Interviewer: {NS} This is Nancy. {B} I am recording in Bessemer, Alabama, Jefferson County on November second, third and fourth of nineteen seventy-three. My informant is Mrs. Alma {B} of {B}. Her birthplace is Bessemer, Alabama. She is seventy-two years old, a white female, and a member of the First Methodist Church. She is now a housewife. She was previously a clerk in her husband's dry goods store for fifty years. Prior to that, she had completed the eleventh grade in Bessemer High School. She was born in Bessemer and has lived here all of her life. She's had very limited travel, with the exception of visiting one of her seven daughters on several occasions at their respective homes. Her mother was born in Birmingham, Alabama. Her father was born in Bessemer, Alabama. Her mother completed the eighth grade, Her father finished high school and was a teacher and a Presbyterian minister. Both of her maternal grandparents were born in Birmingham, Alabama, and both of paternal grandparents were born in Bessemer, Alabama. {NS} {NS} There, just tell us a little about yourself. 370B: Well I was one of thirteen children, believe it or not. My mother had, uh, eight, I mean seven boys and six girls. And we were raised on a farm, my daddy, uh, had cows and horses and, uh he, uh, sold vegetables and things like that, and also milk and butter. And we also had a little mercantile store out there, but there was enough of us to look after all. Interviewer: Did ya have any chickens? 370B: And we had chickens, and just, in fact, he sold, uh eggs specially for hatching and I'm the one that had to see that these eggs were turned every day until he sold 'em. And he had about five different kinds of chickens, and we had 'em all in different pens, and we had to keep these eggs separately. He had the speckled hamburg, and the white rocks, and the red rocks, and, oh, I don't know how many different kinds. And so people from town would come out in the country, you see, where we lived, we lived about two miles out of town. And they would come out for milk and butter and vegetables and their setting eggs and things like that. So, uh, I really enjoyed getting the eggs. But on Sun-, and I also helped milk the cows, now, I think this was just real, real cute, and I had uh one, I had two brothers, smaller, younger, rather, than I am. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And they would come out, and when I would milk the cow, they would open their mouths, and I'd milk the milk in the {NW} in their mouths, it was just, we had lots of fun. Interviewer: Did y'all all just drink the milk right out of the, #1 ya didn't # 370B: #2 Well # Interviewer: sterilize it or anything? 370B: No sterilizer, but we had to be very particular with it. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: We always strained it through a double cloth. But um, And then, too, Mama never had her milk airtight, because that, I don't know what that does to it, but she'd always tie a cloth over it instead of a lid of any kind, to make it tight, but she would tie a cloth over it. And we also had a big walk-in box that we would set our milk in there and keep it good and cold. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: Except, of course, when she wanted it to {D:clobber}. And we had a, what they call a barrel churn, I don't know, it had two handles on either side, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: because he had several, I don't know how many cows we had, I guess you'd call it a small dairy. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And we would put this milk in here, and one would get on one side, and turn, you know, turn the barrel, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: and one would be on other. Uh, course, one could turn it, but generally two of us did, cause we had more fun, ya know. {NW} And so after, I remember, before we got married, before, uh, I was in, uh, you know, kinda looking, had an eye on the boys. Interviewer: Yeah. 370B: I, on Sunday afternoon, I wouldn't wanna have to milk but, uh, course the cows have to milk, have to be milked on Sunday, same as any day, and our dairy and all was over across the road from the house. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: Down, I don't know how many acres we had, but we had acreage on both sides of the road. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And so, on Sunday afternoon, we would just have a, a time, getting down there and getting those cows milked and getting back across the road so our boyfriend wouldn't see us crossing the road, ya know, milking the cows. We weren't old enough to have any better sense. Course I married very young. But this was when I had just began to go with the boys, you know. Interviewer: How old were you then? 370B: Oh, I was about twelve years old.{NW} Interviewer: Oh, you did start young!{NW} 370B: So what else now do you wanna know? Interviewer: Well, did you ever call the cows? 370B: #1 What did you call it, when you wanted them to come to, what did you call it? # Interviewer: #2 Well, uh, we had a pasture there that was, # 370B: and they would always come up to the back of the lot, ya know, ready to get in. And the boys would go in, and, uh chain 'em up or fasten 'em or whatever and feed 'em, and, uh, my sister and I, one of the sisters, I've forgotten which one, Grace said she was always too smart to learn how to milk, she was just older than I, but I got lots of fun out of it, I didn't know any better. But, um we didn't have to call 'em, they were always right there, they would come out of the pasture, you see, in to eat, Interviewer: #1 and then we'd # 370B: #2 Oh. # turn 'em out at night. Interviewer: Did ya have any pigs? 370B: And we had, oh yes, we had pigs, and, uh #1 cows and goats. # 370B: #2 Did you eat the meat? # Oh, yeah, we had goats, and, and, Oh, Mama could fix the best barbecued goat you ever ate in your life, there's a lotta people who don't like goat. But I guess they just don't know how to butcher 'em, they say there's a lot in that. Interviewer: How do you do it? 370B: Well, there's certain glands and things you have to cut out to keep it from tasting like goat, ya know. Interviewer: Oh. 370B: Well, you just, uh, kill 'em and skin 'em, just like you do a cow, or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: something like that. And of course, you know pigs, you have to scald them, #1 pour hot # Interviewer: #2 The whole pig? # 370B: have to scald 'em, pour hot water on 'em and scrape 'em. You don't skin a pig. Interviewer: Why not? 370B: Well, they're just not supposed to be skinned, I guess. They, you know, they use the, the hide and all, for cows Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: for leather, and stuff like that. But the, uh, I imagine, the pig skin is just too tender; it it's just no good for anything, and they just pour this boiling water on it, and uh, scrape the hair off. They have a real sharp knife, and they just scrape it, just like you shave, you know. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And then another thing, um, I remember that Mama used to cook out fat. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: We'd make all of our pure lard. Interviewer: #1 And, # 370B: #2 Oh. # and she had big, uh, five-gallon, uh, maybe ten-gallon jars, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: uh, milk jars, just like a milk jar. And, uh, we would fill that with lard, and we made all of our lard, all of our butter when we churned, you know. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And we had our chickens, and, in fact Dad didn't have to buy anything much, except just flower, and meal, and sugar, and coffee. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And we had our own meal because he, uh, had that ground, he didn't have to buy that. Interviewer: Oh, he grew the. 370B: We grew the corn, and he, we had the homemade meal, and it was really good. I remember, uh, at, uh, night, Mama, you know, with thirteen children, she was always busy doing something. Interviewer: Yeah. 370B: But we'd take it time about and uh I remember, my sister Grace said that her job was to, um bake the sweet potatoes and some hot cornbread, and we'd have ice-cold sweet milk and stuff like that for dinner. At night, you know after you come in. Interviewer: Oh, you had your big meal at, at noontime, then? 370B: Uh huh. And that was when we weren't in school, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: Mama always did. But of course when were still in school, she'd have it at night. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: But, um, we'd always have hot cornbread to go with that, uh, ice-cold sweet milk for dinner, didn't make a difference why else we'd have it at night, you know. But we'd have that hot cornbread, and it was just real good. Interviewer: What, did she bake it in a, uh, pan? A big skillet? 370B: She just baked it in a big iron skillet. Interviewer: And and uh was it a wood stove or 370B: It was a wood stove, and how in the world my mother ever stood what she had had to go through with I don't know and raise those thirteen children, but this kitchen was just, uh, built on. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: Half of the back porch was built into a kitchen. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, uh, to make more room, we took our regular kitchen and then made, uh, a big bedroom out of it. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, uh, we had this, um, coal stove, and it really got hot in the summertime. Interviewer: I'll bet. 370B: But later on, of course, after all the children were grown and married, uh, my daddy built in town. And they moved to town, and she had all the conveniences that, uh, anybody had. Interviewer: #1 And she, # 370B: #2 She had electricity? # She had electricity, uh, but, she didn't have a gas stove, she had an oil stove for a while, and then I think she had an electric stove. But, uh, she, um, we never had a bathroom out in the country, we, Interviewer: Never? 370B: never had a bathroom. Interviewer: Did you take baths in the kitchen? 370B: Uh, we had a back room, and we had a, a big ol' tub. And, uh, we bathed in that back room. But, um, I don't know they, I guess they just didn't have bathrooms way back then. Interviewer: The, how'd you get the water out of the tub? 370B: Oh, well, you'd just have to pick up the tub, two of you, and take it and pour it out. But, uh, we had a well right on the back porch, that #1 was good. # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 370B: But, uh, have to heat your water, course the stoves, back then, had a, uh, cistern like on the side of it, just a, well, I don't know what you'd call it, anyway, you kept hot water in that. You didn't have to boil it, your water every time, I mean, heat it, because you already had it. But, uh, she had to cook, but everybody in that community, I guess, because we had all these children and everybody liked to come home with us, because Mama was such a good cook. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And, uh, she, uh, made these, uh, great big chicken pies, I've got some dishes in here that, uh, used to be hers, and she had this big ol' {X}. And instead of us going home with other people, they always come home with us. And Mama never said a word, we had all the company you could think of, and every preacher that came down there, uh, Al had, uh, was headquarters They would come and, uh, spend the night with brother {D:Allender), they called him. So, um, I just don't know, I, I said after we were all grown and married and children of our own, we could look back and just see what Mama went through with. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: I said, I wouldn't have let my kids bring all those kids home with 'em. But, uh, I guess I did, though, because I had seven girls myself, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: and they all had girlfriends, and they liked to come to our place, because we were in business and had all kind of candies and cakes and coca-colas, and all that kind of stuff, you know. And they would just go in the store and get what they wanted. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And, I, like I said, when I said if I was Mama, I wouldn't let 'em, but I, I did do it, when I was Mama, I did. Interviewer: Yeah, when they're yours, you don't {X}. 370B: No, you don't mind. And, uh, we never did tell 'em, now you just can't go in the cash drawer, now you stay out of the cash drawer, you can't do this, you can't do that. If they wanted anything, they'd say, well now I want so and so, and I'd just say, well, go get it. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And they knew that we trusted 'em. And I don't think they ever did anything that, uh, they shouldn't have done. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: They might have slipped and stayed home from school, uh, played hooky or something like that once in a while, but, uh, even after they started having dates and all, they'd come in kinda late, and I'd be sitting up, and I'd say, Well did ya have a good time with so and so and so and so, you know? They'd say, well, how did you know? I didn't realize you even know. No, we'd have a good time. Interviewer: What time did y'all have to get up in the morning to do all that egg business and everything {X}? 370B: Well, now, I did my egg business when I came home from school in the afternoon and helped milk the cows. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: But I didn't, uh, I didn't do much housework, now, uh, you know, work around in the house, clean up, everything like that. But the eggs was my that was {X} responsibility. I just had to do, look after those. And, I, I did help milk the cow, and then I did stay in the store some on Saturdays. Now, we didn't keep the store open all the time, they'd just come to the door, and that's another thing my mother had to do. If wasn't any of us there, to go, to the store, why, uh, she would run out there and wait on 'em, Interviewer: #1 you know, and then # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # lock the store, and, uh, I guess, really and truly, what we had the store for was mostly for our own convenience. {NW} So, we had so many things, you know, that you need. Interviewer: Uh-huh 370B: #1 And # Interviewer: #2 With thirteen. # 370B: Yeah. So, uh, I think that was one reason that we had the store, but we didn't keep it open all the time {X} We'd go when somebody came and wanted, uh, something out of the store, we'd run it then, let 'em have it. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: {X} You're trying to stop it? Interviewer: No, there you go. Uh, what kind of vegetables did you have? 370B: Oh, we had, uh, Irish potatoes, and sweet potatoes, and rutabaga turnips, and green beans, and mustard, and, uh kale, I remember my Papa used to have lots of kale. Interviewer: What's that? 370B: Uh, it's kind of a slick something, something like a collard, but it isn't. It grows more like a turnip green, instead of a heading like a collard. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And collards, and, uh, it seemed to me like he, he even raised some, uh, sorghum at one time, you know, uh, had syrup made out of it. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And, uh, onions, and we would dry our own onions. And of course Mama always canned a lot of this stuff. But, now, the sweet potatoes and, uh, Irish potatoes and things like that, we'd have, and turnips too, now that's one thing that I don't, I'm, don't ever remember seeing anybody else do, they would their turnips in a bed and cover 'em with all this dirt and stuff, just like you do sweet potatoes. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Outside, you mean? 370B: Out in the field, and when you wanted turnips, they'd go and just dig down under there and get those turnips, and they had already begun to sprout a little Interviewer: #1 bit, you know. # 370B: #2 Uh-huh. # But that didn't hurt 'em, they were just real good. That's one thing that we always had was anything you could think of to plant, my daddy planted it. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And he sold a lot. Interviewer: Did ya have corn and all that too? 370B: Corn, uh-huh. Interviewer: Mm. 370B: I remember one year, uh, one of my brothers, uh, Fred, just older than I am, he, uh, I believe it was the four-H club or something, anyway, he wanted to see how much corn he could make on an acre. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And you would be surprised, I don't remember the number of bushels that he did, uh, make, but it was a tremendous amount, so much more than you just Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: generally would make. You know, taking very, all kind of pains with it, and do, doing just like the book said, and all that kind of stuff. But, uh, Papa was a real good farmer. Everybody said he could make a living on a rock, if he {X}. But, uh, I, he just did a wonderful job with the, with the kids, I know that. Interviewer: Can you remember all their names? 370B: Oh, yes, the oldest one was Tom. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And he was named after my daddy's daddy. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And then there was Rob, I'll name the boys first. Interviewer: Okay. 370B: Tom, and Rob and Ed, and Fred and William, and Charlie, and {D:Bia} Interviewer: {D:Bia}? 370B: {D:Bia. Biving} Isaac. Now, he was the last one, and he was named after my daddy. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: He was the last boy. And the girls were, uh, Cora, and Jane, and Grace, and Alma And Lillian, and Vera. Interviewer: Hmm. 370B: Now, there's just supposed to be six of 'em, I don't know how many I named, but there was seven boys and six girls. Interviewer: I say. 370B: And the funniest thing about that, they was, uh, six blue-eyed and six brown eyes. Now that's just twelve. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: But, now, I don't know which one, uh, William died before I was born, I don't know the color of his. But I know that she raised ten to be grown. Ten to be grown, well, she raised more than that to be grown, she raised, um, twelve to be grown, she lost Billy, I mean William. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: That's the only one, cause I remember all the others. Interviewer: #1 And # 370B: #2 that's quite an accomplishment. # Yes. Interviewer: All on the farm. 370B: Uh-huh. Well, no, not all on the farm, because, uh, well, yes, I guess it was on the farm too, because he didn't move to town until, um, after I married. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And you were what, fifteen? 370B: Oh, I was sixteen, and just a little over, my mother was only fifteen when she married. But I was sixteen and about two thirds, I'd reckon. Interviewer: How'd you meet your husband? 370B: Oh, well I had a brother, that, uh um, lived just above where they lived. They lived in the lower house, in one of my daddy's houses, they lived in my daddy's house, and, my brother lived in the other house just above the, where they lived. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: They were living in town, my husband was, but their daddy had a breakdown, and they had to get out. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, so they moved out, this was just on the outskirts, and they were going in business out there. And, uh, so, I was staying with my brother, going to school in town, my daddy still lived in the Interviewer: #1 country. # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # But, uh, I had gone across the road, uh, just, the house just above where we were staying, to use the telephone. And I, walking down, from the hill, you know, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: and he was standing on this porch, uh, they had, uh, rented my, uh, daddy's store, Interviewer: #1 too. # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # And they, uh, was standing on the porch, he was, my husband now. And he looked up, and he said, well, who is that fat little girl coming down that hill? {NW} And so, he said he'd never, never sees me unless he thinks about it. Interviewer: Y'all have been married how long now? 370B: Fifty-six years. But, uh, I just passed him by, you know, and uh, he looked at me, I went on down to my brother's, and, which was just next door to the store, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: well, there was about a half a block in between the store and the house. And, um, so, he had to pass by in front, you see, going to his house, which was next door. And uh, he uh, would stop and speak, and all like that, and, ya know, he was just as red-headed as he could be, and I wondered who that red-headed boy was 'til I met him, and he wondered who that little fat girl was. {NW} But, uh, it was just too funny, uh, we got to be very close, and he never let anybody, um, know that he was caring anything about me, now I didn't let him know that I cared about him. So, uh, when my brother moved to Birmingham, well, uh, his mother ask my, my people, said, why don't you just let Alma come on up, and stay with us, and go to school, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: during the week? And, uh, said, we'll bring her home on Saturday. Well, uh, Papa said, well, I'll tell you what I'll do, said, I'll bring her up Monday morning, and then, uh, get her Satur- Friday afternoon. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: Well, Friday afternoon, Papa would always come for me, but on they wouldn't wait until Monday. They would come down after me Sunday afternoon. And, uh, so Mama asked me one day, she said, which one of those random boys are you liking? I said, well aw, I don't care anything about either one of 'em, or something like that. And she said, don't tell me they've come down here and get you every Sunday afternoon to go riding with 'em if they, one of those boys and you weren't interested in each other. So I just laughed, but anyway, his mother, and his father, and his sister and his brother, they would all come for me, you know. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. They come in a, a car? 370B: Uh, an automobile, they had an automobile, too. Well, we had one, but ours wasn't, uh, our, I think a Ford was the first kind we got. But anyway, they would come down and pick me up in an automobile, I think it was a {D:veelay}. It seemed to me like they used to have one that ca- that was called {D:veelay}. Anyway, um, we'd go to Montgomery, and they wouldn't even wait 'til I got out of church, they'd meet me down at the church, you know. Interviewer: What did you do about dinner? 370B: Well, we'd get dinner, you know, we'd, uh, either eat at their house, I either stop on the road and eat somewhere, wherever we were going, we would stop and eat. And, uh, so, they would always see that I sat on the front seat, you see, Tom would be driving, and I'd sit on the front seat by him. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: But, uh, my mother-in-law and my daddy-in-law, I think, uh, were just about as crazy about me as Tom was, they was so anxious, they, they, I told Tom, I said, they knew what you, they were getting, they was getting a clerk in that store. And, but, I did help 'em out in the store some. And, but he, uh, show you way we did, cause, so there wouldn't be any talk, you know, people would talk Interviewer: #1 about # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # those days, now, if I, if they knew that Tom and I were crazy about each other and me staying there going to school, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: they, might have been some talk. But he went with other girls, all the time. #1 Oh, yeah. # Interviewer: #2 Ooh, did that make you jealous? # 370B: Well, I didn't care too much, because I, I, felt like he was crazy about me anyway, he'd go with me on Sundays and things like that, the days that I really had, you know. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: He was always with me. But one time, I never forget that, uh, his mother called me, and he, she said, Alma, said, I want you to do me a favor, I said, well, what is it? She said, well, Tom and some crazy boys are fixing to leave home. And said I'm, said, they're rough boys. And said, I know you're the only person that can keep him from going. And I said, oh, now Mrs. Riley, you know I can't do that, I said, I can't, I ain't got any strings on him, I can't ask him not to go. And she said, well, as a favor to me, will you ask him? So, uh, I just told him that, uh, I heard he was fixing to leave home, and, uh, I'd rather he wouldn't go, or something like that, you know. And, uh so, um, he didn't go. He did not go. I don't know whether I had anything to do with it or not, but she always thought I did. Interviewer: That's why you were her favorite. 370B: Yeah. Interviewer: Where were they gonna go? 370B: Oh, they were just going, just, take a trip somewhere, do something, you know, just, and she's afraid they would get into trouble. Because, you know, back then, they all wore guns, and all that kind of stuff, you know. It was kinda rough over there, and delivering groceries, and things like that, they delivered groceries back then, with a horse and wagon. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And they were out all times of night, and there were just lots of meanness. And we had a lot of colored {D:trade}, too. And, uh, they were just, kinda, bad boys in a way, but, they, they weren't bad either. I don't know what you'd say, they were just Interviewer: {X} 370B: They, yeah, uh-huh, they had to take care of themselves. But, uh, I really, when she call me, I had, this is kinda, uh, late, but when she call me and ask me to do that, Tom and I were kinda on the outs. He had gotten mad with me, because, I was with another boy out at West Lake. And he was home sick. But, uh, I really, it was one of his friends, I didn't think anything about it, you know. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And then, he had been, uh, uh, I don't where you'd say, uh, coming down to the church where I went, at night, uh, and had seen me go home with certain boys, and different things, you know. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And he was kinda mad about that too, and he, we just, had, had gotten to where we, I was staying there going to school, but anyhow, uh, we weren't close, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: like we had been, and I told, uh, his mother, I said, well, you know, me telling him not to go wouldn't have any effect on him, because, I said, you know, Tom and I are not even, going together now, or something to that effect, and she said, well, I know one thing, I know you're the only one that can keep him from going. So, uh, from then on, we made up, you Interviewer: #1 see, by # 370B: #2 Uh-huh. # me asking him not to go. And that was just too bad, you see what it led to, don't you? Interviewer: {X} 370B: {NW} But I thought that was right cute, her calling me and asking me to, please ask him not to go, said, I know you're the only one that can keep him from going. Interviewer: Well, apparently, it worked. 370B: Well, it, it worked alright, he didn't go. And I didn't go to school that, that winter, either. Interviewer: Oh, why? 370B: I, I always go, well, we got married. Interviewer: Oh, oh, yeah. 370B: I, uh, went to Tuscaloosa, my oldest sister lived in Tuscaloosa, and with Mama so many children, uh, she always, helped me get my clothes ready for school. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: So I were down there, and she was helping me getting my clothes and all ready, but when I got back home, I never did go to school that winter, we got married instead. So I, I clerked in the store, these, you know, the next, well, we lived in that one house up there fifty years. Interviewer: In that same house? 370B: Well, right across the road from where, uh, we were in business, right there on the same street, but we did move across the road, in a bigger house and, um, we lived there, uh, fifty years. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: My children all were born there. And, uh so, we've been out here now six years. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: So, we've been married fifty-six years. Interviewer: That's a pretty successful courtship. 370B: Yeah, and you know why, uh, when we first married, uh, I, I've got some granddaughters now that's thinking about getting married. And I wouldn't advise them to get married at sixteen, like I did. Interviewer: Oh, really? 370B: Even though I worked out fine. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: But we always lived in the house with his mother and father. Interviewer: Oh, really? 370B: We never lived to ourself. But, we had, uh a cook, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: we had a maid to clean up the house, and we had a maid to wash the clothes and iron. And then uh we had um one to look after the children. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And I worked in the store. Interviewer: #1 And # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # his mother and father worked in the store. And then we had, um, my sister and my brother, and a butcher, and, um another boy. George, uh Barksdale. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: All worked there. And I mean, we worked from the time we got up until, well, until grandmama and grandaddy got so old, they, uh, couldn't do very much, we started closing at six o'clock in the afternoon. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: But others, uh, when they were, oh, six, fifty or sixty, maybe sixty-five years old, we stayed in that store, maybe, until ten, eleven o'clock at night. Interviewer: Mm. 370B: And, as long as you stay in a place, there will be people, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: regulars, just come in. And the ones that live right across the street, wait until just, when we got ready to close up, here they came, Interviewer: #1 you see. # 370B: #2 Uh-huh. # So Tom told his daddy, he said, now listen, said, I'll tell ya. This is just getting me down, well, he had a heart attack, Tom did, and, uh, he said, we just gonna have to have regular hours. We'll open at, um, I think we opened at eight o'clock. And we're gonna close at six. But, uh, his daddy, uh, so used to these long hours, you know, when he first, uh, came to Bessemer, his daddy worked for Rosenbaum, in Bessemer. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: They were Jews, and they had, uh, uh, just, they just sold, um oh, oh, Well, they'd just sell cloth, and stuff like that. Interviewer: Dry goods? 370B: Dry good stores. And, uh, so, you know, they stayed open kinda late, Interviewer: #1 and they would, # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # when, uh, grandaddy and them moved out there, like I said, he had this breakdown, and he had to, uh, he went in business for himself. And his boys, they, he took Tom and George out of school. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, uh, they moved out there, in my daddy's store, and, uh, went into mercantile business. And he still believed in that, just driving, you know, like Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: the Jews do, they really, they believed in making money. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And, I guess we did, have just about anything you would want, and, had the horses, and, uh, the girls could ride the horses, and all this, that, and the other, and, Interviewer: Did y'all have animals? The cows, and all that out there too? 370B: We had a cow, and we had, um, these horses, and we had chickens. But, uh, it got to where we didn't have time to take care of any chickens, we couldn't have any chickens, and we just still had the one cow, but grandaddy, grandmama milked her mostly. And, uh, but we did have, uh, {D:told} the last, I forgot how many horses we had, three, four horses out there though the girls, you know, could ride. And we would ride way out in the country, and I would never forget, one afternoon, Tom and I, I was always scared to death of a horse, but he just would have me go with him. And we were riding, and it was kinda in a swampy-like place, out in the woods, and the horse was going down, a little ditch or something, I don't know, anyway, I didn't know enough about it to hold the lines tight. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And I just let him go, go on, and, I like to went over his head, you know. And Tom told me, said, you know what's wrong with you, said, you, that, said, chewing gum. Said, you just chewing that gum too fast, I was scared to death, and he tells everybody that, uh, I couldn't ride the horse for chewing my gum, I chewed it to fast and scared the horse to death, all that, but I think, uh, my girls really enjoyed themselves coming up, they were just tom-boys. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: They wore overalls, and they liked to fight, and, uh, they had lots of, oh, Lord, they had lots of, uh, narrow escapes fighting. I never forget, one of 'em was, red-headed. Interviewer: #1 Tommy, I mean, # 370B: #2 Uh-huh. # not Tommy but, Mary Jane, Interviewer: #1 I get the name mixed up. # 370B: #2 Yeah, I remember Mary Jane. # Mary Jane had red hair and coming home from school, the boys would tell, um, call her redhead. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: She says, now if you call me redhead one more time, I'm just gonna beat your brains out. And, uh, so, uh, this little ol' boy, they, walking along and they got near a brick store, you know, and that was the wrong thing to have done. Uh, to have called her redhead that this brick store, so she grabbed that boy, and carried him over that store, and just began to butt his head against that, and as a man passed 'em, and, and he was scared to death, he ran up there, and he says, mister {D:Reinel}, said, do you know that redheaded girl of yours has got a boy down there, just beating his head against that store? And, uh, she said, well, said, uh, who's getting the best of her, said, is she taking care of herself alright? He said, oh yes, said, she's taking care of herself, but says, I'm afraid she's gonna kill that boy. And Tom said, well, you just leave 'em alone, says, they'll get along alright. Oh, just lots of, lots of things, and Alma Elizabeth, she, uh, was, uh, I've forgotten, which, which one now, it was either Tommy, or {D:Adele}, that some negroes down there in the alley had been, kinda, picking at them. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: And, uh, so Alma Elizabeth just got her a big butcher knife, and went out there and sat down on that, um, {NS} uh, fence, we had, um, uh, yep what kind of a fence, anyway, it was made out of these, uh, concrete blocks, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. all the way around the front, and she'd sit out there, and she'd wait until these niggers would come out of the store, and she'd get after 'em, 370B: #1 oh, # Interviewer: #2 With a knife? # 370B: yeah, with that big knife, and she chased some of 'em all the down to the alley. And I was so afraid that she was gonna get killed, and the niggers would come, I said, mister {D:Reinel}, said, you've got to go after your daughter, she's got a big knife down there. {NW} So, {NW} oh, well, we didn't have any boys, now, I guess they all just had to be a boy, uh, Interviewer: Yeah. 370B: take care of themselves, and, and the others, too. Interviewer: I know your husband's a big hunter, did you ever do any hunting yourself? 370B: Oh, Lord, we used to close that store at night around eight, well it's on, on Saturday night, we would close a little bit earlier. And, uh, we would go out on the mountain, which was about, oh, I guess, five miles from where we lived out in the country, maybe a little farther than that. And we had, um, uh, fox dogs, and coon dogs. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And we would go out, we had, um, uh, two or three couples that would go with us, and then, we {D:kept} the girls, too, you know. Interviewer: Oh, really? 370B: Part of 'em, uh, some of this happened after they were married, and some of it happened before they married, when they were home, they went hunting with us. But, um, toward the last, we, uh, made us a bed on the truck. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: We carried the dogs underneath, uh, had them a place, and then we had a little opening in there, and then we had a mattress, and springs, and everything on top of that. And then, we had a tarpaulin that we'd just fold over and make a, we could close it down, make it flat, or either, we could raise it up Interviewer: #1 and have # 370B: #2 Uh-huh. # the roof. And we would go, and it would rain, and snow and be freezing cold, and we'd get up in there, and we had our blankets and our pajamas, and, if it was too bad to stay outside and listen to the dogs, we'd just put on our pajamas, and light a lantern, now. It looked like it would have taken all of the oxygen out of the air, but, the plenty of it got in. And we'd light that lantern, and it would keep us just as warm, and nice, and on the side of this big truck, we had a box that would open up, and we had a little cooking stove, and a coffee pot, and a frying pan, and we'd carry everything for our breakfast. And on Sunday morning, we would get up, and cook our breakfast, and eat, and then get in, time, get in, at home, Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: in time to get dressed and go to Sunday school. Interviewer: Oh. 370B: And, uh, I'd go in my, my Sunday school class, and we'd carry whatever children that was too small, you know, Interviewer: #1 that # 370B: #2 Uh-huh. # stayed at home, I dressed, I carried the babies on up. And, they'd say, um, well, uh, so and so and so and so, and I said, oh, yeah, we went out last night, and I said, we stayed all night and hunted all night, and then got back in, and dressed the children, and brought 'em to Sunday school. See, grandmama and them, we all lived together, Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: and she would look after the children, Interviewer: #1 while # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # we went off, to hunt. Interviewer: #1 And, # 370B: #2 Ever get anything? # oh, we got more pleasure out of it than anything else, just the, you know, out in the woods, #1 with the, # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 370B: uh, bacon and eggs, and all that kinda stuff, it just smelled so good, and when it's cold, you have a big, fire, and that, uh, pine wood burning, and all that. We just enjoyed it thoroughly. Interviewer: Mostly pine trees? See any other kind of trees out? 370B: Well, they had all kind of trees, but generally the pine tree was the one you would burn, Interviewer: #1 you see, # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # you'd find where an old tree had been, uh, um, blown over or something and rotted, but you'd get that pine rosin. and stuff it would {D:start}, it would cook, um, burn so Interviewer: #1 fast. # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # We used more pine trees in, in, uh, in making the fire. Interviewer: #1 And # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # I never will forget, we had an old negro that went with us just to fix the fire. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, uh, grandaddy would go lots of times, and this one night particular, I remember, this old nigger was sitting there by the fire, and grandaddy would come up and he'd say, Mm, Mm, mm. And he'd look, all around, you know, and said, {D:directly} he'd say, mm, mm. {NW} He, I don't know if he thought it was a dog, or he if thought it was a varmint, or what, but he would just light out running, it was just. Grandaddy would scare him to death, and even after we got home, he would come around the store, you know, doing little odd jobs and things like that, grandaddy would get behind him, and say, mm, mm. Oh, lord, I guess at, and he was, oh, I guess he was seventy years old, just about it, Interviewer: #1 when he was, # 370B: #2 At that time? # yeah, at that time. Now, Alma Elizabeth can tell you all about going hunting, and, and, falling down, and all this, that and the other, I remember, when we'd go, uh, coon hunting, we'd go in different, we wouldn't go way up on the hills, and all, you know, Interviewer: #1 we'd, # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # kinda in a swampy-like place. And we'd, uh, B.I.'s first wife, Grace MacDaniel. Uh, she and I, me, I worked at the store, and she did too, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: So she and I would always carry us a little lunch. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, uh, I never, this night particular, we had on boots that would come up to the knee, rubber boots. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: Because it was swampy-like, you know. And mine were just a little bit too big, or too heavy, one, I don't know which, but I would, uh, catch the, the toe of my shoe on a log, and down I'd go. So, uh, the boys had already gone off ahead of us, and we were just trying to keep up. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: So, we finally got out, and, Grace and I talked it over, she said, well, I'll tell you what let's do, let's just sit down here and eat this lunch, so we won't have to carry that. {NW} So we sat out on the side of the road, and we had crackers and boiled eggs, and, I don't know what all we didn't have, but we ate, ate it up, Interviewer: #1 so we'd # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # just throwed the other stuff away, so we didn't have to carry it. Interviewer: Enough with the boots, huh. 370B: Yeah. Oh, I just couldn't stand those boots. But you couldn't get around, if you didn't have 'em on. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: Because it was slushy and wet, you know, and you'd get cold, too. Interviewer: #1 But we, # 370B: #2 You always hunt during the wintertime? # winter and summer, yeah, it wouldn't make any difference, we'd just put on, uh, sheepskin cloak, uh coat, lined cloaks, that they had back then, and, build fires, if we slowed down long enough, you know, we'd build a fire. And, uh, make camp, as they called it. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: So, uh, it didn't make any difference, it, it was cold, or if it was warm, we had a good time anyway. Interviewer: Well, that's the important thing. What other things did you do for entertainment? 370B: Besides, uh going hunting? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370B: Well, we worked all the time, from daylight 'til dark, and on Sunday, we went to, um, church, and then maybe in the afternoon, we'd take the children and ride down to Montgomery, or, just around places where they could see different Interviewer: #1 things. # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. # And just outings, that's, that's about all I can remember now, we just worked. Course, we, they had the horses, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: that they rode, but, um, from Monday morning 'til Saturday night, I'm, nearly Sunday morning, if we didn't go hunting, why, we just worked in the store all the time. Now the girls, they just, went where they want to, they never did work in the store much. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: They had their, uh, different things that they did, but, uh, we always worked, grandmama and grandaddy and Tom and I. They, we butchered our own cattle, too, you know. Tom and, and B.I., and, um, we had, uh, two or three others hired, a negro and, um, George Barksdale and different ones, they'd all help, too. And, uh, we had our own slaughter pen. And, they would just, um, have it opened right on into the sewer, so we didn't have any trouble there, they killed, after closed the store at around six or more. They would go down then and butcher cattle for the next day. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And I never will forget, uh, one time during the Depression, we had been closed, for, oh, I don't know, we even went out, we had a farm, and we went out on this farm, when Alma Elizabeth was a baby, and, uh, raised tomatoes, and had a cow, and, oh, I don't know what all. Anyway, we decided we'd open the store back up, when it got just a little better. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And we had another farm, uh, in Bibb County, that had, um, corn, they had made meal, you know, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: and they had sweet potatoes, and, uh, sorghum syrup. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, we decided that we'd go back in business, so when we first started back, we had this sorghum syrup, and the, uh- {NS} Interviewer: This is tape two, Nancy {B} {X} interviewing Mrs. Alma {B}. 370B: Well, I've forgotten just exactly where I, Interviewer: You were talking about slaughtering the animals. 370B: Oh, yes, they had the, uh, the slaughter house. Well, oh, I know, we were going back in business. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, uh, they went out and slaughtered these cattle, and we sold steak at ten cents a pound, and stew meat at a nickel. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And that, uh, these, uh, potatoes, and syrup, and meal was about all we had to sell, besides this steak and stew meat. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And the first day we opened, they were lined up about two blocks, they couldn't get in the house, and we had one, let's see, Tom and Mr. {D:Edgewood} and, uh, George Barksdale, and grandmama and I, we, all of us were working. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And, we couldn't fill the orders. Uh, for the five m-, five cent steak and ten, ten cent steak and five cent stew meat. Interviewer: #1 And that was # 370B: #2 Gosh I can't # all over town, you know, and everybody in, in Bessemer came over, I know, and, uh, I've forgotten just how many cows and all they did kill, but we really did start off with a bang. Interviewer: I guess so. 370B: And, uh, I can remember when we sold, uh, a dozen eggs and a pound of bacon for a quarter, just lots of times. Interviewer: {X} again? 370B: Yeah. Mm-hmm. {NS} Interviewer: Mr. Tom {B}, the husband of Mrs. Alma {X} {B}, is more familiar with the techniques used in slaughtering the animals, and he has volunteered to give us a talk on how it was done. Give us a little talk on how it was done. This is Alma Elizabeth {B} {NS} Aux: -other words, it was in about nineteen twelve and thirteen, and, uh, there was a fellow named {D:Jail} {B} that traded with us there, {NW} and he was a cattle man and slaughtered {D:cows}. Interviewer: Yeah. Aux: And, of course, George and myself we would, uh, finish our work, {X} delivering and all, and work all night and day, too, and just everything out. Then when we would finish, when we were through, then for about two weeks, until the next payday, and, of course, we'd do most anything we wanted to, we hunted and fished, and, and also, we went with {D:Baker}, helped cattle and got interested in that slaughter. Well then, uh, we'd buy those cattle from the farmers, and we didn't, uh, that is, didn't have beef, except on Saturdays. Didn't have any refrigeration back in those days, and we, everybody knew we'd have fresh beef on Saturdays, so we would go get a cattle, and we'd carry it to the woods, {X} just hacked and {X}. We'd carry it to the woods, you know, and we had a tree, and we generally had a certain point in each community, where we could, generally did our butchering, which was close to a stream of water, so we could get water, and then, so we'd carry that cattle out, and we, instead of knocking 'em down, like a lot of 'em did with a hammer, we all u- ways used a thirty-eight special, in other words pistol, and we'd shoot 'em down. And, uh, then we would, uh, uh, cut their throat, and then cut those two arteries in there, and bleed 'em good. And that way you bleed 'em and getting all the blood out of the meat, you see, so that, in other words, you won't get {X}. Well then, of course, after that cattle had died, well then, we would, uh, have chunks, that we'd pick up in the woods, there, and we'd turn the cattle right, up on its back, and then we would take his chunks and put 'em onto the side, so it would hold it up. So then we would start in and we'd skin the head out, and course with two of us working, skin the head out, skin the feet out, cut the hide right around the hocks, and skin them on down, and slip on down into the breast, the bone, or the brisket, you might call it, on back to the back. And then up each leg, and then we'd take that hide right off of each leg, and then down the sides, when we got it down the side, well then, we had a singletree. And we'd take the singletree, {NW} and, uh, hook it, in the back liters, in the legs, and then we would, uh, had a rope and blocks, wasn't any chains and blocks that time, it just ropes and blocks. And you had to man it up, well we wasn't large enough to man it up, so we would have to unhitch the horse, and take the horse and hitch him to the singletree, if we had another singletree, we would hitch him to the rope, on these blocks and rope, and then we would pull that cattle up to the height that we wanted it. And then of course, tight. Well then, that, uh, tree, or the bush, or whatever might be there, uh, lots of time, we made this horse hold it, 'til we could strip that hide on down. And then we'd strip that hide on down, as far as, we wanted to go, and then we would put it up high, {NW} and we got it up high enough, we'd take that entire hide off. Well then, when we took that hide off, of course, then we would cut the, uh, open that cattle up, you might call it, that is, the brisket we had sorted, or, before we ever lifted the cattle, for, because it has to be sawed. And then, of course, behind, between the hind legs, there, we would bring our cut down to there, and we had to use the saw there again, to break that bone between those hind legs, and then, we opened the cow up, well then, when we opened the cow up, then took the, the- we called it the punch, some people called it the trap, some of 'em call it the stomach, but when we took all of that out, you see, and then we got that out of the way, well then, of course, we'd come on down and we'd, then took the heart, and the lungs, and all out, the throat, the, uh, hey, you might say, the {X}, all out, and we'd take that on out. Well then, of course, we were close to a spring there, we'd roll us a stomach, or a punch, or a trap, or whatever you want to call it, out of the way, and then, one of us would open that up and dump it out. Well, we sold that. We also so-sold a heart, and the lights, and which we called lungs, was lights, and, uh, we sold the liver, and, uh, that melt in there, which is on the punch, there's, uh, lot of people would buy that. And we'd sell out four to five if we could, and then, of course, we would, um, rinse that trap off, and, as I said before, and we'd sell that, and then we'd get a bucket of water, and {D:vash} it in there and get the rest of the blood out of the cavity of the cow that we'd opened, or the cattle, then the next thing was to do, was to cut it down with a saw, and we used a regular, in those days, you didn't have any saws and {D:tubes} like you got now, and we used a regular handsaw. And, uh, we would cut that cattle down. Of course, I was getting a little bit ahead of it there, as we would {D:raise} this cattle, as we took a hide off, and took this punch and all out, we would cut that on down, so that it wouldn't be too high for us, and then, a lot of time, we had a step ladder that we'd use, and now, we'd cut that cattle down, and then, when we got that all cut down, of course, we had a sheet spread in the hack, and then, we would, uh, take a front quarter off, in other words, we'd pull it up high enough where, when it swagged down, that the other front quarter wouldn't touch the ground, or either one of use would hold it, and, so then, we'd take that front quarter off, and we'd, you had to, uh, cut, uh, we counted down two ribs on the hind quarter, two of the ribs, and that's where we did our cut. And we made that through there, and we cut that backbone in two, which there was a half a backbone at that time, and took that front quarter off, put it in the hack. then proceeded with the same {X} the other front quarter, and put it in a hack, then we left these hind quarters down, and we'd put them in there, and then we'd cover it all with a sheet. We used, white sheets is what we used in those days, and then, we would put the other parts, the liver, and the tripes, and the lights, and the, melt, {X} heart, and then we'd put them in there, and then we would take the hide, put it in a sack, and, uh, we'd get our tackle and our blocks up, put 'em in the wa- in the hack. And then we were ready to go, and we'd come on into town. And we generally did this late in the afternoon, on account of refrigeration, we didn't have it, didn't wanna keep it over, on account of flies, and so forth, so we would, do that late in the afternoon, and then we'd take that beef in and hang it {X} he said, well, I want a chunk of beef. Well, we'd cut him off a chunk of beef, sell it to him. And, uh, they were glad to get it, they'd carry it right on home, they didn't have any refrigeration, so then they began to cook it. And there they cooked it. But on {D:yearlings}, we didn't have much trouble with {D:yearlings}, we could handle them pretty good. {X} The nearest I remember this other was back in nineteen thirteen and fourteen, and then, in nineteen twenty-six. We had started buying cattle quite a bit over the country, of course, operating businesses, too. One of the {X}, when I was fifteen, George was thirteen, and, uh, then we, uh, operated these businesses in food, cattle, and whatnot, and then, in nineteen twenty-six, well, it getting to be a pretty good demand for beef, back at that time, so, that was when I put in the first refrigeration that I had, which was a large cooler. And, uh, which was, uh, six by eight was the size of it, and I remember that, for a first refrigeration we had, was a Kelvinator compressor with brine tanks in the top, they hadn't come out with the coils, at that time, and we had large brine tanks in the top of that cooler, where we were supposed to use ice, they had, it was made to use ice in, takes a ton of ice at a time, you had to fill it about twice a week, which was mighty expensive ice at that time, it would get, uh, nearest I remember, they were getting thirty-five cents a hundred for ice. And, uh, they run pretty expensive, when you {X} twice a week. So, they put that out, put on there with those brine tanks, on the top of that Kelvinator machine, and we'd have good refrigeration, then. That about, {NW} it cut our expense down to about seven dollars and a half a month to operate it, and we would put our beef in there, but then, we didn't have any display cases like we've got now, the first display cases come out was iced from behind it wasn't refrigerated. And, uh, then we, of course, uh, had a slaughter pen, well, I'm getting a little ahead of it there, the first slaughter pen that we had was on top of {D:sage} mountain. We used a {D:wall} tree up there to hang a cattle {D:here}. Then, later on, well, uh, along about, uh, twenty, twenty- five, or twenty-six had come down to Morgan, and I had a place down there, and I built a slaughter pen, now it was a vat outside, which was a big old vat about twenty by twenty {X} got lots of this hard work about the cattle, and in other words, we would lead 'em in there, and knock the cattle down, and then, uh, bleed it, and, uh, this blood then run into this trough, and on out into this vat on the other side, where we had a bunch of hogs in the hog pen out there, and these hogs, them fit on that- {X} And then, we turned the cattle up in that trough- {X} We would just {X} that cattle right up in that slaughter pen, and go pursue the process of dressing it, and then, when we took those, uh, entrails and so forth out, well, we saved the liver at that time, and the heart, and all the rest of it tripe, so- and, all went into this vat on the other side, we {D:latched}, had a trap door there, and we just opened the trap door, just shoot 'em out right on into the vat, and that's where the {D:hog, he'd be}. I think at that time, we had seventy-five hogs in that pen. And I said pen, in that pasture, which fifteen acres, and those hogs stayed fat {X} {X} Interviewer: {X}? Aux: That's right, that was in Morgan. And, uh, then, uh, we started in the, what you might say, the {X} Man, we sold meat at all the markets, and so forth, that had put in refrigeration over town, sold at different stores; we even sold some of the, uh, chains that we have today, we sold them meat. And, uh, then, {X} look after Nashville, and then we built a slaughter pen. And George, at that time, had gone up to {X} and opened up up there, and he {X} down there where I was, {X} and so forth, and was very conveniently arranged, {NW} of course, we had running water in Morgan, but I had to use a battery genera- a b-, a generator and a battery system there for electricity to run the pump, and so forth, but after we come to town, well then, of course, we had electricity there, and we built our slaughter pen up there, and we'd, at first, we did use the basement, under the {D:stove, which} concrete floor, we, uh, put in a sewer drain there, which went down to the sewer, and we butchered {NW} lots of calves, and goats, and hogs there, and then I built a slaughter pen up there, on the back of the lot, and we killed lots of cattle, where we averaged, probably averaged around thirty-five head a week. It was running over the block, here, {NW} beside what we were selling on the other side. And, uh, then, of course, out of necessity then, holding all this, uh, blood and other stuff, all, from there, from the slaughter pen, and we had a big barrel, that we'd put that in. And, uh, those barrels, {NW} we'd fill them up, and then, uh, we would load those barrels on a truck, and, uh, in fact, we had a trap door in there, that we'd just shove those barrels right out on the truck, then we'd carry 'em to the woods and dump 'em. And, uh, right out in the woods, of course, that made mighty good eating for wild {D:hogs}. 370B: But you sold all the hides, I remember- Aux: Oh, {NW} the hides, uh, they would pile up, what I mean, we'd take those hides, and we'd salt them down. Had to take him, uh, just, uh, raw salt, putting it on the inside of the hide, that keeps it from, uh, uh, deteriorating, uh, from a hair turning loose from it, and from a hide's decaying, you'd, and then we'd put 'em in barrels, and that created a brine, which would hold those hides in for months and months. And we generally held those hides until we had about, we generally sold 'em when we had around forty barrels of hides, apiece, he had forty and I'd have forty, and we'd have trailer trucks coming in, pick 'em up. But anyhow, those barrels would turn out about, uh, nearest I remember, around three hundred and fifty pound of hides to the barrel, which was quite a few hides, when you figure on forty barrels of 'em, you know. And we sold 'em, we sold 'em to a {D:concern} in Memphis, sometime, we'd sell 'em to a {D:concern} in Nashville, and a time, we'd {X}. It just depended on where we got the best prices. Generally, in those days, the prices was running around four to six cents. And we did get up as high as eight cents a pound, sometimes more. Interviewer: The day that y'all {X} the pigs, the hogs that you killed, you know, {X} how many did you average? Aux: What, the hogs? Well, it depended on the man, now, you take on the Fourth of July, {X} unlimited number, a number, that one Fourth of July we had the cooler for, and I had him to bring 'em from a farm I had over in Shelby County, which I was running on a free-range of cattle and, uh, goats, and so forth, and I had him bring seventy-five head of goats in, and, uh, then I told him, when they went after those goats, to be sure to bring up big ol' billy, been, ran up, knocking the cows down one day. In other words, cows rub a head against a leg, a front leg, you know, and that old goat thought you wanted to fight, and he'd up, knock her down, well, I brought those seventy-five head in, with that big old billy goat, and, uh, put 'em out a lot, but we had already, then, uh, had the cooler full of goats, and pigs, and {X}. Well, on the Fourth of July, that is, on the third of July, was when they generally started to buy that, well, of course, we bought lemons, and people used lots of lemons, at that time, well, there wasn't as many outlets, there wasn't as many stores, then, as there is now, we had that entire district, back over there. So, uh, I put him to killing those goats, and, uh, we sold out up in the store, and he was pushing those in from the back, and by four o'clock, we didn't have a piece of goat meat or pigs either, I don't remember just how many, uh, {D:salts} we had, but we were selling those goats at that time, just, at ten cents a pound. On halves, or either whole, and then we were selling the {D:shokes} at the same price, the pigs, which would run around sixty, seventy, eighty pounds apiece, we were selling them for ten cents a pound {D:ribs}. And, uh, so, by four o'clock, we were out of goat meat, and pig meat too, and the lemons had sold out, and all the, uh, barbecue salts, we just sold entirely out of everything we'd get hold of on Fourth of July, that way. Well, there was a fellow coming in, say he want some goat meat, and I told him, I said, now, we've sold out of goat meat, he said, {X} says, I wanna see 'em, I say, well alright, let's go look at it, {X} all up to {D:Phil}, who'd butchered {X} {X} {D:probably} just a few months, because he was an expert, I'd trained him from time he was a kid, and he had that goat dressed and ready to go, and brought it on up there, and, it seems to me, that that goat weighed around seventy-five pounds, dressed, nearest I remember, and now, a pretty good {D:size goat}. And, uh, so, uh, {X} I just had to ask him about that goat, and well I put it off about two weeks, and finally, I just waited a long {X} ask him, I said, {X} {X} you are, oh, we had a big time, I said, well, do you have plenty to eat, he said, yeah, I said, well, what about the goat? He said, that was the finest meat you ever eat, and I guess he was all full of moonshine, {X} {X} We went along with {X} until {X} {X} And, uh, first- {X} {X} and when that ration started, {X} {X} They stopped everybody from selling meat in that district, except George and myself. And, uh, I didn't think it was fair, at the time, to stop 'em from selling meat. But anyhow, I, I, I went up to the office up there, and I ask him, I said, I understand you put regulations on everybody except us, and, I wanna know the reason why. And he said, well, says, uh, the people have got to have meat to eat, and says, uh, you all can keep 'em satisfied down there on it until we can get these regulations straightened out. And I said, well, now, uh, how do you want us to operate, and he said, well, just like you been doing, so we did. Then finally, when they got the regulations straightened out, there was one that pinched down on us, and, uh, they, uh, that was just as they was getting 'em straightened out. And they pinched down on us, and when they did, we shut our coolers down, and stopped butchering altogether, and varnished our coolers inside, and just quit selling meat. Then they come down there and wanna know why we quit, and we told 'em, on account of regulations, in other words, we, uh, were keeping up with it pretty close, and we didn't see how we gonna be able to operate under the regulations that they had been. So they, then, uh, told us to, uh, continue, then, as we had been. I said, well, you'll have to write us a letter to that effect, because we don't do anything on what you might say, we have to have it in black and white, and when you write us that letter, giving us, uh, the privilege to go ahead, then probably we'll consider it. And so, they said, well, they would, but they didn't. And then they call upon me, come into the office, and George and myself went in there. So when we got there, well then, they told us they wanted us to go back to operating like we'd been operating, so we went out and got {D:B.C. Apperson} and, uh, oh, in other words, I got a couple of fellows, {D:B.C. Apperson and Lane} Fitzpatrick, I believe it was, to go in there with us, and I told, told- {NW} told 'em it's, uh, I should be able to recall that attorney's name, but I can't right now, {X} was one of 'em that was in there and, uh, and now, I-I told 'em, I said, uh, well, what I want you to do, now, is make a statement to me like you did a few minutes ago, He said, well, you got you some witnesses, I said, I certainly have, I said, you wouldn't write me a letter to that effect, and, I said, I'm not taking your word for it. That was a little ol' attorney named {D:Gilmas} was his name, and I said, uh, I want a letter to that effect. And, uh, I-I want these witnesses to hear what you've got to say, because if we have to go into court, I want some witnesses to have, to prove what you have told me. So he did, he made his, uh, I saw that it didn't make him feel too good, but he made his statement, well then, of course, we started back into the meat business. We started our {NW} slaughtering back, and then started our coolers up, got them ready, and started in the meat, and kept the meat going. But they made it so rough on us that, uh, what I mean by that is, through grading. For instance, if you take a cattle at just fifty-five percent is pretty good cattle, what I mean, it's what I would call a choice. And, uh, uh, but, uh, they'd come in and they would, uh, grade that, uh, {NW} uh, commercial, or either, they'd grade it a cutter, which is, a cutter is, uh, what we used to call a canner, or a boner. And they'd, they'd put the grades on there, and then, we had to then, uh, put the price on 'em according to the grades that they'd put on this meat. Which, uh, was nearly impossible to sell meat according to the grades, they could {D:handle you} in that way, and one if one would question of whether we would get the price, one would question whether we were getting too much, because, uh, steak at that time was selling around thirty-five, forty cents a pound, which, uh, wasn't too much, and the people were satisfied, but they'd come in there and put the grades on there, well, they'd cut us down on our prices so that we could not operate. So that was then when we had another flare up there, and we, of course, they had let other people, the other markets begin to handle a little meat, was left a few of the {X} a little meat. But that was when another flare up come, and we we shut down our coolers again, and we had quite a controversy during that time, in other words, uh, one thing after the other, and, uh, {NW} then another thing was, they got us there, {NW} they talking about gas shortage and so forth, and on, uh rationing gas for us, they'd ration us just enough gas to operate on three hours, every Monday morning. And, uh, gasoline, {NW} they were talking about gasoline, fifty cents a gallon, I paid fifty cents back then, in other words, I had to, I had to buy the gasoline, and I had to, on top of that, I had to file the rationing stamps. And I bought the rationing stamps, and I paid twenty-five cents a gallon for rationing stamps, twenty-five cents a gallon for gasoline, so my gasoline back then was going up to fifty cents a gallon. And those things went on, we had quite a bit of trouble there with that, and at times, well, beef, {NW} there'd be a big demand on the market, and we worked it both ways, we worked at selling on foot, and also slaughtering. And whichever way there was the most money, now, I remember, uh, at one time, that, uh, beef got a pretty good price, on foot, bringing eight, eight and a half cents a pound, on foot. And, uh, we would, uh, haul 'em in and, uh, sell 'em, uh, on the market. It took time. All night and day, I, uh, in other words, there wasn't any cattle by us to amount to anything over the district, there was no radios to keep 'em posted on the prices, as they had these cattle in the country, and they had free-range. And, {NW} you know, that's another thing, talking about that free-range, uh, we'll get into that in just a minute, but anyhow, they had free-range, and had all these cattle, back in there on that grass, well, they would, uh, didn't have any place they could sell 'em, oh, they could sell one sometime, but very seldom. And I remember I went into Marvel, and there never been a cattle buy, and that that was {D:coal mine camp}, and, uh, when I drove in there, well, with that cattle truck, in fact, we were the first to ever haul cattle, that is, transporting cattle on trucks, we generally, before that, we used to {D:drove 'em} in other words, ride through the country, and I got ahead of it a little bit there, but anyhow, the way we'd do that, we would, uh, get on our horses, and we would ride to a certain point. And as we'd go along, we'd tell these people that we'd be back through there on a certain day, and they have their cattle up, if they ever wanted to sell. Then, we'd drive to the end of the drive, where we were gonna start. And then, we'd start back, well, we'd buy cattle at the first one, and then I'd ride on in front, on my horse, and contact the next, uh, farmer, and buy his cattle, and have him ready to turn in the herd, and the boys would bring 'em on behind. And so on, until we got back into town, in other words, we'd go out, and then we'd come back and cover our territory, after, and we'd buy those cattle and bring 'em on in. And then we'd have to drove them into market, but anyhow, uh, later on, we got to hauling in trucks, and I believe {D:it though}, when we started hauling in trucks, it was nineteen twenty-six, was the first cattle that was hauled on, in trucks. And this time that I'm talking about driving into Marvel, was nineteen twenty-eight. That, uh, I drove into Marvel there, and that {X} country was full of cattle, and they had no place to sell 'em. And it, uh, wasn't long, buying a truckload, and then, before I could get out of there, I bought two more truckloads, and had 'em to have 'em up, and then I started in hauling cattle out of Marvel. I hauled cattle out of Marvel, night and day, then, for, I know it was the month of October, of nineteen twenty-eight. that I hauled cattle night and day, just didn't stop, just kept hauling. And I was carrying 'em in, and putting 'em on the market, because I was getting so many of 'em, I couldn't, wasn't any way to handle 'em, {X} my part, and I had to neglect that, then, and, handle this situation. 370B: I can vaguely remember, you and grandaddy, how you had the big, wooden canes, that- Aux: Yeah, in other words, uh, those ca-, those sticks was walking sticks, those hickory walking sticks, and they was big enough to knock a cow down with, 370B: That you used, Aux: Of course, uh, I was pretty good with a rope, and, uh, was raised, you might say, with one, and I could rope 'em any way they was going, they'd make 'em do it where they were running, or which away, but anyhow, we were what you might call, back in those days, and what they have in these fiction books now that you read, we were cowboys. And we'd get up in the mornings, well, we would start to dress, well, when we would put on our pants and buckle our, uh, belt buckle, well, we reached and got our, gun and put it in a scabbard, and we'd, what with it, we never had a gun out of hand's length at any time, as I said back there, that, uh, things wasn't, uh, exactly the same as they are today. And, uh, people were a little bit, uh, easier to, fly off the handle, and when he flew off the handle, he didn't know anything to do but just to shoot, or either, hit, and so you had to be ready. And the man that got by, in those days, was the man just a little bit faster than the other, the little slow ones all went out there, in the slow drive, out to the cemetery, but, uh, if you was just, if you was good enough, you stayed here. And, uh, we, uh, of course, in buying those cattle, as I said, and hauling 'em in, And the earliest I remember, that all those cattle that I bought in Marvel and was hauling them, I was selling them, at that time, at six cents a pound, on foot. And, uh, finally, they did go up to eight, on good cattle, now, of course, canners, what we'd call canners today, like you'd call, you'd, uh, utilities, uh, that's the, this commercial yeah, utility, I believe it- one name they had for canners. You couldn't sell one of them, in those days, because there wasn't anybody that could use that, you know, they didn't make so much bologna and wieners, and stuff like that, and sausage, in those days, and they'd had to be pretty good beef, cause they had to cut it up to sell it, and you saw what you got, but if it is stale, they could throw a little soybean meal in it, at least it was back then, They just threw, uh, potato meal in it, and they made up s-, uh, sausage, they made up wieners, and they made up bologna, and so forth, and then people will eat it, as they do today. But anyhow, back then they didn't have it, and, uh, those canners just stayed out there, and they either got fat or died in the woods, one or the other, because people just didn't buy 'em. Now we only bought for choice beef, back at that time. 370B: In {D:dressing} the, the hogs out where you boiled the water, and, Aux: Well, all those hogs, we'd buy those hogs and bring 'em in, lots of time, you bought a load of cattle and loaded hogs under 'em, you know, and bring 'em in, but the hogs, of course, we would, uh, we never did use a hammer, as a lot of people did, in knocking cattle down, we always used a thirty-eight special, because it was always handy, we had it right there, and then shooting the hogs, we'd, we used our thirty-eight special on them, and, uh, cattle the same way, but anyhow, we- 370B: You'd have to stick your hog- Aux: Well, we'd shoot that hog and knock him down. Well, the old-timey way of cutting a hog's throat was straight across, but that is the wrong way to cut a, a hog's throat, or a cattle. In other words, we made, we finally got to this point, when we got a little farther along, and that, we would slit, uh, instead of cutting, we'd slit down, and then reach in there and cut those arteries on each side, so that they'd bleed freely, sometimes those arteries would plug on the end, and we'd have to reach in there and get it again and cut it, but you'd you would {X} a cattle, to see that it bled good. And we'd, uh, course had, on these hogs, we also had these pots with water heating. And boiling, and ready for {D:scaling}, and when I said boiling, that water's got to be right, there's such a thing as having it too hot, and there's such a thing as having it too cold. Well, on a ordinary-sized hog, we used a barrel, generally, and had it {D:slim}, and we'd pour hot water in there, and we'd pick that hog up, put him down in there, and turn him over and over, and then we'd pull him out and {D:turn and change end with him}, put the other down there, and then out on a board, generally, of course, afterward, we had concrete floors, but out on a board in olden times, old {D:ore} was one of the best things I ever saw, and you'd have to pull him right on out, and take the hair off of it. Then, when you took the hair off of him, and of course, you hung him, and then you slit him down, and then you, slit him down, I mean open him up, cut him down, and take the entrails and all out, and then you took a bucket of water, and throwed it in there, and rinsed that hog out good, and then let him hang, and generally, it was always best to do this butchering, if you could have it in, kinda cool weather. In other words, the meat does better, and it, it gets harder, and firmer, and so forth, and it's easier to cut. It's awful hard to cut, uh, hot meat, in other words, you, it's got to be chilled a certain extent, that's one thing, where refrigeration come in so nice, was chilling this meat, so that you could cut it. And, uh, these hogs were a little bit, uh, unhandy to handle, and what I mean by it, more so work than there was in the cattle. But, uh, we then, of course, cut that hog up. Generally, we just, uh, sold the whole hog, in the hack, or whatever we had, or the, whatever we was traveling in, or, and, and hanging 'em in the cooler. We, uh, hung the whole hog in the cooler, lunchtime, {D:there} after we got coolers, and let him chill out good, before we opened him up, but most meat in those days, now, you hear about meat being aged, now, you, aged, that's about all you hear. But back in those days, when you {D:were buying} how much we were gonna sell, and, uh, we killed accordingly, and, uh, that meat moved, it didn't have time to age. Generally, they, uh, the meat that you killed, you generally moved that meat in from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. Interviewer: {X} in the early thirties, you was having steak, too? Aux: Well, uh, now, uh, Interviewer: {X} Aux: I was kinda getting ahead of it there, I know that I was talking of, uh, bringing those cattle from Marvel, {NW} we brought those cattle, I bought those down in there and hauled 'em out, and that was nineteen twenty-eight. And things were mighty good, cattle was bringing eight, eight cents a pound. Of course, in, in the cattle business, that a way, you accumulate, and get on hand, generally, uh, a bunch of yearlings, and so forth, that you don't run through, and, uh, lots of times, you leave 'em in the country, and, uh, then you can pick 'em up, later on, in other words, I didn't, I, I lost very few that way, I remember one time, I was buying a load of cattle, and the fellow wouldn't sell me the load unless I'd buy a calf, and I bought the calf from him, and I ask him, I said, how much you gonna want for that calf, he said, I got to have two dollars for him, I said, well I don't want the calf, he said, well I won't sell you the other cattle, I said, well I'll just buy the whole thing, uh. And bought the calf, and we put him in the truck, well we went on up the road, stopped up there to pick up a cow that I'd bought, and the little ol' calf got out. And I told, uh, fellows with me, and one who was helping me, I said, just let that calf go, {D:it was five dollars}, I didn't wanna feed that calf, I said, just let it go. And so, we loaded this cow and come on in, well then, the following year, which was long in the fall, oh, the latter part of the fall, he come in, he picked up cattle around for me quite a bit then, and he come in, and he says, you know that's a nice heifer, out yonder now, that- I said, whatever you talking about, he said, the one that that calf got out over at that place, over there, near Banford, said, you remember when we was loading that cow over there and that calf got away, and I said, yeah I do. He said, well that heifer, says, she is really grown, says, she'd right there, and that, says, she still comes up to that house, well, there was plenty of grass, and there was open range, and nobody was bothered. And, so then, uh, we went over there, well, we was passing there one day, and I told her, uh that is, told him, I said, where'd you say that heifer was, he said, out here. Well, we went out there, and the cattle had come up, and that heifer was really, pretty, weighed about, between four-fifty to five hundred pounds, and it, been right there with that fellow's cattle, he hadn't fed it a thing, it'd just run on the open range, and that's getting back to the open range, now, something I was gonna tell you about the open range, uh, you know, back in days gone by, these, uh, people living back in the country, and in the mountains, and all, well, they had goats, and they had sheep, and they had hogs, and they had cattle. And, they, {D:well} I thought, farmed, and they were living. Well, the thing went along, and you know, uh, they passed, uh, the stock law. And after they'd passed the stock law, the stock law, as we call it, was, uh, you had to keep your cattle up, keep 'em in a fence, you couldn't let 'em run on open range. And, uh, so, they passed that stock law, and, uh, the people had to do away with the cattle, they had to do away with the hogs, and do away with the sheep, and the goats, and so forth, in the country. First thing you knew, they were up against it, they didn't have anything to eat, didn't have anything to wear, either, well, I often wondered, well, {X} was, what brought it about first, was they all started in, then, was when they started in to making {D:liquor}, making whiskey, and, as we call moonshine. {NW} And they started selling moonshine. Well, of course, that wrecked the whole situation, the people, and all the family life, and so forth, hav-, making that liquor and having it around there all the time, and that whiskey, and having the crowds around there, that would come and get it, and so forth. Still, lots of 'em held their principles up, quite a bit. But it was always a question to me, why, that that younger generation coming along, {NW} couldn't make a living like the older generation did, why they couldn't take care of their families. So, I was, uh, making a delivery one day, carrying a fellow named Oscar Tyler home, and we were talking. Oscar live back in the mountains there, and Oscar was a distiller at that time, and he had, two kids and his wife, and they were having a terrible time getting along. Well, when we got to the top of the hill, {NW} top of the mountain there, started off down in the valley, Oscar says, uh, you know, Mr. Randall, says, do you know that, uh, Pa raised twenty-six of us down in this valley, here, and he says, you know, we had plenty to eat, {NW} we had plenty clothes, and says, we never did want for anything. He says, you know, I got a wife and two children, and said, I can't make 'em a living. And says, I'm, I-I'll tell you, it's just hard for me to get by. And, uh, he says, you know, but when, uh, when Ma needed any shoes for us, or any clothing, or whatever it might be, says, she'd tell Pa, said, you gonna have to go in tomorrow and get so many yards of cloth, and so many pair of shoes, and so many pair of stockings, and, you gonna have to have some coffee, and you gonna have to have some sugar, you see, they raised everything else there, says, then that afternoon, late, just before dark, said Pa would have us to get out there, and get up two or three kid goats, and get up a {X} or two, a pig or two, and said, get a yearling up, and said, we'd get 'em out there, and say, you know, we'd kill 'em, and said, we'd dress 'em, and said, let 'em hang 'til next morning, at daylight, and said, then, we'd get out there, and cut 'em down, and, uh, he had his hack out, and we'd cut it up, cut that meat up, had a big ol' block there, and we'd cut it up, and put it in there on some sheets in there, and says, then, you know, Pa would have breakfast by that time, and we ate the meal up, and he'd be gone on to town. He'd go on to town, and said, when he come back, said, he had everything she told him to get, and said, generally, a little money, And I said, well, Oscar, now you to explain- Interviewer: Tape 3 Aux: And uh I said Oscar you've explained something to me that I've often wondered about. I said that I've I knew that the older people made a good living out here in these mountains and uh I couldn't I couldn't figure why now that you younger ones couldn't. And I've figured probably that you were just trifling and lazy he said nah sir that's not it. I said well you have told me already then what the trouble was. I said the trouble is that when the stock law coming in here that took your living away from ya. And that's when you started into making liquor and you've never been able to make any money on it. That's always been a faded, everyone that's ever fooled with it everyone I ever knew was a failure. I never knew of anybody that makes a success in the liquor business that way. And uh So that kinda cleared up that situation there with me On that. And uh In fact {NW} I think this Interviewer: #1 {X} # Aux: #2 {X} # we have over the country. Of course I realized that we've got automobiles. And uh {X}{C: overlapping tapes, indistinguishable) And the application he give me some applications said fill these applications out. So what I'm coming at {NW} and he says uh of course of a lots of 'em come in there and they {NW} {X} I'd send them over there and they would write 'em up and give 'em a job. Well it {X} There were nearly starved to death they had what you called {X} {NS} I called malnutritious. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 And I yeah mother says that's wrong but anyhow # Anyhow being hungry is what it is. Interviewer: {NS} Aux: And they had that so bad that they had to send 'em to the hospital {X} and build their system up until they could go to work. And uh this one no in particular that I was gonna tell you about he come in there and he said mister {X} says I don't wanna go to work and I said well I can get ya job. {X} big ol' strapping fella and he says uh {NW} well sir I'd love to have ya. So I got out an application and was going make it out for him. I said uh {NW} how long uh, In other words in the application I said uh how how much schooling did ya have? He says sir? I said how long did you go to school? He said I went to school six years. And I said six years? He said yes sir. And I said uh what grade were you in when you quit school. He said I's in the first grade Interviewer: {NW} Aux: I said well now listen you went to school six years and you say when you quit you was in the first grade. He said yes sir sir that's right. Says I just never was able to get out of the first grade. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 I failed # every time And then of course when we got the application fixed out sure enough he couldn't sign his name. And I had to sign his name of course so let him mark put his mark on there. But I did get him a job and he went to work. And a lot of these people that I knew back during those days that was really up against it they're they're thrifty. They are now living in good houses. There's lots of 'em and they saved up uh quite a little sum of money and in good shape they don't have to depend on anybody for anything. Lots of 'em on the uh pensions and so forth and I think {NW} the biggest thing that help the long {X} situation was uh the education that they received. And uh in uh different ways such as we've got now trade schools and so forth. which I think are are very essential in uh bringing these people up. And uh I I feel like the that uh we have uh people now that if they hadn't a had that that probably we'd a still been in the same ol' rut. Just if we hadn't a had schooling and education as we've got today we'd be in the same ol' rut. If we were back then. Now I believe you wanted me to tell you about uh when we used to deliver uh #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 But you # you and uncle George #1 {X} # Aux: #2 {NW} # Well Interviewer: {X} Aux: Back in the old days #1 day # 370B: #2 I was # living with Beck Aux: This dropping back now past quite a bit {X} talking bout for instance this back in the mule and wagon days. And uh this was back in uh nineteen uh twelve thirteen fourteen {X} but anyhow {NW} we delivered uh {X} 370B: {X} Aux: And so {NW} we delivered with a mule wagon. And uh we'd would make these payrolls and we'd collect what they owed us. That was every two weeks. And they would give us then their orders for the next two weeks. Some of these customers never come to the store Some of 'em come now maybe once every two weeks. It wasn't a everyday proposition as it is today they order what they's gonna have to have and which was meal flour and lard. And uh white meat staples is what it was it wasn't any of this uh light bread back then. The first light bread I ever saw didn't even have a wrapper on it. just come out in a solid loaf of bread and would lay it on the counter and and sold. Just like peas rice butter beans flour sugar all come in uh open containers and were just opened up and they'd take a scoop and take 'em out and weigh it up and sell 'em. And ya had to weigh up everything that way, ya didn't have packaged goods as you got now. Well of course we had these mules and wagons and uh it got mighty cold back in those days. In other words we {NW} we'd have to be on these open wagons and making these deliveries. And we had a tarpaulin of course to put over the groceries to keep them dry cause we'd lost money there but we got wet just the same. We'd dry off ya know after we got wet and that didn't make much difference. In other words {NW} we could get old but those groceries couldn't. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: But anyhow {NW} we wore sheepskin coats and corduroy pants wool shirts and wool underwear and big boots and uh and big hats so that that water would run off of us and then the cold water would freeze on our shoulders and on the hats too but we'd make the deliveries. Well as I said before of course when we got up in the morning well we'd course put our guns on us and we'd go out on these wagons and we'd deliver. Well my mother she's uh always kept a cook down at the house. In other words a maid that did the cooking. And uh she was supposed to have uh when we come in of course we didn't call it lunch then like they do now we just called it dinner in the middle of the day. And when we come into dinner and the turnip greens and the cabbage and whatever they had and other white meat or so forth or peas or butter beans was cooked. {X} Well they're supposed to be cooked and ready and on the table when we got in. And we'd come in those wagons and drive the mules up to the feed boxes and let them stand there and eat while went down to the house to get something to eat. And when we going down there and this cook didn't have the meal on the table well of course we'd then proceeded to convince her that it had to be on the table and we'd pull our guns and we would begin to fire in the floor shooting in the floor around our feet and she'd jump up and down and holler if she get by she got outta there but if she didn't she just got a little faster on getting that dinner on the table. But if she got by she got away she'd go up and tell my mother said miss Reynolds says those are the worst two boys I've ever seen in my life you got said I just can't stay here. And they kept on hiring new cooks all the time. Although she did get a older one that finally stayed with us. We'd shoot on her feet and she'd just work right on. But any how then we'd get ready and by that time they'd be ready for us to go again. We'd load those wagons and start out. Well they paid off every two weeks. And uh when they come in and pay those bills or when we'd meet those payrolls and get 'em and get their bills and we'd fill these orders. Well we worked right on through the night and day it didn't make any difference. We didn't stop. It wasn't always eight hours no six hours shifts then it was it was from the time you started till ya finish ya didn't quit till ya had finished the job if it took all night ya worked all night. Took all day and all night ya worked all day and all night and on into the next day. And we went right on and got through that job. Well then when we'd get through with it of course then we would have plenty of time uh between paid- paydays. And uh because the customers didn't come in. If they come in it was an emergency and of course there'd be one of us around there where we could wait on 'em. And we'd wait on 'em. But {NW} then we'd have plenty of time for hunting. And we'd have plenty of time for fishing. And we hunted and fished lots. Of course we broke every mule and horse they'd bring into that country there that they wanted broke we'd break 'em to ride or either drive and that kept us busy at times. These country people that had stock that they wanted broke and they'd break 'em in or either we'd go get 'em and bring 'em in and break 'em. And then of course we had uh this riding and getting cattle in and so forth. And as I said {NW} back then uh a few minutes ago and I'm kinda overlapping Now on this was uh I rode cattle back in nineteen twenty-eight when they was bringing eight cents a pound. I wanted to get into that and then uh it skipped my mind as I was talking long but you know uh along at that time we elected a man named Hoover #1 as president of the United States. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # Aux: Well when Hoover was elected President of the United States of course he told us he was gonna put a chicken in every pot and an automobile in every garage. Well he did that. He fixed it where y- you couldn't buy gasoline. In other words you didn't have any money to buy gasoline with. And ya had to put ya car up and put ya truck up. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: And then ya had to go out in the yard and get ya chicken and kill him to eat so we'd get by. And he did that. But what I'm getting to is this. At that time well the cattle {NW} were bringing. Like it was here a while back bringing a good price around fifty-eight and a half cents a pound on foot. Well back then they was bringing eight cents a pound on foot. Well cattle got scarce on the market. There wasn't anybody carrying 'em in and and uh in fact there wasn't there wasn't getting back far enough to get 'em. And they just wasn't getting to the market and they'd come down and they offered me uh for a drove of cattle that I had accumulated just a few at the time and buying over the country 'til I had accumulated two hundred and fifty-four head of cattle. And I had 'em all in what we'd call a T-C-I farm which is an alfalfa farm that T-C-I used to operate to raise alfalfa to feed the mules when they had mules in the mine before they went to machines. And they had since gone to machinery and had taken the mules outta the mines and of course they had no use for the alfalfa farm and they shut it down. And it become open range. And uh of course the stock law was in. That was another thing. But anyhow I put these cattle on that range and I had two men and uh it stayed with 'em all the time. And at night they'd corral 'em and we had a corral built. And they'd corral those cattle and then they'd put 'em out on the grass the next morning and stay with 'em all day and so forth. And I accumulated two hundred and fifty-four head during that time. And they was all fat and good cattle. {X} Eighty and half cents a pound for 'em which are half a cent over the market. And I told 'em nah I wouldn't sell 'em. Well later on they'd come back and offer me nine cents. Nah I- I won't sell 'em. I'm on just gonna just go ahead and uh and keep 'em. I know what I intended to get for 'em. I was using some bad judgment. I know now though #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # Aux: If my foresight was good as my hindsight I'd be alright all the time. Anyhow but my foresight just don't work that well sometime. But anyhow I kept those cattle. Well as it turned out as I said just now we elected the president {NW} named Hoover. Well when we elected him in there well then immediately well uh he started in to help the country. And the money dried up all over the country, And the markets fell everywhere. And I kept watching and finding out what I could. And the first thing I knew cattle was down to four cents a pound. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: The grass had died and they was in a fall of the year in the wintertime. And I'd look like I'd gone out to feed 'em and my cattle had lost some weight. So I added up I put my cattle on market at four cents a pound and got rid of 'em and was glad to rid of 'em at that price. And then I waited until Mister Hoover got things straightened out just right and when Mister Hoover got things straightened out just right like he wanted 'em and had all the banks ready to close and all the money dried up over the country. {NW} Well then {NW} I realized that I could uh buy beef pretty cheap. So I began to investigate and I found out by going up on the market and the yards I could buy my beef back at a cent a pound on foot. So then I bought it back cent a pound and, And uh when I bought it back at a cent a pound well then I uh rode up I had a farm uh what we what some people called plantation. You know that's like a man having about ten acres and calling it a ranch. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: And I had a farm down there that we uh they called plantation but I just called it farm because it didn't consist of b-between three and four hundred acres. But anyhow {NW} we had uh plenty syrup we had plenty of corn. And it wouldn't sell down there and it was accumulating and uh they had made it and that was my share of the crops that had been made down there. So I took a truck with a trailer on it and went down and got a load of corn and syrup. I brought it up and we shelled that corn. Shucked it and shelled it. Pat it ground and put it in peck sacks. And then we'd put that syrup in it and I had my coolers started and went up and brought some of my cattle back at cent a pound. And uh run 'em through the slaughter pen. I had the slaughter pen there and run 'em through the slaughter pen killed 'em and butcher them. And uh what I'm talking about this work now you didn't hire none uh them because you couldn't you didn't have the money to hire anybody if they just getting fifty cents a day you couldn't pay them. So you had to make it and I had to get started back. And uh so we just uh went in there and George just did the same thing up his place my brother and we started in and put our circles in. Syrup fifty cents a gallon. And home ground meal eighteen cents a peck. And uh stewed meat a nickel a pound and steak a dime a pound. Ground beef a dime a pound and pork sausage a dime a pound. And we put those circulars out and we would open on Saturday. Well on Thursdays the people'd come down there and lined up and demanded that we open. Well then {X} we had to get busy. And I had to get my father and my mother and I had a fellow that would cut meat for me he said and I got him. And my wife, kids and myself and we opened the doors. George did the same thing. And {NW} we couldn't wait on the people. Because on the comet price they- they couldn't buy a pound of meat for less than a quarter anywhere so they'd come over here and buy it for a nickel. And a peck a meal they'd have to pay probably thirty around anywhere from thirty thirty-five cents a peck of meal and we'd sell it at eighteen. And that syrup they couldn't buy it at all because people just didn't have it up here {X}. They had to come out of the country and they just didn't go get it. So they could get pretty good meal at the a half a dollar {NW} and uh feed the family. And from then on well things just boomed and then we began to add first the one thing to the stock and then to the other. And uh by uh the time that the depression was in the right swing well then that's when W-P-A days of course come in. And then they they started to uh These uh public work on the road. and they brought seven dollars and a half a week a piece. They was working on those roads. Well they would come in and they'd buy their groceries. Well afterwards I know {NW} one of 'em told me who was uh W Let's see uh W E Rogers. He told me he said you know {NW} he said I remember when {X} back yes couple years ago he says When I used to get my W-P-A check and I'd come over here in my Ford {X} car. He said you know I'd take that check and come in there and buy groceries and I'd put all I could haul on that Ford. And carried it home said we had plenty to eat. And says uh we got along just fine so they got along fine on that. And I remember that there's lots of 'em didn't have automobiles and I'd finally uh course I had a bunch of trucks running by that time and I had what we called a lodge truck at that time which was a panel a ton and a half. And I sent 'em loaded the groceries loaded up to the tops of panels and then them hanging round I've seen as many as twenty-six of 'em hanging round on it going home with the groceries. 370B: I've got a picture. Aux: And uh they'd carry the groceries home and we'd get those out to 'em and uh those trucks would run and deliver. But uh we uh had then just started in to what we were gonna really have trouble with was regulations and red tape. Which finally had put uh about ninety percent of the merchants that we {X} and got these others going crazy and committing suicide. But anyhow {NW} uh that is one reason that that I'm out of business today is on account of government red tape. And that's a bunch of bureaucrats in Washington and they have to have reports on everything which amounts to nothing except to sift through sometimes. And they'll give you a pity if yours happens to come up through that sift and through that picking up. But anyhow uh that is one thing that has uh made business mighty hard on 'em and it is still and it's getting worse and worse all the time. But uh I remember of course going on back uh when we were boys even now there's kids that uh boys at that time uh wasn't like they are now. By the time you was six seven years old you were more or less on your own and when you was ten you was really on your own and by the time you was twelve you was a grown man. And uh you uh you accepted responsibilities. You didn't whine around like they do know and uh stand back. In other words uh when we were around uh George was around {NS} and yes I remember around five and I was seven well we was selling uh we'd make a garden and we would pick beans and mustard and turnips and so forth and we'd peddle 'em over to the neighbors and we had a bunch of cows. And of course at that time there wasn't any stock law in the city of {X}. And our cows run out there and we'd milk those cows and uh of course momma overseeing it. And churned the milk. {NW} And we'd sell the butter and the milk peddling over the neighborhood and about over the town. Walking and peddling and and I remember at that time it was {X} people got into the water in the city of Busbin. Which they would {X} get in that water {X} nearest I could remember from Hawkins springs. And the wells all got typhoid fever in 'em. And they had to start them to put in uh {NW} in uh the water line which all had to be done by hand. Wasn't any thing except just a pick and shovel to do that work back then. And they had start putting than line in from up what we called midfield now up at the What was the name of the spring? Do you remember up there that they got the limestone water from? 370B: #1 I don't know. # Aux: #2 And # anyhow it was about uh it was about eight miles that they had to put that line in the funny city of Busbin water. Which was gonna take 'em probably two years to get it in. And the people they're there drinking water. Well then uh our doctor who was doctor Spencer at that time who delivered us into the world he'd told George and myself said why don't you boys go out there and find a good spring that you can get water from bring in a sample to doctor Warners and and myself and says let us examine it. And uh says if its tests out okay says you can sell drinking water in the city of Busbin. So we decided we gonna sell drinking water in the city of Busbin. We'd go out and get a sample of this water what we called then at that time a Thompson spring. And bring it in and it tested okay. And then recommended to the people for drinking water. Well of course we had a big ol' surrey at that time. Some of ya might not know what a surrey is but that was a two seated uh hot pit with fringe tasseled uh top around it and uh was patent leather and it was a very expensive uh {NW} well traveling than a carriage. In other words the surreys were were popular. We had this this one that we had the old one. He had bought a new one. And a lot of people call 'em uh A barouche. 370B: {NW} Aux: Uh. That is a olden time name for 'em a barouche but we later on called 'em surreys. And four people could very comfortably ride in there and probably with kids more than that. And uh so {NW} This old surrey we decided we'd take it down to the blacksmith. And had him to build us a spring wagon out of it. Well we carried down there and went to him and told him we wanted to take his body off of it and put us a wagon body on it, on those springs that would hold twenty demijohn. A demijohn is a five gallon glass jug that uh we would go and get that water in and which was in a wooden crate. Approximately fourteen by fourteen {NW} inches. I imagine that the bottom fourteen inches squared. {NW} We measured them and saw what it would take for twenty of 'em we'd go haul twenty to load. And we told 'em we wanted to make a wagon out of it and he said well now {NW} what about your daddy? Well papa it's alright with him. And none of them would wanna tell ya I like calling name in but it didn't get it anyhow we were gonna pay you for this and we're making money. We want ya to do it on credit. And he said well said I'll have to see about that. And I said well alright so {NW} he said I'll let ya know tomorrow. So we left it down there and went on home. He go around to see papa and papa told him said whatever those boys want. Said you go ahead and fix 'em up in it says I stand behind it. {NW} Says they'll pay ya. And so he went ahead and fixed it. {X} demijohns and these glass jugs. And we didn't wanna get the money from anybody, We wanted to make it. So we went down to doctor {B} who run the drugstore {X} Told him we wanted uh forty {NW} of these demijohns. And later on we had to have more. But anyhow we got forty to start with. And bought those on credit from him. Course he saw papa and papa told him it'll be okay. And uh {NW} so he charged 'em to us and we got our buckets and we had to have funnels and then we had to be very clean about that water. You couldn't have a speck in that water cause it would show up in those glass jugs and so we had to be very careful about that. But anyhow we started in the water business then. And started selling water {X} drinking water. We got twenty-five cents a demijohn. A glass demijohn for us. That was five cents a gallon. Which we made on a load {NW} you see with twenty we uh` actually made we got five dollars for it and we made some times two trips a day and sometimes three trips a day which we were making pretty good money on it then and we paid off our indebtedness. And after we'd paid off our indebtedness ya know and things were going along smooth well then we decided we'd save some money so we began to put it in the bank. There was a bank on second avenue and twentieth street. Was Conwell's bank and we'd put our money in Conwell's bank up there. {NW} And we had nine hundred and twelve dollars and some odd cents in that bank that we had saved up after we'd paid off our indebtedness and Conwell {NW} took all that money up there one night and put it in a suitcase and left. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: And Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 we # we were mighty mad about it {X} could have got a hold of him he wouldn't gone anywhere. But anyhow He left with our money and everybody else's money. Well that that kinda got our goat pretty bad. We said then we gonna spend every dollar we ever made then Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 and not let anybody else get it. # But we didn't live up to that. We did save some money. But anyhow Conwell I understand went to Tennessee. Well back in those days when you crossed the state line you was home free. #1 It didn't make any difference # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Aux: what they was after ya about. And uh they got all this red tape and all started then so if you could just run fast enough and beat 'em from one county to the other. And so one sher- uh sheriff off after the other and then when you could cross the state line well then you was home free you's alright. But anyhow we sold that water until they got that line in. And as it happened there was lots of these people that bought water from us back in those days. {X} which we were large we were still pretty young. In fact uh uh George was {X} uh I-I think he was about fifteen when he went in and I was fifteen when I went in. {NW} George went in to himself about two years after I did. Two or three years. But any how fifteen years old. {NW} Uh year's nineteen twelve. That's right and I was born in eighteen ninety-seven. {NW} And uh so I was fifteen. But anyhow {NW} There's a lot of those people that could that did trade with us even after we went into business. {NW} And on up. I remember one of 'em very well. Her husband was a railroad engineer was a Mrs. Hampton. And uh she traded with us for a long time after and quite a few of the others did. But you know the old life timey way {NW} a man in the grocery business of course I never did practice that much. Uh. But I did uh have a brother in law one time that did do that. We going around taking orders in town. {NW} You go around taking orders every morning you know grocery orders. And then they'd deliver these grocery orders which was started way back yonder in early days. When they had to get out and look for business. But I come along. {NW} When I started in {NW} of course we had a depression every seven years back in those days. They call 'em depression they call 'em recession now. But we call 'em panics back then. And our panics didn't last as long as these do that is like these do now. They lasted about seven eight months sometimes. Never over a year and then everything opened up and everything boomed. Just like a rose blooming. And ya made a lot of money. {NW} Well then when ya got things up where you was getting really straightened out sure enough and accumulating something they decide in Washington it was time then to gather back in. So then they'd bring on one of these uh uh panics as we'd call 'em back then. And they'd gather the money all in. When they'd get the money all in and get it about all in where they thought they'd got about what they should the money men did well then of course they'd let her bloom out again and she'd start to work. And that's where the working thing. And {NW} just like now you take now they're talking about inflation. {X} In other words taxations to stop inflation. Well uh the inflation is created through uh speculation. And our speculators are because of the inflation. And just like on the wheat situation we've just been through with. Just like on the cotton situation as today. And they put it over as inflation. When actually it's speculation. They just got it turned around. And these speculators of course get their news through different sources and Washington and so forth. And then on one of these uh sales gonna be made on these farm imports. And that's when they start in to hoarding as we call it. And holding it just as they were hauling a shortage of grain when all the grain was was full. And uh they's hauling the shortage on the farms. And they still they was a lot of the farm holding the grain. And uh instead of letting a free market go then of course we have to talk price control. And there's only one way in the world to {NW} control prices. And that is supply and demand will control 'em. {NW} And whenever you get these speculators when they get loaded up until they can't pull move anymore and then a new crop comes in on 'em I think then it'd straightened out. And I think that's what it's gonna take to straighten it out. I don't think that we gonna do anything as long we try to control this bushel of wheat or that bushel of wheat or this bushel of corn and- In other words just the people are just gonna use so much anyhow. They not gonna buy. They not gonna destroy. There's gonna be some of 'em that'll waste some but what I mean is actually destroy uh they're not gonna do that. Because if they buy it they gonna use it. And they gonna buy it as they need it. And that's what you call demand. And supply is when they go out there and farm and make it and raise it. {NW} Well that's the supplies coming in. And they gonna have to uh uh everybody's got to work if they live in this country or you either got to just go without that's all because this is a country of each person. Must uh get out there and make some effort. Now of course we'll have an argument and people'll say that there's people that won't work and there's people that will not get out there. Well that's true enough as long as they get somebody else to support 'em. And there's a lot of people that's carrying a bunch along that way and uh I don't think that we ever will see a world where everybody is really industrious because we gonna have a few drones. You know even bees as industrious as they are they have drones you know and have to kill 'em off. But anyhow I've taken it all as a whole {NW} through and through life and coming on up. {NS} And uh as I said back in the horse and buggy days well you know we traveled at that time. {NW} When we had a real fast horse we would travel five miles an hour. And that was really traveling. And then later on of course we uh got automobiles and they would travel uh well they went from thirty-five to forty miles an hour. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: I'll never forget the time when I made sixty miles an hour the first time. And then uh now you get on the road you make eighty ninety and hundred miles an hour you know. In other words you get run over if you make less seventy seventy-five. And uh so things have changed from time to time we come from uh well back yonder uh horse and wagon and buggies and ox wagons I remember them of course. And uh I remember when the pecker wood saw mills. And by the way I saw one the other day. It was the first one I've seen in years and years operating. The pecker wood mill. And you know {X} mill just sets down anywhere #1 and so # 370B: #2 Where? # Interviewer: #1 Where did you see it? # Aux: #2 {NW} # That's right {X} lumber and so forth. But uh {NS} you take uh talking about the condition of the world today. Now I was born June the twenty-seventh eighteen ninety-seven which is seventy-six years ago. {NS} And just soon as I got big enough to know anything well it was something wrong with this world. There's been something wrong with it since I been here. {NS} And when I leave here there's gonna be something wrong with it. According to my opinion and according to other people's opinion. But I feel like that this world will go right on and I feel like every generation will be able to take care of their own affairs as they come along. I don't think that I don't think that this younger generation need any advice from us older people. I think what we should do is sit back and watch 'em bring it on up. Cause we left it in such a mess Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 for them to take over and such a condition that they gonna have a time to # straighten it out now. And uh I hope they'll be more successful than we were. But uh you take uh it has uh as we say it grows steadily worse well I don't know whether you could say it's growing steadily worse or not. I remember back when we used to cut wood over the summer so we could keep warm in the winter. And when we get up in the morning cause we didn't have any warm house. We'd have to get up and build a fire. And I remember how that floor felt when you'd hit it on those cold mornings and you would have a terrible time getting that fire built. Finally you'd get a little bit of heat started. And now ya get up in a nice warm house and everything's just as comfortable as can be. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: I think we've come quite a distance there. And another thing I remember back when you used to go in the kitchen and uh and you didn't have any refrigeration. And the thing I'll never forget how the safe used to smell where they kept all the bread and all that was left over you know and getting old. No way in the world of keeping it cool. And I'll never forget when uh they used to have to the women Nearly all the women back in those days you know had rough hands. And they were bent over their their backs was humped in behind. And uh That was mostly from mobile wash tub scrubbing on one these washboards up and down you know and then of course boiling the clothes in a hot pot. That is hot water so that it would if there was any germs that that would kill 'em you know and they had the battling stick as they call it and they'd take the battling stick and they would stir those clothes. And by the way when it comes to the battling stick I got a tale I wanna tell about a battling stick. Interviewer: {NW} Aux: It was a fellow named Dy- {NW} Dykcon. Dyk was raised upon Mulberry river. And uh {NW} his father was a farmer up there. And Dyk was a good big boy and there was a fellow down on the river there that had a grist mill that was operated by water and I've seen a grist mill I knew about it. And after years but anyhow Dyk he uh went over there one morning to carry corn. To get it ground into meal. Well you used to put it in a sack and put it cross a mule's back and you got up on the mule behind it. You didn't have any saddle or anything you just got up on a mule back. Off down the road you'd go with a mule and the corn and get it ground and then you'd put it on the mule back and come back. If it's warm weather of course the mule eat {D: the first bite and} 370B: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 so forth he got whipped # But that didn't hurt the meal. The meal eat #1 good just the same. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 370B: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 And the sack got wet # the meal too but it was alright you never did know the difference. But anyhow he takes his corn down there that morning. And uh to get it ground. And while he's standing there uh waiting on the miller to get tut he looked off down on the creek there where this wife of the millers had a wash pot and where she did her washing. Well of course it's Mulberry river there which was a narrow river. There was a foot log. Trees used to grow along there in those days than they do now. In other words we had trees back in those days. What's called virgin timber. And {NW} This tree had been cut down across there and this foot log was there. And she was standing at the end of this uh foot log with that battling stick. And Dyk said she was hitting a lick every once in a while down that way hitting one lick after the other. Said he stood there and watched and he couldn't see what he's doing he decided he'd walk down there and he walked down there and those squirrels {NW} were migrating from one side of that creek to the other. Which squirrels will always migrate especially in the summertime. If a dens get full of fleas uh something of the {X} out of the food gives out they gonna migrate they gonna change from one territory to the other. So what these squirrels was doing was crossing this log. And she's standing there Interviewer: {NW} Aux: hitting 'em with that #1 battling battling stick and killing 'em. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # Aux: And he said that woman killed a hundred and sixty Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 squirrels there while they's migrating # cutting them across with that battling stick. And he never saw Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 a second piles of squirrels. # Well you know I kinda doubted I I look at Dyk you know and he's always been a trooper man and I'd always known him to be a trooper and I thought well now you'd reckon he'd gone wrong Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 or something. # And I thought about that thing and it stayed on my mind well later on I was talking to a sailor man that worked down on the other down in. He had to go through the Allison reserve below Tuscaloosa which is a large game reserve. And lots of game in there. And he was telling me there one day about coming back up the road and coming through the Allison reserve. And he said you know he said those squirrels were migrating here and said they'd cross the road. {NW} And said do you know I had to stop my car. And sit there and wait on the little squirrels got through crossing that road. Said that nothing uh {X} nothing attracts their attention, and they will not stop they just keep coming. And said that I just sit there and waited until they got through crossing the road. When they got through crossing the road I come on. And then I could see well now probably Dyk was telling the truth Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 about those # squirrels up there on Mulberry. But anyhow {NW} talking about that back then you didn't have any washing machines you know. You didn't have any electric stoves. You didn't have any gear stoves. You didn't have any electric hot water heaters no gears hot water heaters. And uh I remember when the first hot water heater I ever saw was uh a pipe that they made to fit inside of the range coal a coal cooking stove which was a range we called it. A big range. And it went in the fire box. This pipe did. Well you had your water running in through that coil in that fire box and out back the end and then in the uh tank. And your water heater then went into the tank. Well the only trouble about that was that was after they got that water in here which that lime water after that typhoid epidemic. And they got it in here and then when it goes through this pipe it runs through there so long this lime would Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 build up # Then you'd have to take all this loose and take that coil outta there cause that coil would fill up. And that was the first hot water system I saw. And then another thing about those days too you really enjoyed very much and that was taking ashes out. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 You know # especially out of fire places the stove where ever might be and you'd shovel those ashes and they would get all over the place and the dust would settle and the ash dust would settle on it. And you'd have to wipe it off then. And nine times outta ten when you'd start out with it you'd something with a coal {X} and splash 'em all over the floor. And then you'd have to come back and clean them up. Well we've uh come along quite a bit matter and I remember too back during those days that we didn't have any screens back in early days. Nothing to keep anything out that is flies anything else and you didn't have kinda air conditioning. You had nothing except just the weather. That's what you had to contend with. No insulation to go in the ceiling uh walls anything like that. It was just a straight {NW} seal with. And some people were lucky enough to have it tapered some of 'em painted some of 'em didn't do anything. And then you had the roof up there and that sun coming down then I believe it got a little hotter than it does now but anyhow. Get in that house {NW} and got pretty warm. And then another thing you didn't have you didn't have any paved roads you had all dirt roads. And every time a wagon or a buggy come by that dust fogged up. I remember when we used to get up in the morning. And we would uh {NW} make up the bed. Course the windows was open and no screens or nothing. And you'd make up the bed and then you'd get another sheet and you'd put it over the top of the bed and cover it with it. So that the dust that come in that day would uh settle on that sheet. Well you say well why didn't you close the windows? Well if you closed the windows you had a hot box sure enough then. And {X} because uh the sun shining down and all so it would settle on that sheet. Then when you'd come at night and get ready to go to bed of course the first job you had was to light the lamp. And if you know {X} had a lamp or never tried to read by one well you can't appreciate electric lights like you should. You should try a lamp just a few times any how just to see how it works. Any how we would have to fold the sheet back. And take it very carefully so it wouldn't scatter that dust any more than possible. And fold it back and then take it outside and dust it good to get that dust off of it. And then we'd get ready for bed you see. Well back in those days of course uh there was such thing as prowlers. We had 'em but they didn't live long Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 because people was ready all the time for 'em. # Interviewer: #1 {NW} # Aux: #2 and if they got in # they'd get in sometimes in one or two places but the first mess was Waterloo cause as I say they just didn't stay here long. And uh that broke up and another thing we had dogs. And that helped to protect the place while it was open. Interviewer: Tape four. Aux: #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 {X} # #1 {C: overlapping speech} # 370B: #2 {C: overlapping speech} # twenty-seven Aux: {C: overlapping speech} 370B: forty. Interviewer: The number after sixty-nine. 370B: Seventy. Interviewer: After ninety-nine. 370B: One hundred. Interviewer: #1 After nine hundred and ninety-nine. # Aux: #2 {X} # 370B: #1 One thousand. # Aux: #2 {X} # #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 After nine hundred ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine # {NW} 370B: One million. Interviewer: {NW} okay. If there's a lot of men standing somewhere you say the man at the head of the line is the 370B: The leader. Would you say leader or the first? Interviewer: First. And after him? 370B: Second and third and so forth and so on. Interviewer: Um sometimes you feel you get your good luck just a little at a time but your bad luck comes 370B: Well it comes all the #1 time.You you # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 370B: you don't have to look for it because it's gonna be there once in a while anyway. Interviewer: Okay. If he said more than once he would be saying it 370B: Twice. Interviewer: Name the month of the year for me and begin with ya answer. 370B: January February March April May June July August September October November December. Interviewer: Kay and the days of the week? 370B: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday and Sunday Interviewer: You ever call Sunday anything else besides Sunday? 370B: Well the Sabbath. Interviewer: Uh what do you usually say to somebody that you see them when you first get up? 370B: Good morning. Interviewer: {NW} Um what what time of day does morning end? 370B: Well I imagine it ended at twelve o clock. Interviewer: And after that what time of day is it? 370B: One. Afternoon. Interviewer: Kay what do you say when you leave people? 370B: Well sometimes you say fare well and sometimes you say ba- goodbye and good evening it so under what time. Interviewer: Kay do you ever say good day? 370B: Well yes you could say good day. Interviewer: You ever used to? 370B: Well not seldom. {NW} Interviewer: Um what part of the day do you actually eat supper? 370B: Uh I guess you'd say evening. Interviewer: And later on like before you go to bed? 370B: Night. Interviewer: Night. What would you say when you're saying goodbye when you're leaving someone's house at night? 370B: Goodnight. Interviewer: Night. {NS} Uh if a man has to get up and start work just as the sun comes into sight you says he has to start at? 370B: Day break. Interviewer: Um if he works 'un- uh until very late in the afternoon he had to work until? 370B: Night. Interviewer: Um 370B: Or dark. Some of 'em say work 'til dark and some of 'em say work 'til night. Interviewer: Uh what time did the sun rise this morning? 370B: W- Well I imagine about six thirty. Interviewer: Okay you say the sun? 370B: rose uh Interviewer: Okay. Um. If today is Saturday Friday was? 370B: Yesterday. Interviewer: And Sunday is? 370B: Tomorrow. Interviewer: Uh if someone came on Sunday past Sunday and he came a week earlier than last Sunday you say he came here? 370B: A week earlier than last Sunday. Interviewer: {NW} 370B: Well I guess you'd say a weekend. He came on last weekend. Interviewer: If he's going to leave next Sunday A week beyond ye- tomorrow what would you say? 370B: Sunday week. Interviewer: Week. Kay. Uh somebody stay from the first to the fifteenth you say he stayed about? 370B: Half a month. Interviewer: Kay come on. 370B: Uh two weeks uh something like that. A little more than two weeks. Interviewer: Yeah. 370B: Um. Interviewer: If you want to know the time of day how do you ask somebody? 370B: Do you have the time? Interviewer: Um. Then what does he pull out his pocket to look at? 370B: {NW} Watch if he #1 doesn't have on a wrist watch {NW}. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # Mid way between seven o clock and eight o clock #1 what time? # 370B: #2 It'd be seven thirty. # Interviewer: Yep. If it's ten forty-five what time is it? 370B: Ten forty-five be fifteen minutes 'til eleven. Interviewer: If you'd been doing something for a long time you might be you might say I've been doing that for quite? 370B: A while. Interviewer: You might say the farmers got a pretty good crop last year but they are not going to get such good one? 370B: This year. Interviewer: If a child had just had his third birthday you'd say he's? 370B: Uh he's going on four. Uh {X} Interviewer: If something happened on this day last year you'd say it happened exactly? 370B: The same day last year. {NW} {NW} Interviewer: You look up at sky and say I don't like the look of those black? 370B: Clouds. Interviewer: On a day when the sun is shining and there are no clouds in the sky what kind of day you say that it is? 370B: Well it's a um bright sunshiny or clear day. Either one. Interviewer: On a opposite kind of day if it's not raining but the sky is covered with clouds what would you call that? 370B: Well I say it's a dreary day or cloudy day. Interviewer: If it's been fair clear and then the clouds come in you would expect rain or snow in a little while you'd say the weather is? 370B: Changing. Interviewer: If it's been cloudy and then the clouds pull away and the sun comes out you'd say the weather is? 370B: Clearing. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a heavy rain that lasts only a little while? 370B: Well I think probably you'd say uh well if it's real heavy I would you say say a shower. Or a cloud burst. I have heard 'em called cloud burst when it was just real heavy. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a storm that has thunder and lighting? 370B: Electrical storm. Interviewer: If the wind has very was very high during the night you'd say all night long the wind? 370B: Blew. Interviewer: You'd say the wind is coming from that direction. You'd say the wind? 370B: Is north or east or uh everywhere round. Interviewer: {NW} 370B: {NW} Interviewer: Uh if it's raining but not raining very hard just a few fine drops coming down you'd say it's? 370B: Sprinkling. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a heavy white mist that comes out of a river? 370B: Fog. Interviewer: If no rain comes for weeks and weeks we're having a? 370B: Drought. Interviewer: The wind is being very gentle and it's gradually getting stronger what would you say it's doing? 370B: Well I well you'd say the wind is blowing. I guess that's a Interviewer: If it's just a opposite. The wind has been strong and it's getting weaker what's it doing? 370B: Um {NW} Well you'd say it's calm. Interviewer: #1 Calming down # 370B: #2 Uh huh. # Interviewer: A morning in the fall when you first go outdoors you find it cold but not real real cold. The kind of weather you like to be out in you say this morning is rather? 370B: Chilly. Interviewer: {X} If it's cold enough to kill the tomatoes and flowers you might say last night we had a? 370B: Freeze. Interviewer: #1 It was so cold last night # 370B: #2 Or frost. Freeze I guess. # Interviewer: Yeah. It was so cold last night the lake did what? 370B: Froze over. Interviewer: If it gets much colder tonight the pond might 370B: Freeze. Interviewer: What do you call this room? 370B: Um. Well I would call it the um living room. Interviewer: Thinking uh rooms and their heights about how tall is this room? About nine? Eight nine? 370B: Well uh I don't believe it's over nine feet. At least nine. {NS} Interviewer: Uh smoke goes up through a? {NS} 370B: Chimney. Interviewer: The oval place on the floor in front of the fire place is called the? 370B: High if that's whatcha mean. Interviewer: In the fire place the things that you lay the wood across what do you call that? 370B: Um {NS} not not uh um I forget what I forgot whatcha call 'em. We have 'em tho in there. {NW} Andiron. Yes andirons. Interviewer: Up above the fire place that thing you put vases on what do you call that? 370B: That's the mantle. Interviewer: A big round piece of wood with the bark on it that you burn in the fire place? 370B: Log. Interviewer: What do you call the kind of wood you use to start a fire with? 370B: Uh well they used to be called splinters. It's a pine a ri- very rich pine. Interviewer: Is it? What's uh left in the fire place when the fire goes out? 370B: Ashes. Interviewer: What are you sitting in? {NS} We call this piece of furniture? 370B: Oh chair. Interviewer: Chair okay. What's that piece of furniture? 370B: A devonette. Interviewer: You ever call it anything else? 370B: {NS} Sofa. Interviewer: The piece of furniture in your bedroom that has drawers in it that you put your clothes in what do you call that? 370B: Chest of drawers. Interviewer: Uh the room where you sleep is called a what? 370B: Bedroom. Interviewer: All these things we talking about the sofa the chair #1 and all these what do you call 'em? # 370B: #2 -ture furniture # Interviewer: Uh the things in the windows that you put to keep the light out? 370B: Shades. Interviewer: A little room off the bedroom to hang your clothes in? 370B: Closet. Interviewer: Uh if you didn't have a built in closet what might you hang? 370B: Well now I know where we lived before we didn't have a built in we had a built on. We had to build it on extended out into the thing but you could have what they called a wardrobe to hang your clothes in too. Interviewer: What's the room at the top of the house just under the roof? 370B: At the top of the house? #1 Under the roof? # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 370B: Attic. Interviewer: Uh what do you call the room you keep the cooking in? 370B: Kitchen. Interviewer: What do you call the little room off the kitchen where you store your canned goods and extra dishes? 370B: Well generally it's called a pantry. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a lot of ol' worthless things that you about to throw away? 370B: Junk. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 370B: #2 {X} # Interviewer: {NW} Uh what would you call a room that you store odds and ends in? 370B: Well. I don't know what you'd call it just kind of a store room or what. {NS} Interviewer: Speaking of daily house work you say a woman does what every morning? 370B: Well it's just a routine. She does practically the same thing everyday. Interviewer: Generally what do you call that that she does? 370B: Keeping house. Interviewer: Mm-kay. 370B: Or cooking uh I don't know. Something like that. Interviewer: Speaking of 370B: Yeah you you pick up put up. Interviewer: Uh what do you use to sweep with? 370B: A vacuum. Interviewer: What about a uh not an automatic machine. 370B: Yeah. But you you's talking about a broom? Interviewer: Mm-hmm 370B: Uh huh.. Interviewer: Kay if the broom is in the corner and the door's open you'd say the broom is where in comparison to the door? 370B: Well I'd say behind the door. Interviewer: Uh years ago on Monday women usually did their? 370B: Washing I guess. Interviewer: Uh. 370B: See I never did anything Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 370B: #2 like that I was {NW} when I was married # I uh had it done I didn't know what I worked in the store all Interviewer: #1 Uh uh. # 370B: #2 the time. # So then but I had red I had towels with the different names Monday Tuesday Wednesday and it shows what they do each day Interviewer: #1 Uh huh # 370B: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Monday was wash day {NW} 370B: Yeah {NW} Interviewer: How do you get from the first floor to the second store floor in a two way house two story house? 370B: Well they generally have stairs. Interviewer: Uh what is built outside the the door to walk on with chairs on out in front of the house? 370B: Porch. Interviewer: Um. The door's open and you don't want it that way you would tell someone to? 370B: Please close the door. Interviewer: What would you the call the boards on the outside of the house that lap over each other? 370B: Siding. Interviewer: If you were doing some carpentry nailing in a board somewhere you'd say I took the hammer and I? 370B: Uh nailed or {X} Interviewer: If you were uh in your car and yesterday you were in your car and you said you? {NS} 370B: I drove my car. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a part of the house that covers the top of it on the outside? 370B: Oh shingles. Interviewer: And all over generally you call 'em what? 370B: Roof. Interviewer: Um. You have a house and an ale What do you call the place where the two comes together? 370B: Um gable. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a building that is used for storing wood into? 370B: Uh well you'd call it a capital shed I guess. Interviewer: What do you call an outdoor toilet? 370B: {NW} In the army {NW} {X} what they called it {NW} latrine {NW} But I guess you would just say um just call it a toilet. Interviewer: {X} Ever call it anything else? 370B: They used to call 'em privies I think. Years and years ago. {NW} Interviewer: If you had trouble that you were telling me about then you might say well? Troubles too. 370B: I have troubles too. Interviewer: Uh. Did you did you notice the noise that when you shut that door what do you say I? 370B: I heard someone come in. Interviewer: Okay If a friend came back to town and another friend is in {X} with 'em you might ask have you seen him yet and you might say no I 370B: Talked to him though. Interviewer: Oh. 370B: {NW} #1 You could say that # Interviewer: #2 {NW} Yeah. # Um of something you do everyday do you do it frequently? 370B: Oh yes if you do it everyday yes it's frequent. Interviewer: Does your brother like ice cream? 370B: Does my brother like ice cream? Interviewer: Oh. 370B: I would say so yes. He does. {NS} Interviewer: Uh if a man lets his farm get all worn down and {X} you might say to someone who asks I really don't know he just? 370B: Doesn't uh. Doesn't care uh doesn't uh I reckon just say that he doesn't care. Interviewer: Um. If you've been trying to make your mind up about something would you say I have been thinking about it or I've been thinking around it? 370B: Well uh I think you'd say I've been thinking about it. Interviewer: Um you might say you live in a framed? 370B: House. Interviewer: Are there any other kinds around here houses? {X} 370B: Well they have brick houses. {X} Interviewer: The big building behind the house where is hay is stored and cattle are housed is called a? 370B: Barn. Interviewer: The building where you store corn is a? 370B: Barn. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a building apart a building where you store grain? 370B: Well you call that a granary. Interviewer: What's it look like? 370B: Well I have seen them uh built kind around like and tall kinda like a silo Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: and then if they just that corn in it it it just looks kinda like a barn it except it has the boards all around it where they it's not shelves they just store it in there uh {X} you now. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. The uh upper part of a barn is called a? 370B: Loft. Interviewer: If too much hay is gathered together in a barn how's it kept outside? 370B: Well uh they generally if the weather is pretty just stack it. But if they looking for rain or something they they put tarpaulin over it. Interviewer: When you first cut the hay what do you do that with? 370B: Well you have a mower that you cut it with and it bales it and all and you leave it out to dry out like you don't hold it you don't uh carry it in and stack it when it's green. Interviewer: You know any names for small piles of hay that break up in the fields? 370B: Stack. Interviewer: Uh where do you keep your cows? 370B: Well generally they keep 'em in the pasture but they do have barns that they put 'em in when they milk and things like that. Interviewer: Where do you keep horses? 370B: Well they are kept in a what they call a corral or either a barn if the weather's bad they put 'em up. But generally they just run out in the corral. Interviewer: Besides the barn you ever have a special place where you milk the cows outside? 370B: Well we never did I don't know if people do or not. But I haven't I don't think so. Interviewer: Where do you keep your hogs and pigs? 370B: Well you generally have a pig pen. {NW} Interviewer: Um where did people used to keep their milk and butter before the days of refrigeration? 370B: Well in the well uh in the spring. I know butter especially they would take it and put it in buckets and lower it down in the spring or set it where the cold water would run over it. Interviewer: Uh a big farm that doesn't do anything but raise cattle for milk and butter. What do you call that? 370B: Dairy. Interviewer: Uh what do you call that place around the barn where you might let the cows and few of the other animals walk around? 370B: A lot. Interviewer: Uh what would you call a place where you let them go out to graze? 370B: Pasture. Interviewer: You ever raise any cotton? 370B: We never raised cotton. Interviewer: {NW} okay. If you did, what kind do you- What do you call it when you cut cotton? 370B: Well uh now we just uh came back from Arkansas where they were harvesting their crops and they have a cotton picker that goes along. I don't know what you call it though. I don't know what they called it. But anyway I know they used this uh uh cotton picker and it would pick it and separate you know bale it and all that. Interviewer: Uh cotton and corn grow in a? 370B: Field. Interviewer: Uh you ever call it anything else? 370B: Beside a field? Well uh I don't know what you'd say plantation um uh farm or what but it isn't like a garden you generally have a big space for corn and cotton things like that. Interviewer: Uh a little uh fence made out of wood that's painted white is usually called what kind of fence? 370B: Well us most of the time it's just called a little picket fence. Interviewer: What do you call the kind of fence that can uh injure cattle? 370B: Well uh is that um barbed wire fence. Interviewer: Uh can you name any other kinds of fences that are made out of wood? 370B: Well they have rail fences. Interviewer: What's it look like? 370B: Well they just have these long uh boards instead of the little sharp boards up and down and they uh sometimes are cut in grooves and laid and then other times they're just uh Aux: {X} 370B: sewed I mean uh nailed onto a post. Interviewer: What was you talking about more than one post what do you call it? 370B: Post. Interviewer: What might you call a fence or wall made of loose stone or rock? 370B: Well I think you'd say rock or stone stone wall. Interviewer: #1 {X} # 370B: #2 I have seen # rock walls too they called 'em rock walls they were made out of just small rock. And these rocks had been there for years and they weren't put together with cement or anything I don't know uh {X} like this was in Virginia that we saw on our trip on there. Interviewer: Hmm I never seen any of that. 370B: Yeah they were up about this high and all around the um front yard and different places you know those big #1 colonial homes? # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 370B: And they just like they were when they put 'em up there. Interviewer: Hmm. 370B: And they tell me they didn't have any cement anything in between 'em they were just laid just so. Interviewer: Hmm. You want to make a hen start laying what do you put in her nest to {X} her? 370B: Uh you put a glass egg. {NW} I done that I used to gather eggs. Interviewer: Does it work? 370B: Oh yeah. Interviewer: Hmm. 370B: It helps 'em. Gives 'em an incentive I guess. {NW} Interviewer: When you brought uh water back from the well what did you use to carry it in? 370B: A pail. Interviewer: Uh what did you use to carry milk in? 370B: Well now they'd they'd do have uh milk pails and too and they have just regular buckets like so I don't know which one you'd say. Interviewer: What sort of container do you use to carry food to the pigs? 370B: Well they used to call 'em slop buckets. I don't know what they call 'em now. {NW} Interviewer: Uh what do you fry eggs in? 370B: A skillet. Interviewer: What's it made out of? 370B: Well uh sometimes iron but now it's Teflon. Interviewer: Uh what that something real big and black that you used to put out the back yard and fold your clothes in? #1 What do you call that? # 370B: #2 Pot. # Interviewer: Uh what do you call the container that you put flowers in inside the house? 370B: Well it's called uh pot too flower pot. Interviewer: Uh what if it's got just water in it and not the dirt? 370B: Just water and not dirt? Interviewer: For cut flowers {X} 370B: Oh a vase. Interviewer: Uh what are the eating utensils that you set at each plate when you uh set your table for supper? 370B: Well you have the knife and the fork and the spoon and the dessert uh fork and the salad fork. Interviewer: You have more than one knife what have you got? 370B: More than one knife? Knives. Interviewer: If the dishes are all dirty you say I want some kind of before we can have supper we have to have clean dishes I must? 370B: Wash. Interviewer: The dish. 370B: The dishes. Interviewer: Uh after she wash the dishes then she? 370B: Dries 'em. Interviewer: What does she do before she dries 'em? 370B: Scalds 'em. Interviewer: Uh what do you call that 370B: #1 unless you have a # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 370B: uh washer dishwasher. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 370B: #2 {NW} # {NW} Interviewer: What do you call that cloth or rag you use in washing dishes? 370B: Uh dish cloth. Interviewer: What do you call the cloth that you dry them with? 370B: A towel dish towel. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a small square of terry cloth that you use to wash your face with? 370B: A face cloth. Interviewer: Uh after bathing what do you dry yourself off with? 370B: Towel. Bath towel. Interviewer: Uh what do you turn on at the water pipe of the kitchen? What do you call that? 370B: Faucet. Interviewer: Uh it was so cold last night that my water pipe? 370B: Froze burst. Interviewer: Uh people used to buy flour in? 370B: Uh years ago they bought 'em in barrels and then they bought 'em in uh twenty-five pound bags uh cloth bags. And now they buy 'em in two and five pound bags and ten pound bags. Interviewer: How long did a barrel of flour usually last? 370B: Uh well when they these big plantations ya know when they had all these uh farms hands and all the Interviewer: #1 uh # 370B: #2 thieves. # Oh I imagine it would last 'em maybe the whole winter. Interviewer: Yeah. It cost a lot to buy a barrel of flour? 370B: Well uh not as much according as it does now. That was bout the cheapest way they could buy it. And then they wouldn't have to spend so much time going back or forth either. Tan. Interviewer: Um what did molasses come in when you used to buy it in very large quantities? 370B: It would come in barrels and they would have uh a faucet that they would turn on and drain you know draw the barrel the syrup out of the barrel. Interviewer: What about lard? {X} big large quantities. 370B: Well I think you'd call that a drum. Interviewer: Uh what do you use to help you pour water into a bottle that's got a real narrow mouth? 370B: A funnel. Interviewer: Uh what do you use to urge your horses to go faster when you're riding in a buggy? 370B: Well sometimes you have a whip. Interviewer: #1 Uh # 370B: #2 and then # some people I know just hit 'em with the the uh lines. #1 And then they'll go # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 370B: #1 uh huh uh huh # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Uh if you bought fruit at the store the grocer might put them in a? 370B: Bag. Interviewer: Uh. Long time ago how were the large quantities of sugar packed? 370B: Well I think they uh years ago they had 'em had it in barrels too but then and then in sacks hundred pound sacks cloth bags. Interviewer: What do you call that bag or sack potatoes are shipped in? What was that? 370B: crocker sack. Interviewer: What do you call the amount of corn you might take to the mill at on time to be ground? 370B: Uh you'd say uh carry a bushel a corn. Interviewer: Uh when the light burns out in an electric lamp you have to put in a new? 370B: Bulb. Interviewer: When you carry the washing out to hang it on the line you carry out in a? 370B: Well lots of people use baskets. Interviewer: What uh do nails come in? 370B: Kegs. Interviewer: What runs around the barrel to hold the wood in place? 370B: Um. Interviewer: That metal piece. 370B: Uh huh I know what it is. The wood things are called stays and and and that is called a hoof. #1 That holds the stays. # Interviewer: #2 Um. # What do you put in the top of a bottle? 370B: Cork. Interviewer: Uh what's a little musical instrument that two children play it's a little and they play it? 370B: Harp. Is it a harp? They used to now I don't I haven't seen a harp in a long time. {NW} Interviewer: What about uh something that you would hold between your teeth and pick with your fingers that would twine? Ever heard of that? 370B: Yeah er Jew's harp. Interviewer: #1 Okay I never {X} # 370B: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: I didn't know you known that one. Uh what do you call uh what do you pound nails with? 370B: A hammer. Interviewer: Uh if you have a wagon and two horses what's that long wooden piece that goes between the horses? 370B: Uh that tongue. Interviewer: You have a horse pulling a buggy. Before you hitch him up you have to back him in between the? 370B: Staves. Interviewer: Uh the steel outside of a wagon wheel is called what? 370B: Um rim. Interviewer: When a horse is hitched to a wagon what do you call the bar of wood that {X} or passes it? 370B: Bar of wood? Uh that's the thing that goes around the shoulders and um Lord I can't uh sling- uh single trees that one I know in uh if you gonna um plow and different things like that you use a singletree and that guides 'em. But there was another something that goes over the shoulders but I forgot what you call it. Interviewer: Um I don't know what you call um {X} 370B: #1 Put it right down here. # Interviewer: #2 A collar? # A horse collar? 370B: No It it you a collar fits over this. Interviewer: Oh. 370B: But I don't know what it is. Anyway uh It works something like a singletree except it's around the neck and the the uh um lines go through these little pieces here and go backward to the bridal. Interviewer: Oh right. What do you call the thing that both of these the horse and the singletree are hitched to in order to keep the horses together? 370B: {NW} Uh well I guess if it's two of 'em you'd call it a doubletree. Interviewer: {NS} If a man had a load of wood in his wagon and he was driving along what would you say he was doing? 370B: Hauling wood. Interviewer: Uh Suppose there was a log across the road you'd say I tied a rope to it and? 370B: Drug. Interviewer: Out of the way. 370B: Mm. Interviewer: Kay. Uh what do you break the ground with in the spring? 370B: Plow. Interviewer: After you plow what do you use to break the ground up even finer? 370B: Um I know what it is. You harrow it. Interviewer: You have any different kinds of harrow? 370B: Yes. There's uh I know um they have one harrow that has this lot for these little plows like. It's not a plow but the little parts like underneath and you'd and that makes it finer than the one that just has the few. Interviewer: What is it that the wheels of a wagon spin onto? #1 {X} # 370B: #2 Axle. # Interviewer: Uh what do you call the X shaped plane you lay a log across to chop it into stove length? 370B: A saw buck? Interviewer: You straighten you with a comb and? 370B: Brush. Interviewer: And uh when you use one of those you'd say you're going to? 370B: Brush your hair. Interviewer: Um you sharpen a straight {X} on a leather? 370B: Strap. Interviewer: What do you put in a revolver? 370B: Well you put cartridges bullets uh. Interviewer: A blank. A plank laid over a trap for children to play on is called a what? It's got a {X} plank over it. What do you call that? 370B: Uh saw what now? Interviewer: {X} with a plank laid over that? 370B: Oh seesaw. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a limber plank fixed at both ends that children use to jump up and down on? 370B: A limber plank. #1 Well I don't I guess that's just what it is uh # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # Uh there might be a plank that is anchored in the middle of a post or a stump and children get on each end and spin around on. What do you call that? 370B: Well. Aux: Seesaw. 370B: You don't call it a seesaw you call it kind of a ferris wheel or something like that. Interviewer: Um when you tying on rope to a tree limb and you put a seat on it so that children can go back and forth you're making a? 370B: Swing. Interviewer: What do you carry coal in? 370B: Scuttle. Interviewer: What runs from the stove to the chimney? 370B: Runs from the stove to the chimney? A pipe. Interviewer: A small vehicle could carry bricks or other heavy things with? 370B: Wheelbarrow. Interviewer: What do you sharpen a {X} on? Or any kind of knife? 370B: Uh some kind of a wet stone. Interviewer: #1 and # 370B: #2 I believe they call it. # Interviewer: Mm-hmm. If it turns around what do you call it then? 370B: Well it's um grindstone. Interviewer: Uh what's the thing that I drive? 370B: Car. Interviewer: You ever call it anything else? 370B: Automobile. Interviewer: Uh if something is squeaking to make it stop squeaking what do you do to it? 370B: Well lots of times a little grease will help it oil it or grease it either one. Interviewer: {NW} okay. If you got a um doing that and you got grease all over your hand you say your hands are all? 370B: Messed up greasy. Interviewer: Uh if you have a door hinge that's squeaking what uh do you say you're gonna do to that? 370B: Well I know you you'd put a little oil on it. #1 You have to be careful. # Interviewer: #2 What is it that you uh # use to burn in lamps? 370B: Oil. Kerosene. Interviewer: What might you call a makeshift lamp made with a rag a bottle and some kerosene? Ever heard of that? 370B: I don't believe I ever did. Interviewer: {X} Uh inside the power of a car is the inner? 370B: Tube. Interviewer: Um {X} has just built a boat and they're going to put it in the water you'd say they're going to? 370B: Christen. Aux: {X} 370B: Or launch it either they chris- christen is when they {X} #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 terrible of waste of # What kind of boat would you go fishing in on a small lake? 370B: Well I think just uh a small uh not a motor boat. Lots of times they have just a little bit of motor on it but just a small little flat boat. Interviewer: You are going to the next village and I said will you be home today you might say no I? 370B: Won't. Interviewer: He said he was going to get some cake or something. Says are you going to get some of that would you said say I'm going to get some or a little or what? 370B: Well I if it's under how if I was gonna get uh more than one kind I would say I was gonna get some. But if it was just gonna pick up a cake I'd say well I'm gonna get a cake. Interviewer: If a child is just learning to dress themselves the mother brings him the clothes and she says? 370B: Here are your clothes. Interviewer: If I ask you if you think Nixon is going to be elected again you say you might say no but? 370B: But he might. Interviewer: Uh if you meet a little boy on the street and he's afraid of you you might try to tell him you're not gonna hurt him by saying don't cry I? 370B: not going to hurt you. Interviewer: If you have uh If you're having an argument with somebody and you want to ask him if he didn't think you were right about this you'd say well I'm right? 370B: Uh aren't I? Interviewer: Um If you were talking about the old days and everything was better than it is now you might lean back and say? 370B: Uh those were the good ol' days #1 But {NW} I don't think I'd want the good ol' days. # Interviewer: #2 (NW} # #1 You might have {NW} # 370B: #2 Yeah {NW} # Interviewer: #1 But some of those tales I heard this morning I think I do too. # 370B: #2 Woo. # Interviewer: Uh if somebody asks was that you I saw in town yesterday you might you say no it? 370B: Was not uh me. Interviewer: Okay. If a woman wants to buy a dress of a certain color she takes along a little square cloth to use as a? 370B: Sample. Interviewer: If she sees a dress that she likes very much and is very becoming she says that's a very? 370B: Pretty. Interviewer: Dress. #1 Mm-hmm. # 370B: #2 Kay. # Interviewer: What might you wear over your dress in the kitchen? 370B: Well apron. Interviewer: To sign your name in ink you use a? 370B: Pen. Interviewer: To hold a baby's diaper in place you use a? 370B: Safety pin {NW}. Interviewer: Yeah. Soup you buy usually comes in a? 370B: Can. Interviewer: Uh what do you put on when you go outside in the wintertime? 370B: Cape or coat. Interviewer: Uh sometimes between your coat and your shirt you wear a? 370B: Sweater. {NS} Interviewer: A suit consists of a coat a vest and? 370B: Pants. Interviewer: Ever call 'em anything else? 370B: Trousers. Interviewer: Uh if you go outdoors in the winter without your coat somebody runs after you and brings it to you you'd say here I've? 370B: Brought your coat. Interviewer: Kay. That coat won't fit this year but last year it? 370B: Just fit. Interviewer: If your old clothes wore out you have to buy a? 370B: New new suit if your old clothes wore out. Interviewer: If you stuff a lot of things in a pocket it makes 'em? 370B: Sag. Interviewer: The collar did what in the hot water? 370B: Uh shrunk. Interviewer: When a girl goes to a party and getting ready she says she says she likes to? 370B: Primp. {NW} Interviewer: What do you call that small little leather container with uh that you carry your change in? 370B: Change purse. Interviewer: What does a woman wear around her wrist? 370B: Well you can have a bracelet or you can wear a wa- watch. Interviewer: Suppose there a lot of little things swung up together and you used 'em to go around your neck as an ornament what would you call these? 370B: Beads. Interviewer: What do you wear to hold up? What do you men wear to hold up their trousers? 370B: Well some wear belts and some wear suspenders. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 370B: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: What's that thing that you hold over your head when it's raining? 370B: Parasol? Interviewer: What is uh the last thing you put on the bed to make it up? 370B: The spread. Interviewer: At the head of the bed you put your head on a? 370B: Pillow. Interviewer: Uh. You remember using anything at the head of the bed that was about twice as long as the pillow? 370B: Bolster. Interviewer: Uh what do you put on a bed for warmth? 370B: Blanket. Interviewer: What would you call a makeshift sleeping place found on the floor that children would especially like to sleep on? 370B: Pallet. Interviewer: We expect big crop from the field because the soil is very? 370B: Rich or fertile. Interviewer: The flat lowland along the stream overflowing in the spring and plowed up later is called what? 370B: Um that's where we were out there this year I guess you'd call it {D: dessile land or} bottom land. Interviewer: Um what do you call low lying grass land that doesn't have a lot of trees on it? 370B: Uh that you would call that a pasture. Interviewer: #1 Anything else you ever call it? # 370B: #2 Or a meadow. # Interviewer: Uh suppose this was some land that had water standing in it for a good part of the time what would you call it? 370B: Uh swampy land. Swamp. Interviewer: Uh if it were along the coast along an ocean what would you call it then? 370B: Coast. Interviewer: What different parts of uh um What different kinds of soil might you have in a field? If it's real rich what do you call it? 370B: If it's real rich well now they call 'em bottom land and they call it uh uh what did they call this place out there where we were when the river overflowed and uh I forgot what else. It wasn't bottom land though it was river river bottom maybe they called it or something. Interviewer: Any other kinds of soil? 370B: They have {X} It was a lot of sand. But uh When this Mississippi River overflowed this last time there was so much sand that they are having to take big bulldozers and push it up and haul it off to the land cause it won't produce. Interviewer: Hmm. 370B: They had uh stacks of sand as high as this uh building that they had to haul off. Interviewer: Where are they taking it? 370B: Well I don't know uh where they taking it and just dumping it somewhere but they were having trucks loads there to get uh couldn't even plant their crops this year on account of so much sand. Interviewer: Uh if they're getting water on to the {x} they are 370B: Draining. Interviewer: What do you call the thing that uh uh you're draining into? 370B: Uh huh a trench. Interviewer: Anything else you call it? 370B: Yeah um {NS} I don't think you'd say ditch would you? {NW} Interviewer: Um {X} 370B: Uh bay or inlet or something like that. Interviewer: A deep narrow bout cut by a stream of water in the woods or in a field {X} 370B: Uh would you say a gully? Interviewer: Um what do you call a small stream of water? 370B: Well technically it's called a creek. Interviewer: You ever call it anything else? 370B: Branch. Interviewer: Uh what do you call a very small incline of land? 370B: Uh hill. Interviewer: Ever call it anything else? 370B: Well they're called a mound like too I know. Interviewer: Real big what do you call it? 370B: A hill. Interviewer: And if it's huge? 370B: Mountain. Interviewer: Um up in the mountains where the roads go across the whole place what do you call that? 370B: Trail no not a trail. Interviewer: {X} salt and pepper 370B: Hominy Interviewer: Uh what's the starch made from the inside of a grain that's uh grown mostly in China? 370B: There What is what? Interviewer: The starchy food that's made from a grain that's grown in China 370B: Rice? Interviewer: Um what is the name of a non-taxed {X} alcohol beverage 370B: Non-taxed alcoholic beverage uh moonshine. Interviewer: Anything else? Did you ever call it anything else? 370B: Well it's called liquor. Interviewer: When something's cooking and it makes a good impression on your nose you say say to someone just 370B: {NS} It smells uh good uh something like that. Interviewer: You crush the cane and you boil the juice and make 370B: Ripping cane syrup in other words. Interviewer: When it gets real thick what do you call it? 370B: Molasses. Interviewer: Uh what do call the sweet thing you make with it to put on pancakes? 370B: Syrup. Interviewer: What's it made out of? 370B: It's made out of cane too. Interviewer: Oh is it? 370B: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What if it comes from a tree, what's it called? 370B: Uh it's called um um the sap runs down and uh maple. Interviewer: Uh-huh 370B: Maple syrup. Interviewer: If it's not real maple syrup uh syrup it's called what? 370B: Well I know what it is they just put the maple flavoring in it it's imitation. Interviewer: If it is real syrup its called 370B: Maple syrup genuine maple syrup. Interviewer: Uh sugar is sold retail already put in packages in wholesale it's sold 370B: Uh by the bag Interviewer: #1 Um # 370B: #2 They have # uh sixty pound bags you know twelve five pounds it's put up in five pound bags and they have sixty pounds and then they have two pound bags and I don't know how that's put up and then it's put up in hundred pound bags just the loose sugar too. Interviewer: So when you were in your store you'd buy a whole bunch of it one time? 370B: #1 mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 That was # you bought it 370B: In bulk. Interviewer: Um what do you call the sweet spread that you make out of sugar and uh some kind of fruit and you put it on your toast in the morning 370B: Jelly? Interviewer: okay what the difference between jelly and jam? 370B: Well jam has the fruit in it and jelly is strained. Interviewer: What are the two main seasoning you have in the kitchen? 370B: Salt and pepper {NW} Interviewer: Uh if its some apples and a child wants one he says 370B: Give me an apple. Interviewer: If it wasn't these boys it must've been one of 370B: The others. Interviewer: Oo those are lovely. 370B: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: You buy them? You pick them 370B: #1 {D: No ginger} # AUX #1: #2 A lot of them just uh # uptown our tomatoes {D: gave out} 370B: We had tomatoes practically all the summer but while we were gone they Interviewer: If you're pointing to a tree way off you might say its 370B: Over yonder? Interviewer: Uh don't do it that way do it 370B: This way. {NS} Interviewer: When somebody speaks to you and you don't hear what he said what do you say to make him repeat it? 370B: What did you say? Interviewer: If a man has plenty of money he doesn't have anything to worry about but life is hard on a man 370B: That's broke {NS} that doesn't have it {NW} Interviewer: If you don't have any money you're 370B: Broke. Interviewer: What else #1 do you call # 370B: #2 poor # Interviewer: What? 370B: Poor? Interviewer: Uh if you have a lot of peaches you have an 370B: Orchard. Interviewer: When I was boy my father was poor but next door was the boy whose father was 370B: Rich. Interviewer: Inside a cherry what's that called that you don't eat? 370B: Uh I don't know if they call it stone or seed Interviewer: What's inside of a peach? 370B: Stone they call those a stone Interviewer: Uh what different kind of peaches are there? What's the kind that has the 370B: Well there's a clear stone where the meat comes off and just leaves the stone and then there's the clean peach where you have to cut it off and then there's the different colors of peaches too. Indian peach which is red and they are nearly always clean and they make pickled peaches out of those. Interviewer: They're red on the outside and kind of white mm yeah I saw someone that's and Indian peach? 370B: Uh-huh. Interviewer: Okay. 370B: What I mean the meat is red too Interviewer: Oh I #1 ain't ever seen one of those. # 370B: #2 Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: What's the kind that gets real red on the outside but the inside of its kind of light? 370B: Uh-huh I've seen that too I don't know what you call that there I've forgotten the name of it but I have seen them. The meat is white Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: And then some of the meat is yellow. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370B: But I've forgotten what they call those white peaches. Interviewer: What do you call the part of the apple that you throw away? 370B: Uh the core. Interviewer: Uh when you cut up apples or peaches or anything and you dry them you're making 370B: Dried fruit. Interviewer: What are the kind of nuts you pull up out of the ground and roast them? 370B: Peanuts Interviewer: Ever call them anything else? 370B: Uh goobers goober {NW} Interviewer: What other kind of nuts are there can you name a few? 370B: Well there's walnuts and pecans Nigger toes uh I think they call those are Brazil nuts and then there's cashew nuts and Interviewer: What's that the um flat kind that they put in the Hershey's bar? 370B: Uh almond. Interviewer: Uh what kind of fruit that's big and comes from Florida and 370B: You mean grapefruit? Interviewer: Nope the kind they put in OJ what do you call that? 370B: Uh uh what did you say? Oranges? Interviewer: Uh-huh that and uh what are those little red vegetables that are kind of peppery and they put them in salads they're white on 370B: Carrots Interviewer: #1 No # 370B: #2 I mean uh # radishes. Interviewer: Uh what is it that your husband just brought in and showed you? 370B: tomato {NW} Interviewer: That little bitty tomatoes what you call um 370B: tomatoes we have some of those too Interviewer: Oh 370B: out in the back Interviewer: uh along with your meat you might have a bake 370B: potato Interviewer: kind of potatoes with yellow on the inside we call those 370B: sweet potato Interviewer: difference between sweet potato and a yam 370B: well I believe a yam is a little more yellow than just a regular sweet potato the meat part you know the inside Interviewer: what is it that makes you cry when you cut it up 370B: onions {NW} Interviewer: uh you have a different name for the little bitty fresh ones that 370B: well uh sometimes they just say green onions and then uh they're called uh something else besides green onion too but I can't think of it I don't know Interviewer: um whats that vegetable that your grandson just loves green it comes in a pod 370B: oh green beans? uh okra? Interviewer: uh if you leave an apple or a plum around that dries up and it 370B: it shrivels {NS} Interviewer: what are the kinds of vegetables that come in large leafy heads? 370B: cabbage lettuce Interviewer: uh what do you want to get when you want to get the beans out of the pods by hand say I have to 370B: uh out of the #1 pod # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 370B: you have to shell them. Interviewer: uh the large yellowish flat bean in the seed not pods are called what 370B: you talking about butter beans? there's a big butter bean and a little butter bean Interviewer: what do you call a butter beans that have a the maroon- 370B: #1 speckle speckle Mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 speckle butter beans? # 370B: #1 # Interviewer: #2 # the kind of beans that you eat pod and all are called what? 370B: green beans Interviewer: you take the tops of turnips and you cook and you make a mess of 370B: just turnip greens the top of them are called turnip greens and some people uh cook some of the roots in with them too the turnips Interviewer: Mm-hmm 370B: but I generally cook mine separate I like mine cooked separate Interviewer: I don't think I've ever eaten turnip greens 370B: ah they're good put a little butter in it with just a tiny little bit of sugar and uh mash them up #1 not too much sugar # Interviewer: #2 kind of like potatoes? # 370B: uh-huh Interviewer: what do you call this part of the body? 370B: head Interviewer: if he had seven boys and seven girls you might say he had a of kids? a what? 370B: he had uh uh batch of children? Interviewer: anything else you might call it 370B: hassle Interviewer: whats the outside of a an ear of corn? whats that called 370B: uh you're talking about the shucks? Interviewer: uh whats the kind of corn you eat on the cob? 370B: boiled corn. Interviewer: uh whats the strange silky stuff that comes out the top of corn? 370B: silks. Interviewer: what what what do you call the corn stalk? 370B: well you just call it the stalk {NW} Interviewer: whats that uh kinda of large orange food that we had a couple of days ago called? for Halloween whats that called? 370B: pumpkin. Interviewer: uh kinda small yellow crook neck vegetable? 370B: a squash Interviewer: what kinds of melon did you have? 370B: well you have the uh watermelon mainly and you have cantaloupe and you have this uh honeydew melon I don't know Interviewer: uh what is it that springs up in the woods in the fields after a rain? 370B: you're talking about uh mushrooms? Interviewer: mm-hmm ever call 'em anything else? 370B: toadstools. we have them out here in the dog yard sometime. they grow this high over night. They're not there the next day and the next day you go out and they just oh lots of them Interviewer: uh {NS} Is there a difference between a toadstool and a mushroom? 370B: yes there is. uh the toadstools are larger I think and maybe uh poisonous and the reg- uh you you know you have a regular mushroom that you can eat. Interviewer: if a man has a sore throat so the inside of his throats all swollen he they couldn't eat that piece of meat because he couldn't 370B: swallow ooh I've had it spell it's kind of hot AUX #2: {X} 370B: oh right AUX #2: {X} down here by twelve Interviewer: okay. you alright? 370B: I'm feeling alright I don't know what got {X} I I have these spells like I'm gonna faint you know, fall Interviewer: you wanna rest awhile? 370B: I'm not that tired I just don't really these I've got are {X} But I hadn't had them in a few alright Interviewer: uh what do people smoke 370B: they smart smoke up cigars and cigarettes Interviewer: now 370B: {D: a hype} Interviewer: um there were a lot of people at the party having a good time they were all standing around the piano 370B: singing and laughing Interviewer: um he wouldn't accept the coat even though he was shivering with the cold because he didn't want to be 370B: uh he didn't want to be brought down. Interviewer: he didn't want to feel as though he owed that person anything. 370B: oh Interviewer: he didn't want to be what? 370B: indebted. Interviewer: Uh somebody asking about you doing a certain job and you say sure I 370B: can do it. Interviewer: Uh if you can't do it what do you say no 370B: no I can't. Interviewer: uh somebody asks you about sundown to do some work and you say I got out to work before sun up and I 370B: will work all day. Interviewer: If you're talking about the fact that so few of your old friends are still alive you might say I spent all week looking for my high school classmates it seems they're all 370B: gone Interviewer: and what's the situation {X} if he's supposed to be watching out for himself he you say he 370B: owes me? Interviewer: he's trying to to uh be careful. he 370B: ought to do so and so ought to be? Interviewer: I'll dare you to go through the grave yard at night but I'll bet you 370B: won't. Interviewer: uh you knew when you first agreed to go that you weren't telling mother you say you 370B: you should go or should do whatever you agreed to do. Interviewer: Okay uh a boy got a whipping you say I bet he did something he 370B: shouldn't have done. Interviewer: yes uh I say will you do it you say no 370B: I won't. Interviewer: when you get something done that was hard work all by yourself and your friend was standing around helping you say you 370B: say your friend was helping you Interviewer: he wasn't helping you did that by yourself and he stood there and watched you. 370B: uh-huh Interviewer: you say you 370B: might have helped me or you should have helped me. Interviewer: okay um what's the kind of bird you can see in the dark? 370B: ooh owl. Interviewer: any particular kind of owl? 370B: a hoot owl they call it. Interviewer: mm I see. uh whats the kind of bird that drills holes in trees? 370B: you talking about a pecker wood? Interviewer: uh kinds of black and white animals with that powerful smell about 'em? 370B: uh uh uh um polecat. Interviewer: uh what kind of animals come and raid hen roosts? 370B: uh I think they used to claim that possums would do that and I don't know if that's uh right or not I know they would kill the um there was some other kind of animal that would kill the uh hens. Interviewer: Mm 370B: #1 and # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 370B: #1 # Interviewer: #2 # 370B: uh they'd make a little hole in their neck and suck the blood out of them and things like that I could call and ask him what kind. Tom! I don't know where he is. it doesn't {X}? I don't know what you call them but I know they have come in on our chickens when we lived in the country. Interviewer: mm-hmm 370B: and maybe they'd get two or three in one night. Interviewer: snake or some- 370B: #1 no it wasn't a snake # Interviewer: #2 an owl? # 370B: uh-huh he was kinda like this um It wasn't a a owl. um I forgot what they called them anyway they would come in at night and get up on the roost and attack the chickens Interviewer: Mm. I don't know I can't even think what it might have been. 370B: uh Tom will know but he's not in here right now Tom Tom Interviewer: #1 what do you call uh # 370B: #2 tom what happened # Interviewer: #1 what a you an animal green call # AUX #2: #2 {X} # 370B: squirrel. AUX #2: a mink. 370B: mink minks. Interviewer: mink was the one that 370B: came in and killed the chickens on the roost. Interviewer: they just ran wild? that the same they make coats out of now? 370B: uh well just a wild mink and they uh lived in the woods you know and they would come in and attack the chickens at night while he's on the roost. Interviewer: what what um color the squirrels mostly? 370B: uh they call them uh grey squirrels but they're not exactly grey they're more of a light tan. Interviewer: Can you think of any other kind of squirrel? 370B: {X} only two the brown and the the grey. Interviewer: um Can you think of a name for a little animal that's kinda like a squirrel but he doesn't climb trees? 370B: a chipmunk we have some out here in the backyard but w- we had some pecans on the porch day before yesterday uh we were eating lunch and Tom said look out at that little chipmunk had one of those- {NS} Interviewer: Mrs Tom Randall tape six. {NS} um {NS} talking about chipmunks eating a pecan that's right okay. name all the kinds of fish you can think about and can get around here. 370B: well you get the catfish and you get the um bream Interviewer: #1 more than anything too # 370B: #2 Uh-huh. # Interviewer: #1 # 370B: #2 # and uh where we were last week Tom what do you call those fish that uh uh AUX #2: They're trout 370B: {X} and them got up yonder. AUX #3: call them {X} 370B: those fish that they bought that we got out of the lake. AUX #3: Those were catfish 370B: no those other kind. AUX #3: you mean craw crawfish? 370B: crawfish Mm-hmm they were real good too. AUX #2: trout Interviewer: {X} 370B: #1 uh-huh # AUX #3: #2 they # called {X} or they called white perch. Interviewer: white perch? AUX #3: white perch some of them call 'em. some people call them crawfish cause crawfish is the right name. 370B: that's the main kind that we get here Interviewer: anytime you uh great now you can tell me 370B: well just go ahead I Interviewer: Uh what is what's that little kind of animal there're a lot in the ocean that has pearls in it? 370B: oh you talking about the oyster? Interviewer: Mm-hmm uh what is it that croaks in the marshland what do you call that? 370B: frog Interviewer: and a male frog is a 370B: bullfrog Interviewer: uh what are the little ones that you hear in the spring time? Little bitty frogs what do you call them? 370B: Is that what you call croakers? something like that. Interviewer: uh what's the brown thing that lives in the garden and it's supposed to give you warts? 370B: uh well it's supposed to give you warts uh well thats a frog too. Interviewer: any special kind of frog? 370B: uh just a toad. Interviewer: um what are the things that you dig up to go fishing with? 370B: worms. red worms. Interviewer: always red worms? 370B: well they're nearly always red. Interviewer: #1 uh # 370B: #2 we've got and they # do your land a lots of good too. they tough to bait you see they go around and and work around your flowers and things like that. Interviewer: um what i- what's that animal with that large shell who can pull his legs and arms and head under 370B: #1 oh turtle? # Interviewer: #2 on the sides # 370B: #1 # Interviewer: #2 # have you uh a um heard of another animal that's somewhat like a turtle only it lives on dry land? 370B: yeah Interviewer: what's it called? 370B: gopher? and a terrapin. Interviewer: terrapin? 370B: terrapin lives on on land don't go in the water and a turtle I think will go in both land and water. I believe that's the difference. Interviewer: uh what kind of thing uh is it that you you find in fresh water spring that doesn't have thats got claws #1 when you turn it over # 370B: #2 crawfish # Interviewer: what? uh if you go to um um town along the cost and you want a particular kind of fo- seafood the little kind that are pink and they cut the heads off and have and we call those 370B: um they are um shrimp Interviewer: what's that um insect that fli- flies around lights and supposed to eat through your wool clothes? 370B: moth Interviewer: got more than one what do you got? 370B: moths Interviewer: um what's that uh insect that tail flashes on and off? 370B: lightning bug. Interviewer: and um the long thin bodied insect that has a hard beak and a pair of real shiny wings? it hovers around that places and eats big mosquitos. 370B: um I can't uh think I oh a dragonfly. they they do eat a lot of insects #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 not just mosquitos? # #1 they eat a lot of other things? # 370B: #2 uh-huh # they tell me they do. I know a farmer's friend I had a lot of little uh uh note book Interviewer: mm-hmm 370B: paper you know? and they uh had this different kind of insects on it and it says farmer's friend and it told on there what all they did. Interviewer: oh 370B: and it was insects there that I never dreamed would be any good to the farmer but they uh guess they don't ever kill these kind. Interviewer: Hmm. 370B: and I had already been trying to get rid of all that I could find cause I thought they were real dangerous or something. Interviewer: uh what kind of insects can you think of that sting people? 370B: wasp and uh bees and hornet and yellow jackets oo I had a hornet I- I guess it was it bit me when I was up yonder. in Arkansas and the it last two days I thought I never get rid of that place hurting in my hand. Interviewer: what about when you're out hunting whats that kinda bug that eats you alive? 370B: well there's uh mosquitos and there's chiggers those little bitty red things that get on you. Interviewer: Mm. 370B: uh-huh Interviewer: red bugs? 370B: red bugs they're chiggers. Interviewer: Hmm. what's that green insect sometimes it brown and hops along the ground- 370B: grasshopper? Interviewer: um what are the small fish what do you call them? used for bait 370B: minnows? Interviewer: uh what is it that stretches across doorways and where people haven't been in- 370B: spider webs. Interviewer: um part of the tree that's underneath the ground? 370B: roots. Interviewer: uh kind of tree where you tap syrup? 370B: well maple. Interviewer: and uh what do you call a place where there's a lot of maple trees growing? 370B: I guess you'd call it a grove. Interviewer: you ever uh heard a name for the kind of tree with the real broad leaves that that shed 'em all at one time? the bark peels off and {X} 370B: yes they have those little balls uh sycamore. we have some sycamore trees uh did have right up up where we used to live downtown. Interviewer: can you think of any other kinds of trees you have around here? {NS} they're real tall. {NS} 370B: well we have the pine tree. and we have uh {NS} this little tree that grows up and has the flower AUX #2: hello 370B: and the leaves froze up at night I forgot anyway maple and and cyan and oak and sycamore and things like that Interviewer: uh what what was the kind of tree that George Washington cut down? 370B: cherry. Interviewer: uh AUX #3: I heard you were gonna be with us Interviewer: what are the bushes some different kinds of bushes that make your skin break out? 370B: poison ivy. Interviewer: any other kind? 370B: and poison oak AUX #3: what Interviewer: um what is it that uh that roof that's red like a {X} but it's um bigger and 370B: plum. Interviewer: well 370B: not a plum either huh? Interviewer: red and it's got uh seeds on the outside of it 370B: oh a strawberry Interviewer: ah kinds of berries with real rough surface and little bitty and they're red too? 370B: raspberries. Interviewer: and um if um if you eat sometimes the berries they'll kill you they're called 370B: po- uh poison berries Interviewer: uh what's a tall bush with cluster of real pretty pink and white flowers? got flow- flowers on it in the spring time. pink ones and white 370B: oh you mean the laurel? Interviewer: um whats that one that's got much bigger ones with long {X} stems? 370B: um rhododendron {C: pronunciation} Interviewer: um what's a tree name that the south is so famous for. it's huge and has great big flowers on it. white 370B: magnolia? we have a couple out here in the front. Interviewer: {X} if a married woman doesn't want to make up her own mind she says I must ask 370B: my husband. Interviewer: uh and a man would say I must ask 370B: my wife. Interviewer: a woman whose lost her husband is called a 370B: widow. Interviewer: uh and a man if you're the son of a man you'd call him your 370B: father. Interviewer: uh what did you call your father? 370B: well lots of times they say dad or daddy. Interviewer: mm-hmm um the wife of your father is 370B: grand- oh the wife of your father is your mother. Interviewer: and uh your- what do you call your mother? 370B: momma. Interviewer: uh your father and mother together are your 370B: parents Interviewer: your father's father is your 370B: grandfather. Interviewer: and his wife is your 370B: grandmother. Interviewer: do you have any special name for your grandparents? like granny or 370B: no in fact I never uh saw my grand my parents my grand-parents. except uh now mother's s- uh step grandmother I saw her and I saw my uh mother's uh father but we called him um grandpa Massey. we called him grandpa and this other uh we called her uh grandma. but um my mother's uh my grand daddy's I mean my daddy's mother and father I never did see Interviewer: your son's and daughters are your 370B: children Interviewer: uh something on wheels that you put a baby in and it lies down in it- 370B: carriage. Interviewer: uh if you put the baby in the carriage you go out and 370B: push or take a stroll {NS} Interviewer: um how would you say your grand children range in age? Haley is 370B: youngest or oldest. Interviewer: and uh they're close to being adults you'd say they're 370B: nearly grown. Interviewer: uh your children are your sons and your 370B: daughters. Interviewer: uh your children aren't boys their 370B: girls. Interviewer: #1 beautiful girls # 370B: #2 yes those girls # Interviewer: {NW} okay if a woman is going to have a baby you'd say she's 370B: pregnant. Interviewer: if you don't have a doctor to deliver did you have a doctor for all your babies? 370B: mm-hmm. if you didn't have one whats the woman that you'd send for? a midwife. Interviewer: uh 370B: but mine were all born at home. Interviewer: they were? how'd you get the doctor there okay? 370B: just called him. he came. Interviewer: {X}. 370B: uh-huh. Interviewer: if a boy and his father have the same appearance you'd say the boy 370B: looks like his daddy. Interviewer: if a mother has looked after has looked after three children till they are grown you'd say she has 370B: raised. Interviewer: to a bad child you'd say you are going to get a 370B: spanking. Interviewer: If Bob is five inches tall this year and you say, Bob 370B: grew that or Interviewer: or you certainly have 370B: grown. Interviewer: a child that's born to an unmarried woman is a 370B: unmarried? Interviewer: uh-huh uh he- sh- he's um bastard. 370B: that's right Interviewer: Anything else? 370B: I wanted to say something else but uh I don't know what what that word was illegitimate I knew there was a {X}. something that didn't sound quite as bad as a bastard. sounds terrible. illegitimate that's what I was going to say. Interviewer: um Jane is a loving child but Peggy is a lot 370B: more loving. Interviewer: uh your brother's son is called your 370B: nephew. Interviewer: uh a child that's lost its father and mother is called 370B: orphan. Interviewer: a person who's appointed to look after an orphan is its 370B: guardian. Interviewer: If the woman gives a party and invites all the people that are related to her you'd say she asks all 370B: the family uh relatives. Interviewer: ah. if she has the same family name and does look a bit like me but I'm actually 370B: not kin or related. Interviewer: some one who comes into town and no one has ever seen him before he's a 370B: stranger. Interviewer: uh oh these are all names now. uh what's a- you have a daughter the red headed daughter's name was 370B: Mary Jane Interviewer: Mary uh what was the name of George Washington's wife? 370B: Martha. Interviewer: uh a nickname for Helen that begins with n? 370B: begins with n? Interviewer: uh-huh 370B: it begin- well that's Nelly. uh Interviewer: uh nickname for a little boy whose name is William? begins with a b. 370B: bill. Interviewer: and 370B: billy. Interviewer: uh what's the first book in the new testament? 370B: exodus I mean uh genesis no the new testament Matthews Interviewer: uh a woman who conducts school is a 370B: supposed to be teacher. {X} something like that Interviewer: {NW} um a person who makes barrels is a 370B: oh let's see a cooper I guess you'd call him. Interviewer: uh a preacher that's not really trained he hadn't, doesn't have a- a license or anything to preach but he does preach regularly is called what? AUX #2: {X} 370B: well no I don't think you'd say unordained you would say um I don't know what you'd call you wouldn't call 'em a pastor. I don't know what you call them. Interviewer: okay um what relation would your mother's sister be? 370B: my aunt. Interviewer: uh you know the name Abraham's wife's name was? 370B: Sarah? Interviewer: uh If your father had a brother and you wanted to call him by his name you would call him 370B: uncle so and so. Interviewer: uh the commander of the army of north Virginia was this during the the war between the states. the commander of the southern army was 370B: general lee Interviewer: uh the old man who introduced Kentucky fried to the world what's his name? 370B: uh colonel Johnson isn't it uh colonel uh sanders yeah I remember they uh mustache and all that {X} uh-huh Interviewer: um what do they call the man whose in charge of the ship? 370B: captain Interviewer: you ever use that in any other situation? 370B: well a captain on, well that's on the boat though. um I guess there is but right now I can't think of it. Interviewer: how do you um address the man who presides over the county court? 370B: uh the judge? Interviewer: if his name is smith what do you call him? 370B: judge smith. Interviewer: uh what do you call a person who goes to college to study? 370B: student. Interviewer: a person employed by a private business man to look after his correspondence is called his private 370B: secretary. Interviewer: {NW} excuse me. a woman who appears in a play or a movie is 370B: actress. Interviewer: uh was your nationality? anybody born in the united states is called an 370B: American. Interviewer: uh what was what's the name that you use to call members of a race different from yours? 370B: uh Interviewer: all your maids used to be 370B: well you mean negroes? Interviewer: uh your race is 370B: white. Interviewer: uh a person whose born of a racially mixed background say a white mother and a black father is called a what? 370B: well would you say a mix breed? Interviewer: um what would you call the man you worked for? 370B: well lots of times you say my boss. Interviewer: if uh what {X} do the Negroes often say? 370B: um call 'em uh master his master so and so or so Interviewer: white people who aren't very well off they haven't much education or anything what are they called? 370B: {NW} I have heard 'em called poor white trash. {NW} Interviewer: anything else? 370B: ignorant? Interviewer: anything else? 370B: uh redneck? Interviewer: um what do um negroes call poor whites? 370B: they say poor white trash I guess {NW} just like that. Interviewer: somebody who lives out in the country doesn't know anything about town ways uh and when you gets to town everybody can tell he's from the country he might say I don't know anything about city ways I'm just an old 370B: country man. country boy. Interviewer: anything else? 370B: hill billy. Interviewer: uh-huh if it's not quite midnight and somebody asks you what time it is you might say well it's not quite midnight yet it's 370B: almost. Interviewer: uh you slip and catched yourself you say this is a dangerous place I 370B: almost fell. Interviewer: somebody is waiting for you to get ready so you can go out with him and he calls to you uh hey will you be ready soon you might answer I'll be with you 370B: in a minute. Interviewer: you know your on the right road but you're not sure of the distance so you ask somebody how 370B: far. Interviewer: alright if you're pointing out something nearby you say 370B: look here. Interviewer: um if you want to know how many times you say something you say how 370B: often. Interviewer: you agree with a friend when he says I'm not going to do that or I'm not going to vote for that guy you say 370B: if you agree with him? Interviewer: not agree yes you do agree with him. 370B: uh-huh you'd say uh I'm not either. Interviewer: um what do you call the part of your face that's right above your eyes? 370B: forehead. Interviewer: uh you go to the barber and have him cut your 370B: well hair. barber cuts your hair and also shaves you too {X}. Interviewer: shaves your what? 370B: uh mustache whiskers face beard. Interviewer: um where did the old time storekeeper keep his pencil when he wasn't using it? 370B: behind his ear {NW} Interviewer: okay what two sides? 370B: uh well I would say right side Interviewer: okay what's the other side called? 370B: left. Interviewer: uh if someone's mumbling you say take that chewing gum out of your 370B: mouth. Interviewer: he got a chicken stuck in his 370B: a chicken? Interviewer: chicken bone 370B: bone stuck in your throat. Interviewer: you have the dentist look at your 370B: teeth. Interviewer: and uh 370B: gums Interviewer: around {X} you hold that baby bird in the what do you call the inside- 370B: palm of your hand. Interviewer: uh if you close your hand up 370B: fist. Interviewer: more than one is 370B: fists Interviewer: uh any place were you can bend your finger and your hand and your arm what's that- 370B: joint. Interviewer: Uh the upper part of a man's body is his 370B: chest. Interviewer: uh they measure the height of horses in 370B: hands. Interviewer: the pain ran from his heel all the way up his 370B: thigh. Interviewer: what's the thigh a part of your le- uh that called? 370B: uh leg? Interviewer: uh I found one over a box in the dark it bruised my 370B: shin. Interviewer: back part of thighs are called what? 370B: back part of thighs? haunches. Interviewer: uh someone's been sick a while they're up and about now but he's still looks a little 370B: peckish? {NS} Interviewer: {X} um persons who can lift heavy weights are 370B: strong. Interviewer: um one who's very easy to get along with 370B: well I don't know I have heard 'em called uh even tempered. Interviewer: Uh when a boy's in his teens and he's apt to be all arms and legs and can't walk through a room without knocking all the furniture you say at that age he's awfully 370B: clumsy. Interviewer: a person who keeps on doing things that don't make any sense you'd say he is a plain 370B: {NW} you say he's a plain fool I guess or crazy. Interviewer: uh what do you call a person who won't ever spend any money? 370B: well now lots of people call 'em um tight wad and then some other call 'em misers and they're just different names. Interviewer: Ya. uh when you use the word common about people what do you mean? 370B: well they're just ordinary people there's nothing outstanding and maybe they are kinda ignorant people too. Interviewer: Mm-hmm if an old man is still very strong and active and he doesn't show his age you'd say he's still quite 370B: young for his age. Interviewer: if if the young person you're talking one that's always moving around and always on the go you say he is very 370B: active. Interviewer: the children are out later than usual you'd say I don't suppose there's anything wrong but I can't help feeling a little 370B: uneasy. Interviewer: I don't want to go upstairs in the dark I'm 370B: afraid. Interviewer: she isn't afraid now but she 370B: used to be afraid of the dark. Interviewer: uh I don't understand why she's afraid she 370B: didn't used to be. Interviewer: uh somebody who leaves a lot of money on the table and the door unlocked you say he's mighty 370B: generous? Interviewer: {NW} well if somebody came in and took it what if he didn't do it on 370B: #1 oh careless # Interviewer: #2 purpose? # 370B: careless. Interviewer: um there's nothing really wrong with aunt Lizzie but sometimes she acts kind of 370B: crazy? Interviewer: what else? 370B: strange? Interviewer: um think of anything else you might say? 370B: different? AUX #2: peculiar 370B: queer? Interviewer: uh if a man is very sure of his own way and he never wants to change you say don't be so 370B: set in your ways. Interviewer: um somebody you can't joke with without him losing his temper you say he's mighty 370B: touchy? Interviewer: I was just kidding him I didn't know he'd get 370B: mad? Interviewer: #1 somebody's about to lose # 370B: #2 upset? # Interviewer: his temper you tell him just 370B: quiet down. Interviewer: if you've been working very hard you say you're very 370B: tired. Interviewer: um I'm completely 370B: exhausted. Interviewer: um if a person has been quite well and you hear that suddenly they have some disease you say last night she 370B: uh Interviewer: She just all of a sudden 370B: was taken sick. Interviewer: um but she'll be up again by 370B: maybe tomorrow. Interviewer: Okay if it's just a little while you say 370B: soon Interviewer: if as person sat in a drought and began to cough you'd say last night he 370B: took cold. Interviewer: uh if he did it If you had done it before he'd 370B: had uh taken. Interviewer: uh if its affected his voice he 370B: is hoarse. {NS} Interviewer: whats this? {NW} 370B: cough. Interviewer: Uh I'd better go to bed I'm feeling a little 370B: drowsy. all sleepy. Interviewer: uh at six o'clock I'll 370B: wake up wake up. Interviewer: Uh he's still sleeping you better go 370B: eas- quietly or easy. Easily. Interviewer: Uh if the medicine is still by the patient's bedside you would ask why haven't you 370B: taken. Interviewer: If you can't hear something at all you'd say you are stone 370B: deaf. Interviewer: he began to sweat when he started to work by the time he finished you would say he a lot in the sun? 370B: uh he uh sweated. Interviewer: A discharging sore that comes to a head is called what? 370B: uh you mean a pickle? uh rising? rising. Interviewer: Okay you ever have any of those? 370B: Oh I used to have 'em on the neck of my on the back of my neck. Interviewer: what'd you do for 'em? 370B: uh well I remember uh {X} momma used to put just a little piece of white meat on it when it first started that would draw it to a head. and then I uh never will forget one time {X} daddy uh pinch me on one I had the back of my neck and he didn't know it well it got well but it {X}. Interviewer: it hurt? 370B: uh-huh they say that the the sign that you may be a diabetic when you have lots of boils uh-huh and sure enough I turned out to be one. Interviewer: hmm 370B: but I had boils often when I was younger . Interviewer: hmm uh what is it that's inside a boil? 370B: well they call it a core that you- when you get that core out why it gets well. Interviewer: what about the uh outside of the core? 370B: uh puss? Interviewer: uh if you've got some infection in your hand so that your hand got bigger than it ought to be you say my hand 370B: swollen or swelled. Interviewer: uh when you get a blister the liquid that forms under the pin is 370B: called water. Interviewer: um in a war if a bullet goes through your arm you say you have a 370B: wound. Interviewer: uh a kind of skinless grove in a wound thats got to be burned out 370B: uh uh grove? I wonder if that's the uh scar tissue that's around there or if it's an infection that you have to burn it out. Interviewer: Oh I never heard of this either I don't know uh if you get just a little cut in your finger what do you put on it? 370B: iodine. and uh you put merthiolate. thats good. Interviewer: uh 370B: and then they have just a spray now that kills all kind of germs. you just you just push a little uh cube or something you know and it sprays out on there. Interviewer: oh yeah. 370B: I don't know what you call it. Interviewer: wick or something. 370B: uh Interviewer: first aid spray? 370B: yeah but I didn't have that when I was raising mine up. I had to use the other stuff that you had to apply. Interviewer: uh the medicine they developed in England during the second world war it's real strong for malaria what'd they call that? 370B: {X} Interviewer: uh if a man were shot and he didn't recover you'd say that he 370B: died. Interviewer: uh any cruel humorous way of saying that? 370B: passed on? Interviewer: yep 370B: uh cruel- cruel way? Interviewer: making fun of 'em 370B: aw I don't know. kicked the bucket yeah that would uh or either he pegged out or things like that. yeah you don't think of those things right off but I have heard 'em say well he kicked the bucket. Mm-hmm Interviewer: uh if you're not sure why he died you'd say I don't know what he died 370B: of. Interviewer: uh what do you call the place people are buried? 370B: cemetery. Interviewer: uh box that people are buried in? 370B: coffin you mean? Interviewer: um what's the ceremony that you have when a person dies? 370B: well they call it funeral. Interviewer: Uh and if the the people who were real close to them they go into 370B: mourning. Interviewer: um somebody meets you on the street and says well how are you today? you're feeling just about average you'd say oh I'm 370B: so and so. Interviewer: {NW} uh if somebody's troubled you might say oh it will all a come out all right 370B: in w- on wash day. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 370B: #2 that's what # they used to say it'll come out on wash day. Interviewer: uh you don't want 'em to be concerned about it you'd say 370B: don't worry. Interviewer: Uh the disease of the joints, what's that called? 370B: rheu- rheumatism. Interviewer: a very 370B: lots of times now they call it arthritis. Interviewer: oh is it the same? 370B: but I think it's about the same thing outright rheumatism cause they never did now anything from rheumatism they couldn't cure that either. they rubbed with different kind of uh oils ointments and things like that but you still had rheumatism. and now you don't hear about rheumatism it's always arthritis. but I think it's the same thing. Interviewer: probably so like um I'm convinced that lung cancer and consumption are the same thing. 370B: yeah about. Interviewer: um you now a name for a very severe sore throat that has blisters on the inside in the sore throat? 370B: uh diphtheria. Interviewer: Uh what's the disease that makes you turn yellow? 370B: malaria fever? and jaundice yes yellow jaundice yes {X}. Interviewer: um when you have your um appendix taken out you say you've had an attack of 370B: appendicitis. Interviewer: Uh say if you get- eat something that didn't agree with you it wouldn't stay down you'd say you had to 370B: vomit? Interviewer: uh somebody pretty bad this way you might say he leaned on the fence or something and 370B: vomited. Interviewer: if a person vomited he was sick 370B: to their stomach. Interviewer: uh she hardly got the news when she came right over right over 370B: the tell me. Interviewer: uh if you invite somebody to come and you {X} come and see you this evening and you want to tell them you'll be disappointed if he doesn't come you say now if you don't come 370B: I will be disappointed. Interviewer: if you both are going to be glad to see you then you say we 370B: we will be glad to see you. Interviewer: if you do that again you're talking to a little kid you say you do that again I'll 370B: spank you. Interviewer: um if a boy's beginning to pay serious attention to a girl he is 370B: courting. Interviewer: anything else you ever call? 370B: falling in love. {NW} I don't know. Interviewer: um what do you uh if they're in love what do you call him? her 370B: you you would you would say he was boyfriend or her course they're not uh engaged or anything it wouldn't be fiancee. Interviewer: uh if and she is his 370B: fiancee. Interviewer: uh a boy comes home with lipstick on his collar and his little brother said he's been 370B: kissing {NW} Interviewer: anything else you ever call it? besides kissing? 370B: {D: busing} smooching uh I think smooching is the main thing they used to say. Interviewer: um If he asks her to marry him and she doesn't want to what do you say she did to him? 370B: well she refused him. Interviewer: uh uh if people uh if she doesn't refuse {X} they get 370B: engaged. Interviewer: and then they 370B: marry. Interviewer: anything else you ever call it besides getting married? 370B: oh get hitched? {NW} Interviewer: Do you ever use that word {X}? 370B: no I don't I don't think that sounds very good I don't like that like I do marriage. Interviewer: at a wedding the man who stands up with the groom is the the one whose the witness to the groom 370B: uh-huh he's the best man. Interviewer: and for the um girl? 370B: the girl is the maid of honor. Interviewer: and the other girls they're called 370B: brides maids. Interviewer: uh a noisy {X} it comes around to the house after a wedding what's that called? 370B: reception. Interviewer: um if you were um in Atlanta and you were going to Memphis you'd say you're going how you gonna get there? 370B: going up to Memphis? Interviewer: uh he lives if you were gonna say he lives in a particular place you'd say he lives so he lives with somebody else? 370B: uh he lived uh by himself? Interviewer: okay if he doesn't if he lives with another family what would you say? he lives 370B: with them? Interviewer: uh there was trouble at the party and the police came and a- arrested you'd say he's gonna arrest everybody you'd say he arrested the 370B: the crowd whole crowd. Interviewer: um what do young people like to go out and do in the evening? with music on- 370B: dance. Interviewer: uh children get out of school at four o'clock you'd say at four o'clock school does what 370B: uh school is out or school not um not recess Interviewer: no when it's completely over what do they what do you call that? 370B: lets out. Interviewer: uh after a vacation day school when does they say when does school 370B: begin. Interviewer: a boy left home to go to school and he didn't show up he 370B: played hooky I guess. Interviewer: at college is it still playing hooky? 370B: uh well I don't know whether you call it that or not I guess you do. Interviewer: um you go to school to get an 370B: you go to school to get an education. Interviewer: after high school you go onto 370B: college. Interviewer: after kinder- kindergarten you go into the 370B: just the regular school. Interviewer: what do you call the the ones where the little kids go 370B: uh primary. Interviewer: anything else? 370B: elementary. Interviewer: uh somebody left a note if you're a teacher and you went into your room you'd say somebody left a note on my 370B: desk Interviewer: a building especially for books is called what? 370B: library. Interviewer: {X} 370B: {X} Interviewer: If you stay overnight in the {X} you'd stay in a 370B: motel or hotel. Interviewer: Uh you'd see a play at a 370B: uh theater. Interviewer: uh you have an operation in what 370B: hospital. Interviewer: don't want any of that and uh whats Lillian's profession? 370B: nursing. Interviewer: Uh you catch a train at the 370B: depot. Interviewer: An open place in the city where the green grass would be growing and everything is called what? 370B: a park. Interviewer: and the one that has the court house on it is what? 370B: the city square generally but uh the old towns but now they don't have a city square. Interviewer: oh that's a shame. I think it's very pretty um when two streets cross a man starts at the one corner and he walks to the opposite corner you'd say he walked how? if it's two two streets uh like this and you go from here to here 370B: oh criss cross. Interviewer: um if it's not in a straight line what is it? 370B: zig zag. Interviewer: vehicles that uh used to run on tracks with a wire over head like they have in San Francisco what do you call those? 370B: uh they were street cars. Interviewer: Do you have them in {X}? 370B: we didn't we did have 'em we don't have 'em anymore. Interviewer: uh if you tell the bus driver uh next corner is where I want 370B: off. Interviewer: um here in Jackson county um {X} is the If it's the most important 370B: #1 county feet # Interviewer: #2 in the county # 370B: #1 # Interviewer: #2 # uh who pays the post master? 370B: the federal Interviewer: federal what? 370B: government. Interviewer: uh the police in the town are supposed to maintain what? 370B: peace. Interviewer: okay if you gonna say that in more than one word what would you say? 370B: law and order. Interviewer: uh what was that name of a fight between the north and the southern state that started in eighteen sixty-one? 370B: the civil war a war between the states. Interviewer: Uh before they had the electric tell the electric chair uh what did they do to murderers/ they were 370B: executed uh they were hung. Interviewer: um Albany is the capital of what? 370B: uh New York state. AUX #2: thats Peggy she's on her way Interviewer: okay and Annapolis is the capital of 370B: Maryland Interviewer: um Richmond the capital of what? 370B: Virginia Interviewer: and Raleigh? 370B: North Carolina. Interviewer: the one right next to North Carolina? 370B: South Carolina Interviewer: and right below that where I live? 370B: Georgia. Interviewer: and where my mother lives? 370B: {NW} Florida Interviewer: and where you live? 370B: Alabama. Interviewer: uh when you run on the Mississippi river down where New Orleans is 370B: uh Louisiana. Interviewer: and the one just north of Tennessee? 370B: that's just where we came from Kentucky. Interviewer: and right below Kentucky? 370B: Tennessee. Interviewer: and uh one that has a great big river named for it 370B: the Missouri river? Interviewer: the one where you just came back from that state? 370B: Arkansas. Interviewer: and other big river? 370B: the Mississippi we crossed it several times. Interviewer: several times? that on bridges or in a boat? 370B: bridges. and we crossed it on the ferry to. we went over in um Tennessee and we crossed it in the on the ferry. Interviewer: Mrs Alma {X} {D: excuse me mrs. alama bunnyboring } with the pan handle? 370B: Oklahoma. Interviewer: uh the bay state where the pilgrims landed? {D: mrs alma bunnyboring} tape six {NS} Interviewer: {NS} Mrs. Alma {B}, tape seven. {NW} Um, the lone star state is? 370: Texas. Interviewer: And Tulsa is in? 370: Oklahoma. Interviewer: Uh, Boston is in? 370: Massachusetts. Interviewer: And all those states up in the Northeast? 370: The New England states. Interviewer: Ah, the biggest city in Maryland? 370: It'd be Baltimore. Interviewer: And the capital of our country? 370: Washington, D.C. Interviewer: And the, uh, city that has the blues named after it? 370: St. Louis. Interviewer: Mm-kay, the old seaport in South Carolina? 370: Charleston. Interviewer: Big mining center in Alabama? 370: Birmingham. Interviewer: And, biggest city in, uh, Illinois? 370: Uh, Chicago. Interviewer: Um, capital of Alabama? 370: Montgomery. Interviewer: And, uh, smaller city in Alabama that's on the Gulf Coast? 370: Uh, Mobile. Interviewer: {NW} Um, the main, uh, city in a particular county is 370: #1 called? # Interviewer: #2 Is called a # 370: county seat. Interviewer: County seat. You pay your taxes to the federal? 370: To the federal government, uh-huh. Interviewer: Um, the police in town are supposed to maintain? 370: Uh, order, and, uh, law and order. Interviewer: Uh, what was the war between the North and the South called? 370: The war between the states, and the Civil War. Interviewer: Mm-kay, if a person, uh, is a murderer, before we had the electric chair, what'd they do to him? 370: They hung him. {X}, I was about to say electrocute, but they didn't, they hung him. Interviewer: Um, Albany is the capital of? 370: Uh, New York state. Interviewer: And Baltimore is 370: #1 in? # Interviewer: #2 Is Maryland. # Uh, Richmond is the capital of? 370: Virginia. Interviewer: And, um, uh, state known for growing, um, tobacco? 370: Well, uh, North Carolina. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Right below that? 370: Is South Carolina. Interviewer: And where I live 370: #1 is? # Interviewer: #2 Is in # 370: Georgia. Interviewer: Where my mother lives? 370: Florida. Interviewer: And you live in? 370: Alabama. Interviewer: Um, Baton Rouge is the capital of? 370: Louisiana. Interviewer: And the bluegrass state? 370: Is Kentucky. Interviewer: Uh, 370: We've been there, they have beautiful horses. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: Noted for its horses. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Right below there is what? 370: Uh, Tennessee. Interviewer: And then on the, 370: #1 over on the river? # Interviewer: #2 Miss-, Miss-, # 370: Missouri. Interviewer: And the other river? 370: I've been there too. Uh, Interviewer: Better at the big river? 370: Mississippi. Interviewer: Mississippi. Uh, the lone star state? 370: Texas. Interviewer: Right next to that? 370: Uh, Oklahoma, is that right? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And, the, the state where the Pilgrims landed, what's that 370: #1 called? # Interviewer: #2 Massachusetts. # Okay, and all of 'em together? 370: All of what, now? Interviewer: All the North- 370: #1 eastern- # Interviewer: #2 Oh, # 370: this, uh, New England states, all of 'em Interviewer: #1 together. # 370: #2 Mm-kay. # Interviewer: Uh, the resort city that's in North Carolina, what's that called? 370: Uh, the resort, uh, place is in Asheville. Interviewer: Asheville. Uh, the city up in the mountains, in North Carolina? 370: Chattanooga, uh, it-, no, Chattanooga's in Interviewer: #1 Tennessee, isn't it? # 370: #2 Uh-huh. # Interviewer: What's another one in Tennessee? 370: Uh, Knoxville. Interviewer: Uh, biggest city in West Tennessee? 370: Memphis. Interviewer: And, uh, see, where Elvis Presley's from? 370: Uh, Nashville. Interviewer: Capital of Georgia? 370: Atlanta. Interviewer: And the seacoast city? 370: Savannah. Interviewer: Uh, where Fort Benning is, in Georgia, the name of that city? 370: Uh, is it Columbus? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And the one right, uh, north of Warner Robbins, what's the name of that city? 370: That's Macon. Interviewer: Macon. Uh, biggest city in Louisiana? 370: New Orleans. Interviewer: And the capital of Louisiana? 370: Baton Rouge. Interviewer: Uh, what's the biggest city in southern Ohio? 370: Uh, Cincinnati, I believe is the biggest city. Interviewer: Okay. And, uh, the city that, uh, Kentucky is noted for? 370: Louisville. Interviewer: Where the Derby is. Um, somebody asks you to go with them, and you're not sure you wanna go, you say, I don't know? 370: For sure, if I want to go, or if I can go. Interviewer: Okay. Uh, if you have a very sick friend and he's not likely to get any better, if somebody asks you how he's coming along, you'd say, well, it seems? 370: That he's, uh, about like he's, he's been, or he's not getting any better. Oh, I don't know that I'd say he's not getting any better, because he may be there, but I'd say, about the same. Interviewer: Okay. If you were asked to go somewhere without your wife, if you were a {D:married} man, you'd say, I won't go? 370: Unless I can carry my wife. Interviewer: If your daughter didn't help you with the dishes, you'd say, she went off playing? 370: Instead of helping with the dishes. Interviewer: If a man is funny, and you like him, you say, I like him? 370: Uh, because he's so funny. Interviewer: Unless he's not funny. Uh, the largest denomination in the South of the Christian church is? 370: Well, I guess it's the Baptists. {NS} It seems like there's more Baptist churches, everywhere you turn, there's a Baptist church. Interviewer: It seems that way. If two people become members, you'd say they? 370: Joined the church. Interviewer: Okay, in church, you pray to? 370: Pray to God, or the Father. Interviewer: Um, the preacher preaches a? 370: Sermon. Interviewer: And the choir and the organist provide the? 370: The music. Interviewer: And if it's real, real good that Sunday, you'd say, oh, that music is? 370: Beautiful. Interviewer: I thought I had time, but I got caught in traffic, and the post office was closed? 370: When I got there. Interviewer: Uh, the enemy and the opposite of God is called? 370: The Devil. Interviewer: Anything else? 370: Satan. Interviewer: Uh, what do people think they see at night, that frighten them? 370: Ghosts, uh, spirits, and different things. Interviewer: If ghosts or spirits live in a house, what do they say it is? 370: It's haunted. Interviewer: Uh, if it's getting kind of chilly outside, you say, you better put on a sweater, it's getting? 370: Cooler. Interviewer: Or, you might say it's 370: #1 get- # Interviewer: #2 Getting cold. # Or? 370: Kinda, or sorta cold. Interviewer: Okay, uh, I'd go, if you insist, but I'd? 370: Rather not. Interviewer: Oh, what do you say to a friend you haven't seen for a long time, and you're real happy to see 'em? 370: Oh, I'm mighty glad to see you. Interviewer: Uh, if he owns five hundred acres, how much land would that be? 370: Well, that's a good deal of land. It's a lot of land, I know. I've tried to look over five acres, five-hundred acres this last week, and it was a job. Interviewer: Uh, if you wanna say something stronger, more enthusiastic than just yes, if I asked you a question, and I said, could I have a piece of cake, you'd say? 370: Why, certainly. Help yourself. {NW} Interviewer: Uh, if I said, uh, can you really do that? You know, like stand on your head or something, you'd say? 370: #1 Uh, you # Interviewer: #2 Well, # think you can do that, you'd say? 370: I'm sure I can. Interviewer: Uh, if you wanted to be very polite to somebody, you'd say? Not just yes, but? 370: Yes, sir. Interviewer: What if it was a lady? 370: Yes, ma'am. Interviewer: Do you use it, in particular, for particular people? 370: Well, no, I don't think so, generally, if they're older than you are, Interviewer: #1 you'd # 370: #2 Uh-huh. # put the sir and the ma'am. Interviewer: Okay. 370: Otherwise, you'd say yes, and be just as polite, but, it's just the way you say yes, Interviewer: #1 you know. # 370: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: Um, if somebody intensely disliked to go somewhere, you'd say, he? 370: He hated to go. Interviewer: Uh, it wasn't just a little cold this morning, it was? 370: Really cold. Interviewer: Uh, if you slammed your finger in the refrigerator door, what do you say? 370: Uh, I'd say, oh, by gosh, I hurt my finger. Interviewer: Anything else? 370: Uh, I said, you might say, oh Lordy, have mercy. {NW} Interviewer: Uh, if you were a little angry at yourself for doing something, what might you say? If you were impatient with yourself? 370: Oh, sometimes I hate myself. Interviewer: Any other kind of exclamation you might make? 370: Well, you could say, shucks, aw shucks, why did I do that? Interviewer: Okay. When something is shocking, that you're really shocked about, and you hear about it, you, and somebody said something about you that wasn't true, you'd say, why? 370: Uh, where, why, why'd they get the idea, what caused it? I don't understand. Interviewer: When you meet someone, what do you say by way of greeting, about asking how they are? 370: Well, you could just say, hello, how are you? Interviewer: Mm-kay, when you're introduced to a strange person, what is it that you'd say? 370: Uh, I'm glad to know you. Or, how do you do? Interviewer: Uh, if you've enjoyed somebody's visit, and you want 'em to come back, you say? 370: Oh, I'm, um, really glad you came, and, come again. Interviewer: Uh, what greeting do you use at Christmastime? 370: Merry Christmas. Interviewer: And New Years? 370: Happy New Year. Interviewer: Uh, anything you might what, say, to, uh, say that you appreciate something, besides thank you? 370: Uh, I'm much obliged. {NS} That's kinda old-timey. Much obliged, you seem like- {NW} Interviewer: You, what would you say instead of much obliged? 370: Well, I'd say, thank you. Interviewer: #1 Thank you. Anything else? # 370: #2 Mm-hmm. # I appreciate it, Interviewer: Mm-kay. 370: instead of much obliged. Interviewer: #1 Uh, I just don't care for that. Uh-huh. # 370: #2 That sounds a little old-fashioned? # Interviewer: Uh, if you're not sure whether you'll have time or not, you say, I? 370: Uh, think I'll have time. Interviewer: Mm-kay. 370: I'll try to. Interviewer: {X} if you, uh, have to go downtown to do some- 370: Par-, particular shopping? Interviewer: #1 Or, # 370: #2 Mm-kay. # some shopping? Interviewer: You make a purchase, and the storekeeper takes a piece of paper, and he? 370: Wraps it. Interviewer: And then you get home, and you? 370: Unwrap it. Interviewer: Okay. If you sell for less than you paid for it, you'd say, I had to sell it? 370: Below cost. Interviewer: Uh, if you admire something, but you don't have enough money to buy it, you say, I like it, but it's? 370: It's too high, or I can't afford it. Interviewer: Uh, time to pay the bill, you say, this bill is? 370: Past, oh, it's due. Interviewer: Mm-kay. 370: When it's time to pay it, it's due. Interviewer: If you belong to a club, you have to pay the? 370: Dues. Interviewer: If you haven't any money, you go to a friend, and you try to? 370: Borrow some? Interviewer: When the banker is refusing a loan, he says, I'm sorry, but the money is? 370: Short. Or, scarce, now. Interviewer: Uh, when {D:Sheila} does, uh, her tricks in the swimming pool, she stands on the, um, springboard, and she goes in headfirst. What do you call that? 370: Dive. Interviewer: If she did it yesterday, she? 370: Dove? That, that doesn't sound right. I think that's right, though. Interviewer: Okay. Uh, if, uh, when you go in the water, and you land on your stomach, instead of going in headfirst, what do you call that? 370: Uh, they seem to me like it wa- it's a belly-something, but I've forgotten what they call it. Uh, belly flop. Interviewer: Uh, when you turn your, put your head down on the ground and turn over and over? 370: Somersault. Interviewer: Uh, if he wanted to cross the river, he dives in, and he? 370: Swims. Interviewer: If they, uh, if they did it before, they have? 370: They have swum, and they swam yesterday. Interviewer: Mm-kay. When you buy something and pay your bill, some stores will give you a little present, and they say it's for? 370: Just a little bonus, to show their appreciation. Interviewer: Uh, someone who got caught in a whirlpool and didn't get out of it, you'd say, he was? 370: Drowned. Interviewer: Uh, after he went down for the third time, you'd say, he? 370: Drow-, uh, drowned? Interviewer: Uh-huh. I wasn't there, I didn't see him? 370: Drown. Interviewer: When, uh, what does a baby do, before it craw-, before it walks? 370: Crawls. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Uh, you saw something up a tree, you wanted to take a closer look at it, so you went over to the tree, and you? 370: Climbed, the tree. Interviewer: It'll be hard, uh, it'd be a hard mountain to? 370: Climb. Interviewer: My neighbor? 370: #1 If she did it last year, she? # Interviewer: #2 Uh, # 370: climbed. Interviewer: But I have never? 370: Well, I guess you say clomb, but that just sounds terrible, doesn't it? Interviewer: A lot of people do- 370: Climb, climbed, clomb. Interviewer: Uh, if a man wants to, hide behind a low hedge, he has to? 370: Stoop, or bend. Stoop, I guess you'd say. Interviewer: Uh, she walked up to the altar, and she? 370: Knelt. Interviewer: Knelt. Uh, if she did, if she's doing it right now, what'd she do? 370: Kneeling. Interviewer: Mm-kay. You're tired, you say, I'm going to? 370: If you're tired, I'm going to rest. Interviewer: Okay, and 370: #1 what do you do when you rest? # Interviewer: #2 See, that's what you should say. # 370: You, uh, lie down, you're supposed to, well, I mean, that's better for you to get your feet up, that's the way I have to do. Interviewer: Uh, if he didn't get up all morning, he? 370: Stayed in bed. Interviewer: Talking about something you saw in your sleep, you'd say, this is what I? 370: Dreamed. Interviewer: Okay, you say, I dreamed so-and-so, and all the sudden, I? 370: Woke up. Interviewer: If you bring your foot down heavy on the floor, like this, you say, you're doing what? 370: Stomping. Interviewer: Um, if a man meets a girl at a dance, and he wants to go home with her, he says to her, may I? 370: Take you home? Interviewer: Uh, to get a boat up on land, you tie a rope to the bow of the boat, and? 370: Pull. Interviewer: When your car was stuck in the mud or snow, you'd ask somebody to get his car behind you give you a? 370: Push. Interviewer: Anything else you might say? 370: Shove, you could say, but I'd rather say push, because shove might tear car up. Interviewer: If you carried a very heavy suitcase a long distance, instead of saying, I carried it, you'd probably say, I? 370: Lugged it. Interviewer: If some of your children came into the house, and they were playing with something that was really important, what would you tell 'em to do? 370: I'd say, now, you be careful. Some mothers would say, don't touch that! But I, I don't know, I just don't think I could. Interviewer: If you need a hammer, you'd tell me to? 370: Bring the hammer. Interviewer: Okay. In playing tag, when the, uh, the kids have one place that's a safe place to be, you can't get tagged, what do they 370: #1 call that? # Interviewer: #2 They call that the base. # Mm-kay. 370: Home base, I think they call it. Interviewer: You throw a ball, and you ask somebody to? 370: Catch. Interviewer: I threw the ball, and he? 370: Caught. Interviewer: I've been fishing for {D:trout}, but I haven't? 370: Caught, any. Interviewer: Uh, let's meet in town, if I get there first, I'll? 370: Wait for you. Interviewer: Uh, after you've, uh, told a child he's gonna get a spanking, and he doesn't want one, he says, please? 370: Give me another chance. Interviewer: If a man is in a very good mood, you say, he's in a good? 370: Humor. Interviewer: Uh, if you hired a man who keeps on loafing all the time, you might decide to let him go, and, uh, you'd say to a friend of yours, I think I'm going to? 370: Fire him. Or get rid of him. Interviewer: He didn't know what was going on, but he? 370: I imagine, uh, he had a suspicion. He acted kinda like he knew what we were saying. Interviewer: Okay. If someone stole your pencil, what's a slang word you might use? 370: Uh, he swiped my pencil. Interviewer: Okay. 370: Uh, who swiped it? Interviewer: Uh, I'd forgotten about that, but now I? 370: Remember. Interviewer: Okay. You might say to me, well, you must have a better memory than I do, because I sure don't? 370: Remember. Interviewer: You say, I have just, if you're gonna send somebody a letter, I have just? 370: Written. Interviewer: Yesterday, he? 370: Wrote. Interviewer: And tomorrow? 370: I will write. Interviewer: Uh, if you ask a question, you expect? 370: An answer. Interviewer: You put the letter in the envelope, and then you take your pen, and what do you put on the outside of the envelope? 370: The address. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And when you're doing that, you say, I'm writing your? 370: Address? Interviewer: I want to write to so-and-so. Do you know what his? 370: Address is? Interviewer: If a little boy has learned something new, for instance, he, he's just learned to whistle, and you wanna know where he learned that, you'd say, who? 370: Taught you? Interviewer: When you were going to Mi-, when are you going to Miami? Right now, we're? 370: Leaving. Interviewer: Anything else you might 370: #1 say? # Interviewer: #2 Or, you could say, # 370: starting, to leave. Interviewer: Anything else? 370: Uh, fixing to leave. Interviewer: Uh, if a little boy has done something naughty, and a little girl saw him him do it, the boy might say, now, don't you go to mother and? 370: Tell. Interviewer: Anything else you call that? 370: Tattle-tale. Don't be a tattle-tale. Interviewer: If you want a bouquet for the dinner table, you go out in the garden, and? 370: Pick. Interviewer: Uh, something a child plays with, is? 370: Toy. Interviewer: Anything else you'd call it? 370: Well, play toys, still, toy. Interviewer: If something happened that you expected to happen, you might say? 370: I told you so, I knew it was gonna be that way. Interviewer: Okay. Uh, if I'm gonna give some-, um, present something to you, you say, that's the book you? 370: Uh, Interviewer: If I've done it in the past. 370: #1 That's the book you? # Interviewer: #2 Oh. # 370: That's the book you gave me. Interviewer: Mm-kay. I will? 370: Give. Interviewer: Or, when I finish, because you have? 370: Given. Interviewer: I'm glad I carried my umbrella, we hadn't gone half a block, when it? 370: Ran, began to rain. Interviewer: Uh, why are you out of breath? I was feeling so happy, I? 370: Ran all the way. Interviewer: Horses gallop, but people? 370: Run. Interviewer: They have? 370: Run. Interviewer: Uh, if you didn't know where a man was born, you might ask, where does he? 370: Come from? Interviewer: Uh, he, if he, if he arrived on the train last night, you say, he? 370: Came. Interviewer: Uh, he is? 370: Coming. Interviewer: Um, if you can look at somebody, you say, I? 370: See you. Interviewer: And I hope? 370: To see you. Interviewer: And we have? 370: Have seen you. Interviewer: You can't get through there, the highway department's got their machines in, and the road's all? 370: Torn up. Interviewer: You give somebody a bracelet and say to her, why don't you? 370: Put it on? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. My sister, she's the one responsible, you'd say, my sister? 370: Gave. Interviewer: Okay, she's done something, you'd say, my sister? 370: Did. Interviewer: Or, can you? 370: Can you do? Do? Interviewer: Sure, I have? 370: Done. Interviewer: You're sitting with a friend, and you're not saying anything, and all the sudden he says, uh, what did you say, you'd say, well I said? 370: Nothing. Interviewer: Uh, then you'd say, oh, I thought you said? 370: Something. Interviewer: I've never heard of? 370: Such a thing? Interviewer: Uh, if you've lived in town all your life, and somebody asks you, have you lived here long, you say, why I've? 370: Uh, always lived here. Interviewer: Uh, I got thrown once, and I've been scared of horses ever? 370: Since. Interviewer: It wasn't an accident. He did it? 370: On purpose. Interviewer: Uh, I don't know, what the answer is, you'd better? 370: Ask. Interviewer: Somebody else. So you? 370: Ask him. Interviewer: And he says, why, you've? 370: Asked. Interviewer: Uh, every time they meet, they 370: #1 get into an argument. # Interviewer: #2 Quarrel? # What do you call it? 370: Fight? Interviewer: Fight. Those boys like to? 370: Fight. Interviewer: They have? 370: Fought. Interviewer: Uh, a funny picture's on the blackboard, the teacher asks, who? 370: Drew? Interviewer: Uh, if somebody aims a large knife at somebody else, and like wounds him, he did what? What do you call that? 370: Stabbed him. Interviewer: If you've gone to lift something like a piece of machinery or something up on a roof, you might use pulleys, and blocks, and a rope, to? 370: Hoist. Interviewer: Hoist it up. And what, uh, are some of the different kinds of needlework that you've done? 370: Uh, oh, crewel embroidery, and catting, and crochet, and I know how to, um, do the needlepoint, but I haven't done any Interviewer: #1 yet. # 370: #2 Mm-hmm. # Where we went, up there this summer, she was making needlepoint pictures, and they were just beautiful. But I said, I didn't know if I'd ever get 'em finished, and get 'em framed, and all, like she had hers. Some of 'em cost eight and ten dollars, just to #1 put the # Interviewer: #2 Yeah. # 370: frame on 'em. She had one picture there, she said it cost over twenty-five dollars, besides the work that she did on it. Interviewer: #1 Beautiful. # 370: #2 Yeah. # Interviewer: I made one, this summer, it- 370: #1 Mm-hmm. But it's, but it is # Interviewer: #2 Needlepoint? # expensive, I think just the materials cost about, about twelve dollars, plus it took me a month to 370: #1 do. Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 Well, it, well, it was probably a good size, wasn't it? Uh-huh. # 370: Well these pillows that I have made, uh, throw pillows, kind of, for my bed, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: I have all the material and have, uh, uh, embroidered 'em. That's what they call that crewel embroidery, when you use this wool thread on this mesh. But, uh, I've never pressed 'em. I had my leg broken, and I couldn't stand up to press 'em, so I just have never made the inner pillows, now, that, that, uh, put the fringe on 'em or anything yet, I just got the, embroidery done. Interviewer: Well, that's the main, that's the main part of the #1 work. # 370: #2 Yeah, # I have a beautiful picture in there, that I told Mildred I'd make for her. It's a, oh, I guess about this big, but I'm gonna embroider it and let her stretch it, Interviewer: #1 and frame it, # 370: #2 Mm-hmm. # and all that. She bought it for me, when I had my leg broken, just sitting around, but I told her, I said, no, I'll fix this one for you. Interviewer: #1 {X} # 370: #2 How'd you break your leg? # Interviewer: Well, I never did hear that story. 370: Well, I stepped, went over to Bia's, we'd been to Bible study, we go to Bible study every Tuesday. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: And, uh, we came back by there, to see him, and we were going down the steps. And he was on one side of me, and Tom was on the other, I generally hold the railing, going down. But neither one of 'em was holding me, and I wasn't holding either, I just, we were talking, and walking down, and I thought I was on the bottom step, and I lacked one. There was just a, a short distance between the last step and the sidewalk. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: Well, and I Interviewer: #1 had-, No, just about a # 370: #2 Not a real whole step, {X} # half a step, and I thought I was, just kinda glanced down, I thought, well, that was the last step. And I had on sandals, too, and they don't protect your ankles Interviewer: #1 worth a nickel. # 370: #2 Mm-hmm. # So down I went, and broke my leg right, right above, you see how swelled it is, Interviewer: #1 now? # 370: #2 Mm-hmm. # Right around there. Interviewer: I thought it was your hip, I don't know where 370: #1 I got that idea. # Interviewer: #2 Oh, no, it was that leg, # 370: And, uh, with my feet hanging down, I had to lay on this devonette in here, with both of my feet up above my head. For, Lord, I don't hav-, they said, either that, or go to the hospital. Interviewer: You mean, you didn't go to the hospital? 370: No, I didn't go to the hospital. Interviewer: #1 But- # 370: #2 Was it in a cast? # It was in a cast. But, um, after we-, this was after I took the cast off. The swell, oh, they was the biggest things you ever saw, and he thought of, um, what kind of leg is that you call it, when you, uh, your baby's born, lots of times, you have, um, flea bites, lots of times, you have flea bites, different things will cause it, but, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: I know, uh, mothers, lots of times, have it, new mothers. And, uh, he said that I'd either have to go to the hospital, or lay with my feet up. Interviewer: #1 So, # 370: #2 I don't believe I'd have made that choice, myself. # I did, uh, this, this leg swelled nearly as big as this one. And this was the one they was afraid of the flea virus being in, you see. Interviewer: #1 And # 370: #2 Well, # Interviewer: did you hurt it, too? 370: No, I just, uh, poor circulation and, different things. But, uh, I have hardening of the arteries back here, and with this, uh, um, diabetes, too. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: Well, you just have to be real careful. And I take something for this, uh, back here, to dilate my ar-, arteries, so the blood can-, I don't get enough, oxygen to the brain, but that wasn't the reason I fell, I didn't stumble and fall. But, uh, Interviewer: Well, John said that's the second time you've fallen, when did you fall before? 370: I fell last year, in, um, the nineteenth of June, last year, when we were in New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Interviewer: Oh, visiting {D:Dale}? 370: And broke this arm, right here. And they put my arm like this, and put it in a kind of a stocking-like, and they said there wasn't any way for this to get out of place, if I held my arm just like that, and, but it'd be easier on me, not to put it in a cast. So they took this, and strapped it to my body, all the way around, and I had to wear that, about six months, strapped to me. Interviewer: Without ever moving it? 370: Yeah, you couldn't move it. It was just strapped, I cou-, I could do this. Interviewer: #1 I knitted. I used my finger-, # 370: #2 {X} # Yeah, used my-, hands in knitting. But, uh, I just had time. And it took just about a year, before I could reach back and fasten my brassiere, uh, reach over my head, or comb, or wash my back, or do anything, I thought I never was gonna get over that. Interviewer: It stayed caked, all that time, 370: #1 for six months? # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. Nearly # 370: six months. How'd you take a bath, or anything like that?. Well, I just had to sponge, and, uh, the doctor changed the bandage. He changed it one time, before I left out there, and my doctor changed here, I think, changed it two or three times. Twice, I believe. But, uh, they said I could use it, I could do this, that, and the other. But, why, it hurt so bad, I couldn't do anything, hardly. And, I guess, I should have just gone on and used it anyway, Interviewer: #1 but # 370: #2 Mm-hmm. # it had been so long, that I hadn't used it, you see. Interviewer: Well, the bone was broken, though, you can't do, 370: #1 if it's muscles, that you sprained, you can go ahead and-, # Interviewer: #2 Well, uh, he said that, um, # 370: in six months, said, you ought to be as good as new. But, now this, just this bone, on the outside of my ankle, I only had to leave that six weeks. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: But, you see, I had the big bone, Interviewer: Uh-huh. 370: besides this little bone, and the little bone was healed. But this was that big bone, up here. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 370: And lifting and pulling, and all that, you see, well, this, you don't have any pull on it, much, so. But I thought I'd never get over that fall, and a year, It likely Let me see, this out there was in the nineteenth of June, and this leg was the tenth of July, of the next year. {NW} I, Tom said, what you gonna break next year, I said, Lord, I hope there be nothing to break next year. Interviewer: #1 He said, well I think, # 370: #2 {X} # I'll have to do you like the cowboy did, said, if you fall and, and break anything else, I'll just have to shoot you. That cowboy didn't know what to do, you know, so, it, when his daddy came to see him, and he said, well son, said, uh, where's your wife? He said, well, Pa, do you know she fell and broke her leg, and I had to shoot her? Interviewer: I hope that didn't really happen. 370: That kills me, I don't know, I don't guess it did, you see, his mother died, when he was young. This, uh, cowboy's mother died, and he went to town and saw these girls. And he told his daddy that he would like to have one of those, said, they are pretty. Interviewer: #1 And, uh, # 370: #2 Who is this we're talking about? # I, I'm talking about this, uh, cow, uh, boy that shot his wife. Interviewer: Oh. 370: He went to town, and saw these girls, and he'd seen a girl before. And, uh, so his daddy thought, well, said, your mother was a girl. And said, if you want one, said, you'd have to go ask her to go home with you. But said, she'll have to marry you. And, said, you just tell her what you can, let her, what you can give her, you know, the farm, and the horses, and cattle, and what all you've got, and said I, I think she'll go with you. And sure enough, she said she'd go, and said, well, you know you gonna have to marry me, and, um, uh, he told her, he said, well what is that? And she said, well, said, we'll, your daddy will know, said, we'll, we'll just go ahead and get married, and then I'll go with you. So his daddy fixed up a place, way up on the farm, away from where they lived, and, uh, thought that would be nice, you know, he could be up there in the winter, and they would, kinda, be alone, and, so, there came a big snow, and the weather was just terrible, so, his daddy didn't get up there until the next year. So, he went up there, and he said, son, how is everything? Said, oh, it's just fine, Daddy, said, uh, well, what about the chickens, and the, uh, uh, cows, and horses, and he told him what all they had, and that they, uh, new calf, and different things, and he said, well, you haven't said a thing about your wife, and I haven't seen her, said, where is she? Says, oh, Dad, said, you know she fell, and I had to shoot her. You know, that's the way they did horses, Interviewer: #1 way back. # 370: #2 Yeah. # He didn't know anything else to do, but just shoot her. So Tom said, I don't know what, he said, I do, said, if you fall, hurt yourself again, I guess I'll just have to shoot you. Interviewer: Well, you better stay on your two feet, 370: #1 then {X}. # Interviewer: #2 Oh, I'm gonna be very careful. # 370: Take my medicine. Interviewer: Oh, me.