kept outside, I was wondering.
255:  Well the- we had uh haystacks uh that uh we would {NW} when we- we would have hay and someone we would have uh {NW} pulls up and pack hay round it and put a little uh canvas top over it uh over the top.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  Which would generally keep it dry, as a- as it weathered, the rain would would- would shed rather easily.
Interviewer:  How would you say is the- the shape of that pile?
255:  Uh
Interviewer:  #1 like stack #
255:  #2 it's it's # it's a haystack uh uh {NS} a conical shape. {NS} We had a pole to you set a pole up and you pile the hay round, start piling it at the bottom and build it up to {NS}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  ten, fifteen feet. {NS}
Interviewer:  Wow. {NS} Wha- what is the cart that you use to bring the hay {NS} called, you know
255:  {NW} Uh {NS} {NW} well we had a wagon of course, a hay wagon. a hay uh hay rack. If it- {NS} sides, up the side. The- we'd when we'd go for hay of a regular wagon, {NS} we had staves on uh we put staves up on each side {NS} so as then you'd pile more hay on it, of course. {NS}
Interviewer:  {NW} {NS} What would you call the- the thing where it has four poles a sliding roof on it? Sort of like a portable structure, the thing is. You know, the small little thing. And you know, you put
255:  {NW} #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 you put hay in there. #
255:  but I can't think of the name right now.
Interviewer:  You ever hear of it referred to as a rick or Dutch cap or a haycap?
255:  Well, I- no that's something you wouldn't find out in this area #1 for those #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
255:  terms. That would be a term I've heard in Pennsylvania. I took a uh the American Forestry Association met in penta- Bristol Pennsylvania, we went on uh a hayride.
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  {X} and I've
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  heard that term expressed up there {X} {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh when you first cut the hay, what did you do with it?
255:  Oh that you- you'd leave it in the fields to dry, and then you'd uh uh go every day and turn it over and let it dry, and then then when it was when it was matured, you'd you'd bale it or hold it in the barn. And you had to have {NS} no rain then, had to have good sunshiny weather to cu- cure hay was the {NS} the term we used.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  They had to cure before you could put it away.
Interviewer:  Do you know of any names for the small piles of hay that were raked up in the field? {NS}
255:  No. I don't recall. {NS}
Interviewer:  Where do you, uh did you ever hear that referred to as a shock? Or a
255:  No.
Interviewer:  haycock or tumble or doodle?
255:  That's not common names in this area though, I'm sure.
Interviewer:  A heap, a coil, a rickle or mow?
255:  You might get that in Georgia.
Interviewer:  #1 Mm-hmm. #
255:  #2 You hear those terms in # {NS} backwoods Georgia. {NW}
Interviewer:  Yeah I could understand that. {NS} Where do you keep your cows? If you know, if you had a cows {X} You know any special name for that?
255:  Uh we had a cow barn, we had a horse horse stables in the cow barn. {NS} The funny thing we'd call the where we kept the horses stables and kept the where the cows in the cow barn. {NS}
Interviewer:  Well what'd you uh say if there was like a a special little shelter for them to get in when it was raining, was there any? You know.
255:  Uh let's see, I've forgotten what you call the name of that, but there is a name for that but I can't recall it. {NS}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  I was very young when I was on the farm. When I was I went out there, we were moved to the farm when I was four years old and left there when I was eight. Four years on the farm. {NS}
Interviewer:  What do you call the place where you keep your horses? {X} We've already gone over that #1 {X} #
255:  #2 Horse stable. #
Interviewer:  {NS} Besides the barn, {NS} uh {NS} did you ever have a special place where you would milk the cows outside? {NS}
255:  No, we milked the cows I remember right, well I used to milk cows and we'd milk 'em in the right where the feeders, see you would have a you'd have to feed the cow while you milk 'em {X} And uh they the the the bins where they'd were set up and you'd bring the cow in and put the feed in there and then milk it.
Interviewer:  Hmm.
255:  Milk while she was eating.
Interviewer:  Amazing. Besides the barn, did you ever hear did you ever have a special place where you would milk the cows outside? Wait, we've already asked that.
255:  No, and I don't
Interviewer:  Pardon me. {NW} I'm just- I'm
255:  We- we
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
255:  #2 we uh # occasionally you'd milk a cow outside,
Interviewer:  Right.
255:  where you pick a bucket of feed and put down in front of her. But as a general rule, you only did that when uh was something the cow barn was too full or you had too much manure in it or something.
Interviewer:  Yeah. Um
255:  Too wet. Something like that.
Interviewer:  Where do you keep your hogs and pigs, when you have 'em?
255:  Pigsty. {NS} That'd be- that would usually be set apart from the from the barn.
Interviewer:  Did it have a shelter, or was it open?
255:  No, open, as a general rule. Oh, it- it'd have t- ours I can see it right now, we had uh uh pigpens and we'd have old tin in a corner where they would come get out of the rain.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  But you do- you didn't worry too much about hogs. {NW}
Interviewer:  That's what I figured.
255:  Protecting hogs, they sort of protect themselves.
Interviewer:  Where did people used to keep their milk and butter uh before the the days of refrigeration?
255:  A spring house they'd have uh as a rule, but that's that's not the- you'd have that mainly in {NS} in uh in hilly country, where they have uh springs, you don't have many springs here. {NS} Uh at least it would be just like artisan wells. And {NS} you don't have a {NS} place where you could {NS} go down {X} we never had one, we never had a spring house I know of.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {X}
255:  {X} Yeah, we kept butter and um we- we made butter uh from the cream and uh we'd keep it in a cool place. Uh my mother used to worry about that, keeping it cool not yet too hot. {NS} Spring house would have been very nice if we at least had a nice, cold spring #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 Yeah. #
255:  but
Interviewer:  You didn't have too many springs around here, #1 did you? #
255:  #2 No. # We had a few springs, if any. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. {NS} Um {NS} what other uh meanings would the word dairy have?
255:  What other meanings would the word #1 dairy? #
Interviewer:  #2 Yeah. # Di- where did you uh, you know.
255:  Uh dairy farm You wanted the meaning?
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
255:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
255:  #2 What about the expression? #
Interviewer:  Yeah, that's one of 'em. Uh what about the place where it's processed and uh uh you know {NS} sent out from there. You know, where they send it to the stores. {NS}
255:  You see you uh now if you were dealing up in New York state where the milk country up in the dairy farms, uh you'd d- it's entirely different in this area, we never had this was not a great dairy area.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  Uh up there they collect milk and then uh y- go around, but here they never did that. You'd uh you'd have just your dairy for your own use your own family use.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  And the- if uh there were some {NS} well, if a person had forty fifty cows he'd have a day he'd deliver milk. And that would be a special thing I have I really don't know, I never
Interviewer:  Yeah.
255:  lived on a dairy farm.
Interviewer:  Oh, where did you where then would you store uh potatoes and turnips in the winter? I was wondering.
255:  I either put 'em in a in a bed uh y- uh bed 'em particularly sweet potatoes and and things you'd you'd put 'em- dig a hole uh not too deep for- you don't want the water you'd sort of put up on the surface and cover 'em over the mound of dirt. We did that to sugar cane and we did that to uh {NS} to potatoes. Sweet potatoes. {NS}
Interviewer:  Hmm. That's interesting. Um
255:  Irish potatoes you'd put 'em we put 'em under the house. {NS} And they would uh that type of Irish potato, we'd do you couldn't keep very long, anyway. They'd rot in six or eight weeks. {NS}
Interviewer:  What do you call the place around the barn where you might let the cows and the mules and the other farm animals walk around? {NS}
255:  Barnyard. {NS}
Interviewer:  What would you call the place where a uh you let them go out to graze? {NS} You know, the area where they went out to graze.
255:  Well you see in uh as a rule well I c- we'd have uh yes {NS} uh {NS} go out to graze in the field's what we'd call it. They'd go where we have gr- uh hay growing or gr- young grasses growing. And you'd have uh have it sectioned off where uh to where this week they'll be in this field, and the next week they'll be in that field. So as not to stamp it out. {NS}
Interviewer:  Yeah so with the sectioning, I was wondering uh what type of fencing did you have in there?
255:  Barbed wire. Barbed wire fencing.
Interviewer:  Was it always fenced?
255:  Well uh mainly the barbed wire, that was the cheapest way to put a fence in. Barbed wire has spikes on it, and the cows will stay away. Had to have {D:toothy} strands of barbed wire will
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  will be a r- effective will will hold cattle. {NS}
Interviewer:  All right, here's a question that sort of uh pertains to the area. So we're trying to understand the geography. Uh did you ever raise cotton? {NS}
255:  No, we never raised cotton on our farm, and uh just if anybody raised cotton out in the Hastings area where our farm was, that was just something to be uh just to fool with. Just to experiment with. Not as a crop.
Interviewer:  Whe- where was the Hastings area, that's interesting.
255:  Hastings i- eighteen miles from here, that's a farming area in this county.
Interviewer:  Eighteen miles due west?
255:  Due west, that's
Interviewer:  Yeah.
255:  I'd say Hastings is called the the uh early Irish potato section.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  The Hastings area is well-known all over the country.
Interviewer:  You raised potatoes out there?
255:  Irish potatoes, yes. They raised oh they would plant twenty-five thousand acres of potatoes. {NS} {X} it's called an early potato.
Interviewer:  Mm.
255:  It has a- it won't keep like the Idaho potato will keep as a dry potato. {NS} The {NS} you'd grow 'em- well they grow to maturity in Idaho and they {X} but over here they dig 'em and uh puts- they plant 'em in uh l- January and dig 'em in April {NS} and uh {NS} they're about {NS} sixty percent water. And then uh {NS} they don't dry out. And because they are so have so much water in 'em, they won't keep. {NS} And you got to {NS} they've got to sometimes potatoes will rot within two three weeks. {X} {X} {NS}
Interviewer:  That's amazing. {NW} I never- I never knew that before. {NS} D- what do you call the grass that grows up uh um what would you call the grass that grows up uh that you didn't want? You know, around here. Let's say if you were raising those potatoes. {NS}
255:  Crabgrass is uh a type of {NS} tantalizing grass that would grow to {NS}
Interviewer:  I was wondering, did you happen to know uh of any of the type of grass that may have grown in a cotton field or any- that di-
255:  No. #1 I don't #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-kay. #
255:  know crabgrass.
Interviewer:  Yes. {X} {NW} Cotton and uh let's see {NW} {NS} Um the cotton and corn uh would be grown in a what would you say, what area?
255:  Of course cotton and corn would be growing in a field.
Interviewer:  Right.
255:  But they uh and they grow a lot of corn in this area, but they would grow no cotton. No commercial cotton farmed here at all, I know.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What things would you say uh let's see w- tobacco would be also grown in or it would be grown in a what?
255:  {NW} Uh {NS} well in a fiel- tobacco doesn't grow in this particular area. We don't plant {X} When I was president of the rotary in 1942, {NS} our rotary club {NS} I was instrumental with a mister {B} who was a tax collector. I was starting a five-acre
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  tobacco farm, to see experimentally {NS} to see if uh we could do something with it that would encourage other farmers to diversify from potatoes and cabbage, and try to grow some tobacco here. And so we had a farm, we got us tobacco farmer from Georgia and we struggled with it uh he turned out to be drunk most of the time {NS} and let the worms eat the tobacco and so we didn't have much of a crop, but we did it for three years. It cost the rotary club considerable money. {NS} Uh we didn't make much out of it but in the final analysis, we proved the point that you can grow tobacco, but you need a capable manager for one thing. And we sold our tobacco. We went over to the {X} market, and followed the experiment all down and wrote a paper on it. And uh that was one of the things that I was trying to do as during my time as president of the rotary.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  And uh {NS} uh wasn't too successful, but it it proved the point.
Interviewer:  Yeah.
255:  At least the- the few the I mean tobacco could grow in this area, if properly handled. Properly managed. But we- we proved that point.
Interviewer:  What would you call uh things that were growing in a patch?
255:  Potato patch. The the we ca- the- the cornfield, let's see the the uh uh {NS} sugarcane patch. That we'd certainly call that a we- cuz that was just grown for uh almost family use and we were taking uh take the corn, haul it over to our relatives who lived close to our farm where we would {NS} grind the cane and the all the neighbors would get together on sugar grinding. And they would make uh make uh syrup {NS} out of it. Sugarcane syrup. {NS}
Interviewer:  That's amazing. Uh what kind of fence what kind of fences uh do you have around the yards and the garden? {NS}
255:  A picket fence. Uh would be uh an expression. And uh or barbed wire fence. Particularly if you wanted to keep uh cows out but if you wanted to keep pigs out, you have to have a a very secure fence, cuz they they will get you have to have a little uh a holdfast.
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  Which is quite different from a barbed wire fence they keep cattle in. {NS}
Interviewer:  Can you make any uh other kind of fences out of wood? {NS} Or you know are there any other kind of fences you could
255:  {X} uh yeah fence posts and but you'd use wood for that and then a picket fence would be the mainly thing you'd use around the residence you wouldn't use that around a farm, as a general rule. We had a picket fence around our house on {X} Avenue where I was born.
Interviewer:  Uh what would you um call the kind of fence that's made of split rails, and they're laid in a zigzag fashion. {NS}
255:  You would have very few fences like that uh they would call uh that Abraham Lincoln uh was famous for uh the what do they call that type of fence uh I'm trying to think of the term now. Can't think of it we had very few of those here. Only occasionally you would have 'em as an orn- orn- ornamental. Uh s- s- what do what do the term for that I just has {D: passing} me now, I can't think of it. {NS} A split-rail fence, I guess. Split-rail. Split-rail fence.
Interviewer:  Um what would you and you said a form of this, but I'm looking for the singular. {NS} When you set up a barbed-wire fence, you must dig holes for the what?
255:  Fence posts.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And what would be the singular of that?
255:  {NW} A- a fence post.
Interviewer:  Right. {NW} {NS} Good. Uh what do you call a fence or a wall made of loose stone rock that you might uh remove from a field?
255:  That you'd never do that in this area because we don't have that type of stone uh fence here. But it would be uh mm oh I don't know. I've seen many of those fences in Pennsylvania. And many of 'em in Virginia and other places. A rock fence, I don't know what they call 'em. We don't have none down here.
Interviewer:  {NW} Okay, now on a farm again uh dealing with um chickens, I don't know if you if you know too much about that, but I'll ask you a few questions about it. If you uh want to make a hen start laying, what would you put in her nest to fool her?
255:  China egg. We'd say that all the time, we had a lot of chickens.
Interviewer:  What would you use to carry uh to carry water in?
255:  Bucket. Pail.
Interviewer:  Would it be made out of uh wood or metal?
255:  Outta a wooden bucket, you'd say a wooden bucket. A pail would be usually a- a tin pail. Galvanized iron. But you'd say uh get the woo- {NW} uh get the wooden bucket. Hold the water in the wooden bucket {X}
Interviewer:  Well what would you carry uh milk in? I was wondering.
255:  Oh pail, a milk pail or
Interviewer:  Uh what is it made out of? That'd be galvanized metal or plastic or tin?
255:  Probably be made out of tin uh um or galvanized tin would be galvanized bucket {X} you'd try to get a galvanized bucket if you could. That'd stand up better than tin.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What sort of container would you use to carry food uh to the pigs? {NS}
255:  Well you- the term was you slop the pigs when you're gonna feed 'em, you slop 'em. Uh {X}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  I would probably say uh feed the pigs {X} {NS} well now I- I didn't slop the pigs yet, I haven't slopped the pigs yet.
Interviewer:  So what would- what would the bucket #1 you know, that special bucket be called? #
255:  #2 And uh he would have a # {NS} And and and that {X} the word we'd use for anything else was a swill bucket. The- you feed hogs swill.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS}
255:  That's the we'd {X} of course we had to feed 'em corn, too. Cuz they'd have enough swill to from the- the family swill is {X} sufficient feed the hogs we'd have to give 'em grain. {NS}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Uh {NS} What do you fry eggs in? I was wondering. {NS}
255:  Skillet. {NS} Frying pan. {NS}
Interviewer:  What is-
255:  Saucepan.
Interviewer:  What is it made out of? {NS}
255:  Well it's made out of uh cast iron a great deal. And uh the- now you make 'em out of aluminum and you make 'em out of {NS} uh {NS} unusual metals. But when I was young, you had frying pans outta cast iron.
Interviewer:  What did you say those words were? Uh different words for that frying pan?
255:  Frying pan. Skillet. Saucepan. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh how about if yo- if you had one with legs and an old fire-
255:  Ah, that's uh that's a oh dear we got one. {NW} Got one right now. {NS} Uh I used to use for camping. You- oh dear, can't think of it right now. {NS} There's a name for that, a common name. {NS} Ba- uh {NS}
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear of it referred to as a spider or a creeper?
255:  Oh yes, a spider. But that's not the word we use down here. We never called it a spider, we called it something else. {NS} I wish I could think of it. {NS} Ba- uh {NS} uh my- my wife would know. {NS}
Interviewer:  Hmm. {NS}
255:  Spider, yes. I've heard of spider. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh
255:  Bake uh some kind of oven see {NS} Go ahead, {X}
Interviewer:  {NW} What about uh something big and black that you would that you had put out in the backyard. That you um might use for heating up the water to boil your clothes? {NS}
255:  {NW} {NS} Well we had {X} big pots was used to boil clothes in, we'd boil clothes and then taken had a uh uh we'd beat clothes to- on our- on our block. Uh and tha- that was a regular thing. Take the clothes out the hot water put 'em on there and beat 'em and beat 'em and uh put 'em back in water and then rinse water and then put 'em right on the line. {NS} And the same pots we'd use for what we'd ca- for hog killing. When we would kill hogs, we'd use the- those pots to keep the water in. To dump the pig in before you took the hair off of its back.
Interviewer:  Hmm. #1 {X} #
255:  #2 You'd kill #
Interviewer:  {D: Oh, you're kidding} #1 you'd kill it. #
255:  #2 you'd kill it. # And uh then when you really time you'd kill it, you immediately had the water hot. You'd put it in a in the hot water, the boiling water, and for a certain length of time. And then you'd put it on a table and we'd immediately grab the hair, pulling the hair off it.
Interviewer:  Huh. Did you ever use that uh for boiling potatoes?
255:  Oh, you'd boil potatoes for the hogs, yes. We used to feed 'em
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  boiled potatoes for hogs and then- and cook in it. Uh we would uh they could be kept clean of course, cleaned out. And we'd cook uh uh oh our {X} would be cooking {NS} uh ho- uh potatoes sweet potatoes Irish potatoes uh cook 'em a certain amount before giving 'em to the hogs. {NS}
Interviewer:  Hmm. That's interesting. What would you call the container that you that you plant some sort of flower in it or uh keep in the house? {NS}
255:  {NW} I know that, I know many names for that, but I can't think of it.
Interviewer:  You can just put- sometimes you put water in it, #1 you know and you put flowers in it. #
255:  #2 Sure, {X} # {NS} I can't think of it, but we've got several eight, nine.
Interviewer:  Yeah, and right here. {NS}
255:  A planter.
Interviewer:  {NW} {NS} What are the eating utensils that you uh you set at each plate uh when you're setting a the table for supper.
255:  Knife and fork and spoon. What do you mean, you'd ca- what do you call 'em?
Interviewer:  No, that you'd you've just said the right ones. Uh if you had sort of several steaks, and it wasn't very tendered, you might have put some uh put you might have put steak
255:  #1 Sauce. #
Interviewer:  #2 what on that? # On that.
255:  Steak sauce or tenderi- uh uh there's uh {NS} accent they use, but course that's a modern thing. We never did that whe- when I was young we you would have steak and it was tough, you'd just chew it.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. What about the utensils that you'd use for uh the special utensils for that.
255:  For for for frying a steak or #1 what? #
Interviewer:  #2 No no, for eating it. # You know. {NS}
255:  Oh you have a plate
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
255:  And and silverware.
Interviewer:  What would you use to cut the steak with?
255:  You'd use a a knife. Course. #1 We've got a sharp #
Interviewer:  #2 I mean what's a #
255:  knife.
Interviewer:  What's the plural of that, I was {NS}
255:  Course the plural of knife is knives.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Say if the dishes are all dirty you would say it's almost supper time, before we can have supper we have to?
255:  Wash the dishes.
Interviewer:  Right. Right.
255:  {NW}
Interviewer:  Yep {NW}
255:  {X} my mother-in-law she used to of Germany said- she would always say wash. You have to wash the- wash the dishes.
Interviewer:  #1 Mm-hmm. #
255:  #2 Or # wash the clothes.
Interviewer:  That's interesting. After- after you wash the dishes uh she might do what with the water? You know she might #1 blank them #
255:  #2 Scald 'em # or scald the dishes with hot water {X}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. But what would you do uh sh- then she would blank them with clear water? {NS}
255:  Rinse.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  Rinse 'em.
Interviewer:  What's the plural of that?
255:  Well, I don't know {NS} Uh you wouldn't use the plural very much but uh there's uh go- you'd have to go through a series of rinses
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  {NW}
Interviewer:  Right. {NS} Uh what would you call the cloth or rag that you might use in washing
255:  dishcloth.
Interviewer:  What would you call the cloth or rag that you would use in drying dishes? {NS}
255:  Towel. Dish towel.
Interviewer:  What would you call the small square or terry cloth that you would use to bathe your face?
255:  Wash rag.
Interviewer:  After bathing, what would you use to dry yourself off with?
255:  {NW} Towel. Bath towel.
Interviewer:  What would you tur- um what would you- what do you turn on at the water pipe of a kitchen sink?
255:  Faucet. {NW}
Interviewer:  Hmm.
255:  And in the country, we had rainwater uh cistern and tha- there was a pump in the kitchen, it was connected with the cistern to- you'd use rainwater sparingly to wash clothes with and wash dishes with because there would wouldn't use as much soap. It was easy on soap. The other water out- came out of the well uh it was hard. {NS} You'd have to have {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. What would uh what terms do you um would you use for other things um like that out in the yard, where you would attach a garden hose or where the firemen would hitch up a firehose?
255:  Hydrant. Faucet.
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  Pump. That
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  well well, you'd have to use a you'd hitch a hose to a faucet.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What would you call um if you're working out in the field, and they've brought water out in a cart or wagon, uh what would that water container be called?
255:  Bucket. I remember now that uh when a when the field when we were digging potatoes would have oh a dozen or so extra hands. There's always a water boy coming down with a dipper and uh and a bucket and they- they would all use the same dipper
Interviewer:  #1 Oh, that's interesting. #
255:  #2 take a drink of water. #
Interviewer:  Did you ever have something that you uh could turn to to get the water to run into uh into your dipper or uh cup?
255:  Turn to? What do you mean? I don't- say that again. Didn't understand.
Interviewer:  Like, you know the little thing that gets the water to to drip into your cup or #1 Well, I think we've already #
255:  #2 Spigot. #
Interviewer:  yeah
255:  Faucet. {NS} The water spigot.
Interviewer:  {NW} Mm-hmm. {NS} It was um {NS} Okay let's say that {X} that it was so cold last night that our water pipes?
255:  Froze. {NW}
Interviewer:  And then if they freeze so much, what do they usually do sometimes?
255:  They burst.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} Um people used to buy flour in a what? {NS}
255:  A f- flour to make bread?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  In a sack. Flour sack.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  I used to have flour sacks used to when I was little, I'd make my underwear out of uh Gold Medal flour sacks.
Interviewer:  {NW} {NS} That's interesting. Um and oh uh let's say a larger containing container where you know, it'd be really big. And it's round, made out of wood.
255:  Oh hogshead.
Interviewer:  No was that what's it called?
255:  Well they that something uh the- that's a big container. Like a barrel. Half of a barrel. {NS}
Interviewer:  And what's that called again?
255:  Barrel.
Interviewer:  Oh no, you used another term.
255:  Oh hogshead.
Interviewer:  Uh something that you might have to roll off a wagon or a couple of logs or boards? You know the the thing that you would use uh you know
255:  I mean you put something down in the back of a wagon so as to roll things down and then
Interviewer:  Yeah.
255:  And- and the uh oh I forgot what you {X} {X} {NS} It's been a long time since that has happened.
Interviewer:  What did uh molasses come in when you uh okay what did molasses come in when you used to buy it um on a fairly large quantities?
255:  Uh {NS} well that way I have never experienced cuz we had our own molasses syrup. I know when I was on the farm and when you bought it in um
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  bottles that really see we put our own s- syrup in bottles.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  And uh sealed it with a cork.
Interviewer:  Is there was a- a type of uh sugar syrup they used to make, too? Cane s-
255:  Yeah, yeah they made sugar out of cane sure they served brown sugar, they made and uh {NS}
Interviewer:  What about um the lard? You know, what if if you bought some lard w- in a large quantity, what would that come in?
255:  Uh well uh a lard can or let's see lard see wh- when I was young when we killed hogs in November, every November we killed hogs. And uh we would make lard to use and we'd have lard big large lard lard cans that we'd put it and use it all during the year. Uh for for uh seasoning and and frying {X}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS}
255:  Lord help us now, I wouldn't have that now, it'd kill me if I eat that
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  hog's lard.
Interviewer:  Did you ever call those containers a stand?
255:  No. {NS}
Interviewer:  What would you use to enable what do you use to enable you to pour water into a narrow-mouth bottle? {NS}
255:  Huh. {NS} {X} my uh I'm lost.
Interviewer:  {X} {NS} Uh well let- do you ever hear of it called a funnel?
255:  Sure, that's what it is.
Interviewer:  Okay, and what about a tunnel?
255:  A tunnel, no. Not a tunnel, but a funnel.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. {NW} What do you use to urge your horses to go faster when you're riding them in a buggy?
255:  Buggy whip.
Interviewer:  If you brought fruit I mean if you bought food let's see {NW} if you bought fruit at the store, the grocer might put it in a?
255:  Bought fruit? Uh you might put it in of course he'd put it in a bag or a basket depending.
Interviewer:  Yeah it was uh right. Uh {NW} how is a fairly large quantity of sugar packed? {NS}
255:  Sugar bar- they'd put it in a barrel. Or uh I've heard of sugar barrels.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. About- let's say about fifty pounds of flour you know and those type of things.
255:  It'd be- that'd be in a sack. Flour sack, as a general rule. {NS}
Interviewer:  You never heard of any other terms for it? Huh
255:  No.
Interviewer:  Like uh a poke or a meal sack?
255:  Well, you get that in some backwoods areas of Georgia, again I say you might get a poke. I know I've heard it. I know what that expression is, but we- I'd never heard it used in our house.
Interviewer:  What do you call the bag or a sack of potatoes uh that are shipped in? You know, the strong bag you know made out of that type of a weed.
255:  He- uh hemp. Hemp.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  Uh they uh {NS}
Interviewer:  What was the whole bag called?
255:  Of course we- when we were growing potatoes we shipped 'em in a barrel.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  And now they ship 'em in in uh uh aerated uh potato sacks. I don't know what it's called.
Interviewer:  You ever hear of it uh re- um talked as a burlap sack?
255:  Yeah. I've heard of burlap sack
Interviewer:  Coffee sack?
255:  What?
Interviewer:  Coffee sack?
255:  No.
Interviewer:  Um How about a crocus sack?
255:  Crocus sack, yeah {X} I've heard well that term, yes. I've heard that term all my life. I know exactly what a crocus sack is.
Interviewer:  {NW} And uh ever hear of a a guano sack?
255:  No.
Interviewer:  Okay. Um {NW} what would you call the amount of corn that you might take to the mill at one time to be ground? {NS}
255:  {D: Counted weight} I don't know we never take corn to a mill to be ground.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What about the amount of wood that you uh can carry? {NS}
255:  Armful. {NS}
Interviewer:  How about yeah right.
255:  Hmm?
Interviewer:  Good. {NW} Um when the light burns out in an electric lamp, and you put in you put in a new what?
255:  Bulb.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Uh the- what about the two terms, you know with the the di- the thing that they have. You had part of it, but the two terms for the {X} {NS} Or what, you know
255:  Or you'd screw a bulb in a socket
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Okay. {NS} When you carry the washing out to hang it up on the line, you carry it out in a what? {NS}
255:  Hmm. {NS} Washtub. {NS} That's what we- lots of time we carried {X} Have to w- you'd have your washing and you drain the water out of it, and and you got to clothes dry and you wanted to take them out to hang 'em up, you put 'em in a washtub and they'd be taken out hang 'em on a line.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What runs around the barrel to hold uh the wood in place? {NS}
255:  Well the wood is barrel staves. We know the staves. We used to make barrels that way. And you gotta uh we'd have {NS} barrel hoops. Hoops. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh what do you put let's see where are {X} Um the musical instrument children play, and it's sorta held like this.
255:  {X} {NS}
Interviewer:  Um what would what about something that you would hold between your teeth and pick with your fingers and it would twang sorta {X}
255:  Jew's harp. {NS}
Interviewer:  Um what do you pound nails with? {NS}
255:  Hammer. {NS} Claw hammer. {X} claws on the back of it. {NS}
Interviewer:  If you have a wagon and two horses what is the long, wooden piece between the horses?
255:  The uh what the singletree goes across the back. Tongue. {NS} That's the tongue.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  And there's a singletree attached to each horse's poles. {NS}
Interviewer:  Um if you have a a horse pulling a buggy before you hitch 'em up you would have to back 'em in between the?
255:  Shafts. {NS}
Interviewer:  The steel outside of a- of a wagon wheel, what would you call that?
255:  The uh I don't know, I- I really unless the rim. I don't know what else you'd call it. {NS}
Interviewer:  What would you #1 say #
255:  #2 Oh yes, # there's a name for it, I don't {X} I'm just trying to think now. Blacks- I remember in the blacksmith's shop making 'em. No, I don't know. But it will can't think.
Interviewer:  Um {NS} Did you- {NS} okay uh did you ever hear the term felly?
255:  What?
Interviewer:  Felly?
255:  Filly?
Interviewer:  Felly.
255:  #1 Uh I don't know a #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
255:  felly, but I know a filly is a small horse.
Interviewer:  Did you never heard of that steel rim being called a felly?
255:  F-E-L-L-Y?
Interviewer:  Yes.
255:  No.
Interviewer:  Um okay um {NS} the next one. {NS} {NW} {NS} Now on the uh on the wagon you would have two horses, and each of them has a singletree.
255:  #1 That's right. #
Interviewer:  #2 What would you # call the thing that both hi- horses are hitched to, in order to keep the horses together?
255:  Uh {NS} Double I forgot. But I don't know {X} {X} I can't think. {NS}
Interviewer:  Do you ever call it a- a doubletree?
255:  Double- well no. Uh #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
255:  Double what, another name maybe.
Interviewer:  What about a double singletree? {NS}
255:  Double singletree. {NS} I guess uh i- it it would have to uh be uh double- double singletree, probably what it'd be.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  That would be more expressive, we'd know what you're talking about now.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} Uh if a man had a load of wood in his wagon and he was driving along you would say he was doing what?
255:  Hauling it. Hauling wood.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Um suppose there was a long or suppose there was a log across the road you would say, I tied a rope around it and blank it away and blank it outta the way.
255:  Hauled it away.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Uh what about {NS} if uh you let's see the oh I'll ask you another one. We have blank quite a few stumps out of here with mules and chains. What would you say? You know. If you have a stump in the ground,
255:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  and you tie it in there
255:  Yeah we've done that, I've seen that done many times with clearing. Uh yanked it out or hauled it away {X}
Interviewer:  And if you pull it across the ground, and as you're pulling it across w- what are you doing to it?
255:  You're hauling it.
Interviewer:  Yeah and it- and it sorta like uh {NS} like as I- I pull this pencil across there. And it's- it's doing something along the ground. What is it doing? {NS} You know. It's uh
255:  This is s- {D: really don't remember} uh tra- track.
Interviewer:  Hmm?
255:  Well, there's haul, but I don't know what else you would say. {X} no well
Interviewer:  Um {NS} okay w- the I'm looking for {NS} the past tense of drag, okay? {NS}
255:  #1 He drug it across, #
Interviewer:  #2 I #
255:  #1 that's what I've heard some #
Interviewer:  #2 yeah {NW} #
255:  people say. I don't think I would say he drug it across.
Interviewer:  #1 Oh you know {X} #
255:  #2 I'd say he {X} # {X}
Interviewer:  {NW}
255:  He drug it across.
Interviewer:  Okay good
255:  #1 Oh yeah, he drug it- #
Interviewer:  #2 that's the distinction we're looking for. #
255:  yeah he drug it, but I wouldn't say that.
Interviewer:  Okay great. Well what- what do you {NW} what do you break uh the ground with with in the spring?
255:  Plow.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  Plow or furrow.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. From what do you- what kind of things do you do later after you you know, you get ready to plant? What do you do to the ground after that?
255:  Turn it over.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  And then you uh uh put it in the groves.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Do you happen to know the kind of uh things that you if you're on a hill? You know with plowing? {NS}
255:  {X}
Interviewer:  Yeah. How that works?
255:  No. We- we don't do that. You couldn't- and this is not hill country. You'd uh you'd have to {NS} I've seen pictures of that, what they- how they do, but I don't- #1 know what they #
Interviewer:  #2 Yeah. #
255:  call it.
Interviewer:  Okay, after you have plowed, what do you use to break the ground up even finer?
255:  Oh a harrow. {NS} Cut it up.
Interviewer:  Any uh names that you have uh for harrows? Any different #1 kinds of names? #
255:  #2 Uh # yeah, let's see {NS} oh gee, I've forgotten the term but there are several names for harrows.
Interviewer:  You ever hear of a spring-tooth harrow?
255:  What?
Interviewer:  Spring-tooth harrow?
255:  No. I don't use tha- I don't use that term.
Interviewer:  What about a gee whiz?
255:  {NW} No, I don't- I don't think so, no. But I wouldn't be surprised {X} descriptive names I know.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What is it that uh what is it that the wheels of a wagon fit into?
255:  Spokes.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And uh the wheels that- there's a shaft it goes right under the wagons that they fit into. They have it on cars also {NS}
255:  Course a tom goes between the
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
255:  The two horses on a two horse ride, or shafts.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  And um
Interviewer:  What about the the part that holds the two wheels together on the car you know
255:  Oh, an axle.
Interviewer:  Yeah. {NW}
255:  Oh gosh I put axle grease on those many a time. When I was young. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh what do you call the X-shaped frame that you would lay across uh to chop wood for? {NS} #1 You know, for the {X} #
255:  #2 Saw- # sawhorse? Or or across uh {NS} uh let's see. {NS} Of course a sawhorse is uh one thing. And then something you'd put an X-ing and put wood in to saw it is called a cross saw. Cross we got uh
Interviewer:  What would you call the A-shaped frames that you would use to lay the boards across to make a table for a church supper or something like that, you know. {NS}
255:  A-frame, what do you mean by
Interviewer:  Yeah, they're- they're shaped like an A, you know. Little stands there.
255:  Now I don't know I-
Interviewer:  You'll some- {NW} sometimes see 'em out on the roads here, you know when they when they ever have uh like a warning you know for like when they're working on the sides of the #1 roads #
255:  #2 Yeah. #
Interviewer:  they have those little A-frame shaped things.
255:  But I don't know what you'd call it. I don't
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  I might recognize some of the names that others call it.
Interviewer:  Okay.
255:  Like crocus sack. I couldn't think of that, but that's exactly what very expressive.
Interviewer:  You hear that word be- used very much down here?
255:  Crocus sack?
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
255:  Oh yeah. Oh yes, that's common, very common.
Interviewer:  Um #1 {NW} #
255:  #2 I got # two crocus sacks out in the barn now, I use it to get oysters in. {NS}
Interviewer:  Um {NS} okay. Um You would straighten your hair with a comb and also a?
255:  Brush.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. You would sharpen uh a razor on a leather?
255:  S- strap, or some people call it a strop.
Interviewer:  You ever hear it used uh very much around here, a strop?
255:  Oh yeah, when I was young I heard that. But a s- strap what I would say. Here's a strap.
Interviewer:  What do you put in a revolver? {NS}
255:  Bullet?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} Okay if I were saying they were using live ammunition, they were just or they weren't using live ammunition, they were just firing blank what?
255:  Blank shells.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. A pl- uh plank laid over a trestle for children to play on? You know, the thing that goes up and down? {NS}
255:  Sawhorse? {NS}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} Yeah and uh yeah right. Do you ever hear of any other words for that? You know, where they go up and down? {NS}
255:  Nope, sawhorse what I always called it.
Interviewer:  Um what do you call a lumber plank fixed at both ends that children used to jump on uh u- that children used to jump up and down on?
255:  Did what- uh you sai- at f- both ends and
Interviewer:  Yeah, it's fixed at both ends and and it was sorta springy and kids would jump up and down on.
255:  Springboard?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Do you ever um let's see, do you ever hear of it called a joggling board?
255:  No.
Interviewer:  Okay. {NS}
255:  We use a springboard over when you would dive in the water, use it like a diving board. That's what's called a springboard.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. What about when that's a fixed at both ends, you ever hear of one of those?
255:  What?
Interviewer:  Two ends. There was a board that'd be like have two ends that are held together, and the kids would jump up and down.
255:  On uh uh I think I've seen that done but that's s- not a common thing {NS} in this area. {X}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. There might be a plank that is anchored in the middle to a post or a stump. And children get on each end and spin around it. What would you call that? {NS}
255:  Well it's not a merry-go-round but it's a principle of uh uh I can't think of what the common name would be used
Interviewer:  #1 {NW} #
255:  #2 for the # that's- that's quite that was quite common in playground for children.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear it referred to as a flying jenny?
255:  Yes, sure I have, I certainly have.
Interviewer:  What about a flying Dutchman?
255:  I think even both words is descriptive of that. I think I would recognize it.
Interviewer:  Or a whirligig? {NS}
255:  Yeah. Same thing, I've heard that also.
Interviewer:  {D: Rody horse?}
255:  Yeah I've heard that too.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  I suppose they're all descri- describe that one thing. {NS}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Well let's say if- if these kids are on this uh seesaw, what are they doing? {X}
255:  Seesawing.
Interviewer:  Yeah right. And what you- what was that word you used for it uh you called it a oh see- uh saw- sawhorse, right?
255:  Sawhorse, yes. {NW}
Interviewer:  And uh
255:  Seesawing o- on a sawhorse.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  Now wait a minute, now. Just a minute, now. {X} Seesawing with a sawhorse is a is a something to do do as a {NS} here and across a A-frame go down in, A-frame go down in to hold it up. {NS} We use that as a in building, put lumber on it, you gotta
Interviewer:  Oh, I see.
255:  You'd have two sawhorses put a piece of board, one sawhorse to the other, and saw it.
Interviewer:  Oh I see, so it er two A-frame structures that are holding up one piece of #1 board. #
255:  #2 That's right. #
Interviewer:  #1 Okay. #
255:  #2 That's right. # That's a sawhorse.
Interviewer:  Um when you tie a long rope on a tree limb and you put it uh seed on it so that the children go back and forth on it, you're making a what?
255:  Swing.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What do you call- what do you carry coal in?
255:  Bucket. Coal bucket.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What runs from the stove to the chimney?
255:  What- oh
Interviewer:  Yeah, if you-
255:  {X} {NW} They uh a chimney pipe.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
255:  Smoke pipe. Smoke pipe. {NS}
Interviewer:  A small vehicle to carry bricks or other heavy things with a little wheel in the front, and two handles?
255:  Wheelbarrow.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What do you call uh I mean what do you sharpen a uh s- uh a scythe on or you know, what do you sharpen a scythe on?
255:  A stone, we call it s- uh uh s- uh well, a certain kind of stone. But it's a stone you'd sharpen the side with.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What about- did you ever have one that was made outta wood?
255:  No. No no I'd u- a sh- s- you- something that ma- made out of wood to sharpen something with? No.
Interviewer:  Okay.
255:  Never. You'd have to use stone or a something steel
Interviewer:  What is the thing that you drive nowadays?
255:  Automobile.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. #1 Um #
255:  #2 Um #
Interviewer:  if grease got all over your hands, then your hands are all?
255:  Messy.
Interviewer:  Yeah. It's a form of grease also. The word grease.
255:  Hmm?
Interviewer:  If- if I put-
255:  Greasy or or s- messy. Greasy, yeah, my hands are greasy. {NS}
Interviewer:  If you have a door hinge that is squeaking, what would you say uh that you oughta do for it? {NS}
255:  Put some oil on it.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Oh I was wondering about the- we were talking about the stones you know, that you sharpen things on, what about the type of stone that turns round?
255:  Oh yeah, uh grindstone. Yeah, grindstone. {NS}
Interviewer:  What is it that you use to burn in lamps?
255:  Wicks.
Interviewer:  What about uh you know the- the the fuel that you use in there.
255:  Kerosene.
Interviewer:  You ever hear
255:  Coal oil, they call it.
Interviewer:  What might you make a makeshift lamp with a rag and a bottle and kerosene?
255:  Sure.
Interviewer:  You know, if- if you
255:  Stick it in the bottom, then the wick down in the oil and a part of it sticking out.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. #1 What would you call that? #
255:  #2 {X} # {NS} Well, it's the same as a lamp. Which is uh s- it it'd be improvised, if it was just a bottle.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. So you didn't have any special words #1 that you use for that? #
255:  #2 No, I wouldn't # no I wouldn't
Interviewer:  You ever heard it to- referred to as a torch?
255:  A lantern, yes. A lantern or a torch. A torch, yes. Well I would say yes. If you had a bottle uh you improvised a torch. Ye- yeah, you'd do that.
Interviewer:  That's interesting. Do you ever hear of it called a flambeau?
255:  No. But that- that'd be very expressive, I would know what they mean.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Inside the- the tire um yeah inside the tire is called the inner what?
255:  Inner tube.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NS} If they have just built a boat and are going to put it into the water you might say that they are going to? What with the- what the boat?
255:  Hmm. I know of a {X} we built boats. and and and put 'em in the water. Well, you'd slide it in the water but that isn't the name that I think to put out there. I can't think of the name. Uh