Interviewer:  How attitudes have changed.
494:  I know it I I think that. {C: there a noise interfering with the speakers}
Interviewer:  What uh {NW} what kind of response uh particularly i- in the school and the church uh where you trained? W- was there a difference in uh local government the federal government or or would you? {NS}
494:  I'll tell you I I think that we knew more about our local government because we didn't have communication enough to to really know too much about our federal government back then.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm What if somebody got a letter from Washington?
494:  Oh that would be the big news of the day
Interviewer:  {X} uh #1 Uh #
494:  #2 that # that person would be a very important person because he got a letter from Washington.
Auxiliary:  Can I pour you some more tea?
Interviewer:  No this is fine. How about uh the the idea or the term law and order did you ever use that uh? Did you talk about it in in campaigns election #
Interviewer:  #1 campaigns or? #
494:  #2 {NW} # I I don't know I don't remember.
Auxiliary:  I don't I don't remember much about.
Interviewer:  Well you hear it so often.
494:  I know it.
Interviewer:  Now {NW} and uh
494:  #1 I think uh {D: something} like #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  politics were quieter. {X} {C: there is a lot of noise}
Interviewer:  #1 you just didn't hear too much #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  about politics uh as much as you do today.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Well do you remember the phrase um?
494:  Law and order?
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Yes I think I do.
Interviewer:  mm But it wasn't used so much as as as now uh
494:  I don't think now as a child growing up I don't think I really knew the the uh importance of politics it I I knew that I was a Democrat and my daddy was a Democrat.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  and I had slew of friends that u- that we we were walking to school at that time that we walk to school with and their parents were Republicans. And oh my we got into some {NW} hot arguments {NW} That's along about the time when Hoover and #1 Al Smith were running against one another. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  And uh they thought I was awful because I was a Democrat and I thought they were awful because they were Republicans
Interviewer:  That was the extent of your?
494:  That was the extent of my political knowledge I just knew Republicans were something awful and they knew Democrats were something awful {NW}.
Auxiliary:  Oh.
Interviewer:  And what uh when you had capital punishment uh would you say that the murderer was what? When he was executed?
494:  Oh he was sent to the chair #1 think that's the way the terms we used uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Uh the chair was used then {X}?
494:  I was it? #1 I guess it was. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did you ever talk about the?
494:  The gallows?
Interviewer:  #1 Uh-huh they #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  The gallows where #1 was hung. #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  uh
Auxiliary:  I'll tell you what back in course I don't remember much but I heard my dad talk about it #
Auxiliary:  #1 a lot they had night riders way back yonder. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  And anyone done any wrong then the night riders getti- get him a good hanging.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  They had a lot of hangings down there at the lake {X} Samburg down in there shootings.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And this was th- um called night riders?
Auxiliary:  uh-huh Yes uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And this uh was in your before your time?
Auxiliary:  Mm yeah it's before my time. But uh mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {NW} What um I forgot to ask you {NW} before uh just reminded me when you said night riders um when you were children how did you refer to um uh negroes did you did you?
494:  Niggers.
Interviewer:  Niggers.
494:  #1 Niggers. #
Interviewer:  #2 Oh I see. # And what was the attitude towards this was this uh {C: the reel is speeding up} as you said I mean was it a good term?
494:  No it was a bad term {X}. {C: tape fast forwards and voices squeal} #1 Oh and and him too because #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} #
494:  I- we wer- this is number nine district in Obion county. And there were just not any colored people in Obi- in number nine district. And they didn't dare set foot over here th- it's something.
Auxiliary:  They just scared.
494:  They just wouldn't come in here #1 and we just didn't have much #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  contact with the colored race.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  The black race.
Auxiliary:  There were niggers lived out here at Obion and you couldn't get them to come out to Eldridge at all. #1 They just wouldn't come through {x} no way. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  It's just been in recent years that they would.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  Of course now down at {NW} the edge of Lake County where I grew up where my daddy run this store. Uh a third of his trade was negroes out of the Lake County uh big farmers over there. They just crossed the lake and they all traded over at the store.
494:  #1 Well see he's using the term trade. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 I wouldn't {X} #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm But uh how was um?
494:  But they were just a curiosity to me because.
Auxiliary:  #1 just never around them #
494:  #2 I just wa- was not around them # #1 much. #
Interviewer:  #2 mm-hmm # If a negro wanted to show respect to a white how would he how would he call him?
494:  Uh
Interviewer:  Wh- wha- what would he?
494:  #1 Oh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  M- my my sir my sir my uh what is the word?
Interviewer:  Well {NW} it changes uh sometimes {C: sounds like mars} sometimes {C: sounds like mass}.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Uh and would he use the first name or the last name?
494:  The first name.
Interviewer:  First name?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  I remember most of them niggers uh that traded over there at the store they called my daddy mister Pat. Mister Pat. Mister Pat.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  That's what nobody called him that he just
494:  {D: But they always put that mister onto it or mars marsir}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  onto it.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm {NW} I've heard both I wonder what the difference is um. Uh getting around to other terms. What um how do you remember referring to a white person you don't have much respect for?
494:  Poor white trash.
Interviewer:  Poor white trash?
494:  Poor white trash.
Interviewer:  Do do these uh does the term peckerwood or redneck?
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
494:  #1 Well peckerwood #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  yes I I've
Auxiliary:  You old peckerwood.
494:  #1 I don't I haven't heard #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  redneck much but I have peckerwood.
Interviewer:  The word here?
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  Rascal.
Interviewer:  H- how about somebody who lives up in the hills and uh pretty rough he might be a bootlegger real rough fights and so on? Uh you got any special names for for him?
494:  Oh I can't think.
Auxiliary:  {D: You} I don't know I don't know we had some {NW}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {D: I mean around here}.
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear the word hoosier or hoosier applied to somebody like that?
494:  No. I don't think I have.
Auxiliary:  I don't believe I don't I don't remember what they called them.
Interviewer:  This whole list t- uh that we collected um everything from mountain boomer to mossbacks swamp angel cracker hoosier backwoodsman {NW}
494:  #1 I don't think #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  we've ever heard of those.
Interviewer:  uh-huh What would you call a child born with uh uh one parent would be white the other would be black?
494:  Uh mulatto isn't it?
Interviewer:  Uh #1 I think that would be used today. #
494:  #2 Oh yeah well what was that uh? # I can't think of that name.
Interviewer:  Th- that uh did you have mulatto or um halfbreed or?
494:  Well there's there's something else that I had heard it called. But I can't think of it.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And to get um {NW}
494:  But they were an outcast #1 I mean #
Interviewer:  #2 They were um? #
494:  Whoever they were. {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  You were not to associate with 'em.
Interviewer:  Uh one last question on this how do you feel uh about the the recent uh trend of calling people black black people?
494:  If that's what they wanna be called black uh I guess so but it's hard to not say colored people or or negroes.
Interviewer:  #1 How do you feel about #
494:  #2 But uh #
Interviewer:  saying black #1 person black person? #
Auxiliary:  #2 I- I don't I still like to say negro but uh but uh # I know we're not supposed to I mean it's not don't sound good no how I say it. I think back then that's what they wanted to be called back then.
494:  My little grandson of course they live in Memphis and uh he kinda got into it with a little black boy that wanted to steal his money. If he has lunch money or steal lunch and things and he called him a negro one day and this little black boy didn't like it he told him he didn't want to be called nigger. And he said well sa- sa- my little grandson said go look but he said there's no such word as nigger. And uh my grandson said yes there is said you go look in the dictionary you'll find it. And uh
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  but he said you won't find whitey in the dictionary he th- this nigger was calling him whitey.
Interviewer:  oh
494:  He said now negro is in the dictionary. And even nigger N-I-G-G-E-R but he said whitey is not.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm mm-hmm
494:  And they looked it up and sure enough it's in there. And he my little grandson proved it to me it was in there.
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  {D: If you I'll} tell you a story uh friends of mine in Atlanta have a prettiest little uh blond child and innocent blue eyes and just as sweet as as she can be. But they're they're living in you know this integrated business and schools. {NW} So they decided they would get accustomed to it and uh u- uh they've would let Nellie have a black uh friend from school. So they had her over there to play one day her mother heard {NW} they started a quarrel. {D: argued about {X} And uh the little {D: white} girl stood up for her rights you know and made black girl very mad the black girl turned to her and says oh I hate you you old nigger.
494:  Oh {C: laughs} yeah it's
Auxiliary:  That was the worst she {X}.
494:  Yeah it's the worst thing she {X} {C: laughs}
Auxiliary:  Well.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  {D: I've} for myself I feel I feel uneasy saying black person a- and black man black woman. #1 Yeah i- it really is. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} uh {X} #
Interviewer:  You uh you spend a lifetime
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  thinking about colored people being more gentle or more dignified a term then suddenly to have to.
494:  And I still say that the white people have pushed this integration. I believe the black people the majority of 'em had rather be to themselves. And I think if our government had spent more money on their schools and built their schools up equal to the white schools they would've been happy.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {D: Well it} I think everybody would have got a much better education.
494:  I think so too.
Auxiliary:  {D: It's going to be just a} turmoil all from now on.
Interviewer:  Right.
494:  But I've always said that I didn't care for my child going to school with a black child a negro child. And even sitting at the same desk or eating at the same table I that didn't bother me at all. But what did bother me would be that they would become thinking a little bit too much of one another. I do not approve of intermarriage.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  And that's what's going to happen.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  #1 That's inevitable. #
494:  #2 {X} # That's right.
Interviewer:  We can't stop it now and what what really gets me about it this um busing business isn't the it really is the wildest.
494:  #1 Oh it's silly. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Wh- whose child is being bused forty miles a day now how can a kid uh?
494:  And maybe the school is right at #1 their back door front door I think it's silly. #
Interviewer:  #2 Yeah. # #1 {D: Just to haul} somebody around the #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 countryside like that is just nonsense. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  It is it sure is and the way they are having bus wrecks in Memphis but i- well it that's awful down there.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I don't have to worry about our children now because they're all three married but I do have eight grandchildren.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  That the oldest one's thirteen. Of course we don't what's and the youngest ones will be seven next week and uh we don't what's going to happen to them.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm {D: Uh it's um}
494:  #1 It's a mess it's just a mess. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} um # And I think eventually {NW} we'll pull ourselves out uh i- if we could only uh get our minds back on what the purpose of the school is #1 which is to educate and not to to uh #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # #1 That's right. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # kind of.
494:  I think the time's coming when the white race will be the minority race and the black race will be the majority race.
Interviewer:  Well {D: that uh u- th-} in this country uh?
494:  In this country.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  #1 Because they they're growing by leaps and bounds. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Yes well that's right.
494:  White people are practicing birth control more than the black people and
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  and they're just
Interviewer:  {NW}
494:  well they are just going to be in.
Interviewer:  Certainly that's true in the cities especially in the north uh. I uh
494:  Well I believe Memphis is already more than half of the population more than half black.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  A good many of the cities in the north especially the inter cities.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Almost all black well {NW}. You uh refer to your relatives uh?
494:  As kinfolk.
Interviewer:  As kinfolks and uh you say uh well she has the same name as mine but we're?
Auxiliary:  No
494:  No no kin.
Interviewer:  No kin.
494:  Or lots of time we'd say we're a different set of dogs.
Interviewer:  #1 I see. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  And uh your mother's sister would be your?
494:  Aunt.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  Or aunt I believe we said aunt when I was growing up.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh that's a curious word.
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  People uh in uh Mississippi for example will say aunt.
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  They've um um other people will say it's almost an A in ain't.
494:  mm-hmm Well now some people around here say aunt I have a cousin that says aunt. #1 But I have never I don't know. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  I I've never been able to say aunt.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Course uh when I was a child growing up I said aunt.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And then I I say aunt now and I I don't know why.
Interviewer:  Uh.
494:  That's a curious word.
Interviewer:  Yeah.
494:  #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} um # And uh your brother's son your sister's son would be your?
494:  Nephew.
Interviewer:  mm And uh h- how how in the family uh do you refer to each other you'd say to somebody outside you uh {X}. I don't know about that I'll have to talk to #1 the mister or the husband #
494:  #2 Oh. # The husb- oh yeah the husband.
Interviewer:  #1 I'll have to talk to the husband first? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And you would say?
Auxiliary:  I'll talk to the wife.
Interviewer:  Talk to the wife? I uh
494:  Uh he he'd say I have to go home and talk to momma.
Auxiliary:  #1 {C: they all laugh}. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh #
494:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # #1 Well that's right. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Auxiliary:  #
Auxiliary:  #1 I call her momma. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh sometimes momma or # sometimes the old lady.
494:  #1 Yeah but I I when were married #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 I said don't want ever hear you call me #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 that don't care what you call me but don't #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  call me the old lady.
Auxiliary:  All the grandchildren call her mom and I call her mom half the time.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And uh a woman who has lost her husband is?
494:  A widow.
Interviewer:  A widow. And somebody who comes into the community and um nobody knows him what uh how would you how did you used to refer to him?
Auxiliary:  Stranger.
Interviewer:  The stranger.
494:  {X} oh I tell you we used to have when I was a child growing up we had a lot of tramps through the community.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  And if somebody strange we'd we'd think he'd be a tramp.
Interviewer:  A tramp.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And some greetings {NW} in the morning you'd say what uh?
494:  Good morning.
Interviewer:  And then after the noon hour?
494:  Good afternoon.
Interviewer:  And the what's uh oh say after six o clock?
494:  Good evening I guess.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  This this business of uh evening did you always say good afternoon?
494:  No. NO it was really good evening.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
494:  #1 A- after the noon hour we'd say good evening. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh {X} evening? #
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And {NW} when you leave somebody say at night you say well?
494:  Good night.
Interviewer:  Good night.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh if somebody comes {D: you said} you might say well it was nice to see you be sure to come?
494:  Again.
Interviewer:  Again? At Christmas what kind of greeting would you give Christmas morning?
494:  Merry Christmas.
Interviewer:  Merry Christmas?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Did you ever hear it as Christmas gift?
494:  uh-huh But that was it #
494:  #1 and on Christmas Eve it'd be Christmas {X}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh Um that's apparently all gone.
494:  Yeah I expect it is.
Interviewer:  mm and The morning of the first of January you'd say?
494:  #1 Happy New Year. #
Interviewer:  #2 New Year. # And as best you can try {D: to} as a child you would tell time you'd say this this the hour hand?
494:  uh-huh #1 The minute hand. #
Interviewer:  #2 The minute hand. # And this would be on what time?
494:  Fifteen minutes 'til eleven or quarter of eleven.
Interviewer:  Okay and this would be?
494:  Seven thirty.
Interviewer:  Seven thirty or?
494:  Half past seven.
Interviewer:  Half past. uh-huh And {NW} {NS} how do you refer to the sun uh in the morning and at night?
494:  It comes up and it sets.
Interviewer:  Uh well that is um.
494:  Sunrise but uh that's what #1 we know that but we we call it #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  the sun coming up.
Interviewer:  Ah so you get up before?
494:  The sun comes up.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh
Auxiliary:  Before sun up.
Interviewer:  Before sun up?
494:  Sun up uh-huh.
Interviewer:  And you go to bed?
494:  Before sun down.
Interviewer:  Before sun down.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh {NS} uh how if something is going to happen on let's say tomorrow was the third suppose something had to happen on the tenth say well I think he'll this will happen Monday?
494:  Week.
Interviewer:  Monday week.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  uh-huh And uh {NW} is that uh
Auxiliary:  #1 did you use that when you were a child {X}? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And you say this uh last year we had a pretty good crop. We're not gonna do so well?
494:  This year.
Auxiliary:  Year.
Interviewer:  And {NS} the weather um if if the weather is um it's been fair say and you see some clouds rolling up you say I think the weather is?
494:  Oh changing
Auxiliary:  #1 The weather's changing uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And on the other hand if it's been stormy?
494:  #1 It fairing up. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # #1 Sure. #
494:  #2 Fairing up. #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And if the we-
494:  Clearing up {D: mi- might be} clearing up or fairing up.
Interviewer:  Which two uh?
494:  I don't know which we use most.
Auxiliary:  Fairing up.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Clearing off the weather's clearing off. That was the term we used.
Interviewer:  Clearing off.
494:  Clearing off.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm #1 A- uh either either one then sounds? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Okay and {NW} if the wind has been blowing hard and {D: stirred}?
494:  The wind is laying.
Interviewer:  Laying uh-huh.
494:  mm
Interviewer:  And on the other hand if the wind has been real still but it's?
494:  #1 It's get- wind's getting up. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  {D: getting up}
494:  mm
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh how bout different kinds of rain? uh
494:  Showers? That what you mean?
Interviewer:  Yes suppose uh just enough to settle the dust.
494:  Oh just a little sprinkle.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And are showers more gentle?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  What if you have a real heavy rain?
494:  Oh we had a the bottom fell out.
Interviewer:  Th- the bottom fell out? {C: laughter}
494:  Or a downpour.
Interviewer:  #1 Downpour? #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 I've heard some wonderful expressions for that #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 uh in #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  south Georgia they call that a a {X} not {X}.
494:  {C: they all laugh} a what?
Interviewer:  {x}
Auxiliary:  We call them frog stranglers.
494:  #1 Yeah frog stranglers. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And uh you ever hear of goose drowner?
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
494:  I don't believe I have.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  A lady explained to me that uh when she was a girl {NW} she one of the worst jobs she had was to round up the geese because in a heavy rain #1 they'll uh {X}. #
494:  #2 Aw. #
Interviewer:  heads up to let the water run off their back and they actually drown.
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  So she uh she called it a goose drowner.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  What was it rained in Miss- I mean uh in Louisiana it rained uh?
494:  #1 Oh uh worms. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  mm
494:  Red worms. I actually saw that.
Interviewer:  Is that right?
494:  My daughter lived in Mississippi uh I mean Louisiana. And it came a I mean a downpour.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And it didn't last long but streets flooded. And uh we went out and these little red wiggly worms were all over their driveway. And the sun had come out and they dried and stuck there we had to take the water hose and wash and sweep them off.
Interviewer:  They have to terrific rains there they really do.
494:  And it actually rained uh worms uh we we've heard the expression I guess raining fishes isn't that?
Interviewer:  {X} yeah yeah.
494:  It rained worms they came from somewhere.
Interviewer:  I think I'd rather be hit by a worm than a big {X}. {C: laughter} a lot of hail though.
Auxiliary:  Yeah
Interviewer:  Uh how bout um when ligh- when you have a lot of lightning and thunder it's called what?
494:  A thunderstorm.
Interviewer:  Storm.
494:  I think we used to call 'em coming up a thunderclap.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm {X}
494:  #1 mm-hmm yes #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And uh you have a cold and cloudy day in November what um?
494:  Oh it's just a dreary drizzly
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And
494:  day {NS}.
Interviewer:  If you got up in the morning and it's u- #1 and you feel a chill? #
494:  #2 Chilly. #
Interviewer:  Chilly?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Ever hear the word airish for that?
494:  Not around here I I've heard it uh.
Interviewer:  #1 But you've never used uh? #
494:  #2 huh-uh #
Interviewer:  And um different kinds uh the white stuff on the roads that makes it hard to drive. Would u- a- are sort of like clouds?
494:  Oh fog.
Auxiliary:  Fog.
494:  Fog uh-huh.
Interviewer:  You've always called it that?
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And {NW} if the moisture that's uh on the plants in the morning?
494:  Dew.
Interviewer:  And it freezes {X}?
494:  Frost.
Interviewer:  #1 um #
Auxiliary:  #2 Fog. #
Interviewer:  And uh when uh a little pond would freeze over what would you say that?
494:  Frozen froze over.
Interviewer:  uh-huh and was this would you call anything?
494:  If it was lightly we'd say it was a skim of ice.
Interviewer:  Skim of ice?
494:  Skim of ice.
Interviewer:  You ever hear that called mush ice?
494:  huh-uh
Interviewer:  Mush ice.
Auxiliary:  No I don't believe I have.
Interviewer:  And uh it's been dry a long time what uh {NW}?
494:  The drought.
Interviewer:  A drought? And uh as much as you can I'd like you to try to remember how you used to say it uh words common proper names for people uh for example mother of Jesus?
494:  Was Mary.
Interviewer:  And George Washington's wife?
494:  Martha.
Interviewer:  And the nickname for Helen that starts with a N um wait 'til the sun shines?
494:  Nelly.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And for a little boy named William?
494:  Bill.
Interviewer:  Or?
494:  Billy.
Interviewer:  Billy uh And
494:  You know I- I think I'm I'm saying it like I do now these words.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I think when I was a child growing up I'd say Billy.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Now I say Billy.
Interviewer:  mm
494:  I I make both L sounds
Interviewer:  mm-hmm I I guess and and Helen or or Nelly used to say Nelly. mm-hmm mm-hmm
494:  I- it's a different sound.
Interviewer:  It's a different uh way of {X} speaking {C: outside noise} I think we do start to uh no matter how we feel about this we start to imitate what we hear.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  {X} all right there {D: that's uh}. And how bout the movie actor uh Gary?
494:  Well there's several of them Moore.
Interviewer:  Uh well n-
494:  Cooper Cooper.
Interviewer:  Yes. {X}
494:  I used to say hi- Cooper.
Interviewer:  uh
494:  But now I say Cooper.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  I don't know which is right.
Interviewer:  Where where did you keep the um {NW} where'd you keep the chickens?
494:  In in the coop.
Interviewer:  In the coop?
494:  mm-hmm In the coop.
Interviewer:  Which rhymes with Cooper.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And uh the wife of uh Abraham or um?
494:  Uh uh Sarah.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And {NW} so you have uh uncles by the name of William and John you'd call to them uncle?
494:  Uncle uncle John is that what you're talking about.
Interviewer:  Or uncle?
494:  Uncle Bill.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Uncle Will. And {NW} the uh commander of the uh confederate forces would be r-?
494:  Robert E Lee.
Interviewer:  And his title.
494:  Uh general.
Interviewer:  General {X}. And the old man who uh sells Kentucky fried chicken?
494:  Colonel.
Auxiliary:  Colonel Sanders.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and the uh man in charge of the ship?
494:  Captain.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and {NW} the man whose presides over the county court?
494:  The judge.
Interviewer:  Judge? {NW} Well because you are a lady I have uh not covered a lot of questions on farming animals and buildings and land and crops and things like that. I'll bet you can answer it.
494:  I bet I could too. {NW}
Interviewer:  The question is how uh how are you doing would you rather have me I would like very much to hear you have to say but if if but you're getting tired?
494:  Go ahead and ask 'em. {C: laughs} {X}
Interviewer:  Alright.
494:  I'll let him help me answer 'em.
Interviewer:  Fine. Okay. Well I'd like to start by asking you to describe the farm buildings and the farm in particular. When you were a child what uh kind of buildings uh that you had other than the house and uh where you kept things things like that?
494:  We had a barn. They had stables on each side for the horses and mules. And uh on one side on the other side it was a shed for our farm machinery such as the big wheat thrasher the big steam engine that we had.
Auxiliary:  The steam engine.
494:  And uh it had a hayloft and oh what fun it was to get up in that hayloft and play. And uh it had we had uh the hay fork with the pulleys that pull the we didn't know any such thing as baled hay then. The hay was brought in on the wagon loose and uh this big fork was let down and somehow somehow or another hooked that and then it by hand. They pulled it up or some I believe they finally got to where they hi- hitched a mule to it.
Interviewer:  mm
494:  And it would pull the hay up on a track. And take it across to this loft t- at a certain place where we wanted it dropped or papa wanted dropped and then they released that fork and that hay would fall down until they filled this hay loft up with loose hay.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And uh
Interviewer:  Uh I don't think I've heard about that fork uh how was it built uh?
494:  #1 {D: Well it was it was bout this long wasn't it Ezry.} #
Auxiliary:  #2 Well it was a long needle that we called 'em # #1 hay needles is what they called 'em? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # And you'd slip it down into this into a bunch of hay on the wagon. #1 And then the trigger would release and some #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  forks spread out.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  And it would hold a big clump hay to go up.
Auxiliary:  {D: They had a} long rope that reached on up in back of the barn and had mules back here that would pull it. And then you'd you'd rip it up and then it would go in that.
494:  That's right the mules were on the other end and you'd have to holler I remember hollering uh they they'd holler when they'd get the fork ready for him to to go. And then there's a man out here at the other end of the barn they had the mules would let the mules uh-huh.
Interviewer:  {X} I see.
494:  And then I can remember wheat thrashing time.
Interviewer:  U- uh let's start right from the beginning and uh uh tell me how y- they'd harvest the wheat and what they'd do with it uh.
494:  Well oh we had I- I don't remember exactly the machine that cut the wheat down. But we had a thing that would tie into shocks and then it was a binder that's right. I'd get the binder cut it down and shocked it I mean cut it in shocks too and would just throw it out.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  It would cut it.
Auxiliary:  And shock it and tie it.
494:  And tie it into sheaves and throw it out. And it was our job as children well I think we had some hired help too to go along then and take these sheaves and stack them up into a a bunch. We had littled bunches all over the field.
Interviewer:  Is that what you a hay bunch?
494:  A hay a hay b- bunch I guess.
Auxiliary:  Then they come along way and pick it up and haul it to the wheat thrasher.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm Uh those those um?
494:  Shocks of wheat there's called hay sh- wheat shocks I guess.
Interviewer:  Shocks uh-huh.
494:  And uh then this wagon when they get get it all cut and ready to start thrashing the wagon'd come along and they'd put these sheaves up on there and haul it to the one spot see this the combine now goes all over the field.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  But this hay thrasher with the steam engine that pulled it would be set in one spot. And then the wagons would have to haul the wheat there and put in this thrasher. And it would separate the wheat and there had to be a bagger there that would catch the wheat and you know in the bags.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And sew up the top and then the straw would be blown out of the big uh pipe of a thing and we had what we called straw stack.
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  Course I remember more about th- the fun in the straw stack than I do the. #1 Working the field. #
Interviewer:  #2 the steam engine. #
494:  Oh I was scared to death of that steam engine.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh the uh in many areas they still show those engines uh do they around?
494:  #1 We have one at the Obion county fairground. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 {D: Yeah it stays there all the time}. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  uh-huh But uh
Auxiliary:  They they start that thing during the fair and let it run out there.
494:  I don't I don't whatever happened to my dad's old steam engine and ol' wheat thrasher.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  I don't know what happened to it.
Interviewer:  Uh w- how big was the sack um?
494:  Oh they'd be huge stacks.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 Straw stacks. #
Auxiliary:  Thrasher great big field {X} straw stack.
Interviewer:  And would the straw stacks stay there and uh?
494:  Well our people used them you know to make straw beds and what else did we use them for? I- it didn't have much of use the cow didn't eat it did it?
Auxiliary:  No they no back back then they didn't of course they bale it now and feed it to cattle.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm I was wondering whether
Auxiliary:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  {NW} whether uh you ever hear anybody put uh posts up like a slant or a kind of a slanted post roof and then cover that with straw?
494:  Oh I never did.
Interviewer:  Called a hay rick or?
Auxiliary:  We used to stack hay in the hay in the field set a pole in the ground and start in at the bottom way around and keep going up and finally just get.
494:  Oh I know what you mean now.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Th- putting this pole down and stacking this hay all around yes. #1 We did that. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Now what was that uh was that a?
494:  That's that was called a haystack.
Interviewer:  #1 Haystack. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Haystack. #
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  {X} uh-huh
Interviewer:  And {NW} the the straw stack was just built up and the animals didn't stay around it or?
Auxiliary:  I don't know what {D: now}.
494:  #1 I just can't remember what had happened to that the straw stack. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  Well I've stacked a lot of hay myself. We used to stack my daddy used to stack {X} of wheat. We didn't have no bale we'd stack all of our hay in the field.
494:  Something had to happen didn't it because every year we'd have a new straw stack.
Interviewer:  uh I seem to remember uh animals course this was in Ohio where it's probably gets colder than it does here the animals.
494:  I do yeah I remember that too.
Interviewer:  And they they would work around it.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Until they'd have a kind of shelter.
494:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  #1 Yeah they'd start in at the bottom and #
494:  #2 I remember that. #
Auxiliary:  maybe this other would slide down the pole they'd #1 I've seen one out here we'd have #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm a regular shed {X}.
494:  Well then now I'd go on and on about the buildings {D: we had what we call the gair room it was a little} building off out in the barn little piece where the harness was kept. And then we had what was called the wagon shed
Interviewer:  mm
494:  put the wagon under there. And then we had what was called the cow shed that's where we brought the cows in to milk them.
Interviewer:  Is that where you milked them?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Did you ever milk 'em outside?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And what was that called?
494:  Well we just milked them out in the open. Uh they were gentle #1 we didn't have to hem 'em up anywhere. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # the cow?
494:  Cow lot.
Interviewer:  Cow lot?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 Did you ever hear that called a milk gap or milk lot? #
494:  U- I've h- I've heard uh no I've heard it called the cow gap something about the gap go let the cow gap down or something.
Interviewer:  Is that right.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh Well then that must that sounds like more like a ga- a gate doesn't it?
494:  Uh-huh I think it was used more as a gate.
Interviewer:  Uh huh rather than actually a lot?
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  I see. And did you where'd you keep the corn?
494:  In the corn crib. That was part of the barn.
Interviewer:  And the uh {NW} the wheat w- was the grain?
Auxiliary:  {D: I think we'd} sell the wheat {X}.
494:  #1 Uh-huh it was put inside and uh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  we mighta kept a little bit but I think it was mostly sold.
Interviewer:  Did uh people have anything called a granary or #1 gr-? #
494:  #2 uh-huh # #1 Uh #
Interviewer:  #2 Was that like uh? #
494:  Well it wasn't like it w- it was kindly on the order of the storage bins we have today.
Auxiliary:  Yeah you just place it at the barns to keep uh wheat and stuff that you wanted to keep or uh corn.
494:  And it was usually lined with tin wasn't it where it would be rat proof.
Interviewer:  But it was it was not a separate building it was #1 {D: in the barn}? #
494:  #2 Well now some of them were. #
Interviewer:  mm
494:  Some of them were separate buildings.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And how?
494:  I think my granddaddy had one called ol' granary.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  That's what they called that old
494:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  #1 house out here you know that's what they called it. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #1 The old granary, yeah. #
Interviewer:  #2 Is that right. # And uh you called it the cow shed? And how bout uh where you kept the {NW} where you kept th- well the area around the barn was that uh?
494:  That was the lot.
Interviewer:  That's the #1 lot? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And the place where the cattle would graze?
494:  Pasture.
Interviewer:  uh-huh What uh did you use the word f- wh- what do you mean when you say meadow um is that the same as a pasture?
494:  Well yes it is but we never did use the word much.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Now uh I well I remember us using the word hay meadow.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  That would be the field of hay that was being grown to be cut to make hay we called that the hay meadow.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  #1 You didn't let the cattle run on that. #
494:  #2 mm #
Auxiliary:  You used that for hay.
Interviewer:  I see {X}. {NW} And {NW} how bout where the hogs were um?
494:  Well we call that the hog lot.
Interviewer:  The hog lot? And when you?
494:  Or the hog pen. #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # #1 keep them penned up? #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  Uh and wh- was what uh did you call the time of day when when you would feed the u- various animals uh?
494:  Oh we'd say milking time or or feedi- feeding time.
Interviewer:  {X}
494:  #1 Feeding time {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: uh-huh} # do you ever call that chore time or?
494:  Not too much.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh {NW}.
494:  That was too fancy a name I guess.
Interviewer:  #1 Too fancy is that right? #
494:  #2 {D: Yes} # It's time to do the chores I we just called it
Interviewer:  #1 it's time to do up the night work. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # uh-huh
494:  #1 Do up the night work that's it. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {D: We'd bring in the wood and pump the water} {C: rattling noise}
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  then feeding and milking.
Interviewer:  The uh what are what are the different terms you used uh regarding the two hogs uh what would be the the male the female the little ones the?
494:  The male was the boar and the female was a sow and the li- little ones are little pigs.
Interviewer:  #1 Okay little pigs how bout the word shoat um? #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} # Shoat we used that too.
Auxiliary:  {D: uh-huh} shoats and pigs was a little different pigs smaller than shoats. #1 The uh #
494:  #2 shoats would be {D: up a certain}. #
Auxiliary:  Finally they called them shoats uh.
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # How bout the barrow what uh?
494:  Well I've heard that too we
Auxiliary:  That was a that was a um male hog. #1 Named after male hogs barrow. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # I believe we called it the barrow #1 before boar came into existence #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah #
494:  that was what it's called back
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  then.
Interviewer:  Um when a a boar um was altered #1 was? #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # Then he's a barrow.
Interviewer:  Then he's a barrow.
494:  #1 Is that right well. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh And what term did you use uh it was altered the term that you used? {C: general stuttering from everyone} And uh did you ever remember wild hogs at all?
494:  I don't think I did.
Auxiliary:  No.
494:  Did you?
Auxiliary:  Not um.
494:  #1 Don't think we had. #
Auxiliary:  #2 I don't know #
494:  Now we've had some pretty wild ones #1 {C: laughs}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 And they came out of Mississippi a lot of them did {C: laughs}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And what do you call those?
494:  Tushes.
Interviewer:  {X} {X} You mentioned the hair scraping the hair off the hog's back when you butchered. Uh is the hair same have you ever use the word bristle?
494:  mm-hmm mm-hmm They it was more common to use hair than the hog hair.
Interviewer:  mm
Auxiliary:  Uh the bristles near the hog uh now they'd get mad and their hair right there on top of their neck here would stand up. We call that their bristles.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 #
494:  #1 He sure is bristled up look at he's mad he's bristled up. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  Did you ever keep any sheep?
494:  No I don't believe we did.
Auxiliary:  We never had any sheep.
Interviewer:  uh #1 Did people? #
Auxiliary:  #2 goats once #
Interviewer:  I see. Did people uh around here use um use sheep?
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # They did?
494:  Now I think I've heard my dad talk about sheep #1 but it was before my time I think they kept some but. #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} {NW} # Did they grow 'em to #1 kill or to? #
494:  #2 Or just # sell the wool I've they've had sheep shearings and
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  and don't think he ever grew #1 too many. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} sheep. I mean keep sheep {X}.
494:  I don't know too much about sheep.
Interviewer:  Uh th- the male and the female would be a?
494:  The yew and um ram.
Auxiliary:  Ram.
Interviewer:  And {NW} and with cattle what do you call the male?
Auxiliary:  The bull.
494:  The bull.
Interviewer:  Bull?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And {D: now} what about the male of the horse #1 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 stud. #
Interviewer:  Stud?
Auxiliary:  mm
Interviewer:  What would you what do you #1 remember? #
494:  #2 Yeah. # #1 that's it stud mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  And uh {NW} a female?
494:  The mare.
Interviewer:  #1 The mare? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Um were you ever reluctant as a boy talk about uh boar or stud or bull around women?
Auxiliary:  Yeah we wouldn't ever do it there when I was a kid
494:  #1 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # talking around menfolk but you'd never hear it you didn't talk around women
Interviewer:  mm-hmm uh growing up on a farm you must have heard it though.
494:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  Yeah I've heard it.
Interviewer:  But uh #1 did you hear {X}? #
494:  #2 {X} # I heard it accidentally because it certainly wasn't talked in front of me. #1 I guess some {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  be talked i- in front of children.
Interviewer:  And how bout older women when you grew up was it uh?
494:  Well {D: they} wouldn't talk too much #1 {D: No} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # how would the differences be made?
494:  Uh we'd talk about the mail hog or the.
Auxiliary:  {X} #1 {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh uh-huh. #
Interviewer:  #1 Uh-huh that's interesting isn't it uh #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  cause people have no
494:  It seemed to have some vulgarity attached to it or something that just wasn't #1 nice to talk about. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # #1 just wasn't nice back then I guess #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Auxiliary:  #1 what you'd call {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  #1 {D: they wouldn't talk about their um} #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  That's um That's a big change {X}.
494:  Uh it certainly has been a big change.
Interviewer:  How bout different kinds of dogs you remember um?
494:  Oh we had collie dogs mostly.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Or or
Interviewer:  Do you remember uh uh calling little little dogs very noisy and?
494:  #1 Oh little fox terrier that the one you talking about? #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # Did you ever call him a feist or #1 {D: feis?} #
494:  #2 Yes # uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Which which one?
494:  Feist little feist dogs.
Interviewer:  uh-huh and a dog that has a lot of different um um breeds any?
494:  He was just plain old cur dog.
Interviewer:  Cur dog?
494:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  And uh if uh how would you call to the dog to get him to attack another dog or something?
494:  Sic 'em.
Interviewer:  #1 Sic 'em and how would you #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  call him off?
494:  Oh well how did we call him off? uh I don't know #1 {C: laughs}? #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # And how about uh I forgot to ask you this {NW} if a if a cow uh is gonna have a calf how would you refer to that? {NW}
494:  find a calf. yeah.
Interviewer:  #1 {X} #
494:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 find a calf #
494:  #2 That # #1 cow's going to find a calf. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # going to find a calf.
Interviewer:  I see. And uh that's pretty delicate too #1 {X} #
494:  #2 uh-huh Yes. #
Interviewer:  Not direct at all. {NW} And if you get back to dogs for a minute. {NW} Suppose somebody uh walked by and you had a big watch dog and you'd call after him and say you better not come up here or you'll get?
Auxiliary:  Bit.
Interviewer:  I used to say dog bit.
494:  #1 Mm-hmm dog bit. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # uh-huh And {NW} if you were mad at a dog you might pick up a rock and what?
494:  Throw it at him.
Interviewer:  Or did you ever say chunk?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  You'd chunk a rock at it?
494:  Chunk a rock at him.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And how did you used to call uh different kinds of animals uh call 'em in?
494:  soo cow, soo cow
Interviewer:  #1 Alright. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} # {D: was} calling the cows in mm-hmm yell whoopee.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  piggy piggy woo piggy
Interviewer:  And uh how would you get uh horses to come?
494:  Oh you kinda neigh would you uh uh?
Interviewer:  For mules?
494:  {X} {C: laughs}
Auxiliary:  ah you just most call had them a name and you can call 'em by the name
494:  #1 Call come here come here #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  Sam or come here.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  Gray or something and they
Interviewer:  And that was true of mules?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  uh And how bout chickens um?
494:  Chicken chick chick chick chick chicken.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm You ever hear anybody call sheep?
Auxiliary:  u- uh
494:  #1 {NW} {D: I've} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  #1 not been too familiar with sheep uh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  I {D: had to call two sheep}.
Interviewer:  {X} sheep?
494:  {X} sheep {X} sheep. #1 {X} sheep #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  {X} a boy little {D: thing} down here. Few years ago and he'd he'd {X} sheep. So uh {D: he was up at our store one day and it was raining so} {X}. I want you to tell me how you call the sheeps. He said that's a sheep {X} sheep uh secret {C: they laugh}.
494:  Sheep secret {C: they laugh} {X} sheep #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
Auxiliary:  That's a sheep sec-.
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 {D: secret sheep} # U- uh he never did say how {D: he} #1 called them in. #
Interviewer:  #2 {C: laughs} # Speaking about other uh how about uh what noises do them the animals make uh for example when a calf lost its uh lost its mother what?
494:  maah
Interviewer:  uh-huh What about how do you describe that um?
494:  Well it's kind of a little baby moo.
Auxiliary:  #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Uh-huh and a cow that uh is um well it's you know missing its calf?
494:  She moos. It's doing something I don't know what it is {NS}
Interviewer:  {D: I told you this}. {D: Sometimes it} Cranky I don't know what's causing that.
494:  #1 That's alright. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Uh {NW} you ever {X}?
494:  D- I- no we've never.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  #1 Never said {D: that}. #
Interviewer:  #2 How bout that uh # soft snuffling noise that a horse makes when he's waiting to be fed uh?
494:  Nickering.
Interviewer:  #1 Nickering? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And {NW} Did you have uh your own horse that you could ride?
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And you have a harness for him?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Anything else that you can tell me about that um different parts if you recall?
494:  Well we had the reins that you held to guide him and we had the saddle the stirrups that you got up on him with and and they had to learn how to fasten that belly band underneath there and
Interviewer:  Uh would you girdle?
494:  #1 Yeah I guess so. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh # Would you um {X}?
494:  Put the bits in his mouth.
Interviewer:  #1 Uh-huh #
494:  #2 {C: chuckles} #
Interviewer:  Before I go to horses and buggies I wanted to ask you wha- did you ever have any oxen around? Do you remember?
494:  huh-uh
Interviewer:  {NW} And how bout uh two mules and two horses on a plow?
Auxiliary:  mm
Interviewer:  Would you say I I'm gonna I've got a
494:  Team team of horses.
Interviewer:  Team of horses or a
Auxiliary:  team of m-?
494:  #1 Yoke of yoke of oxens uh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  Did you ever talk about a pair of #1 mules? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # #1 Pair of mules. #
Interviewer:  #2 m #
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Would you say it was more often said a team of horses and a pair of mules or?
494:  #1 {NW} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  I believe so. Team of horses and pair of mules I believe was the way it was expressed more than.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm {D: oh} {NW} Would you would {D: give me} a better idea how you would you say hitch up or uh harness up or ho- how would you
494:  #1 Hitch up I believe is what we always said. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X}? # And um when you were driving a say a horses for a buggy you hold a what?
494:  The reins.
Interviewer:  The reins and uh y- use what {X}
494:  #1 The the whip {C: laughs}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And you?
Auxiliary:  Buggy whip.
Interviewer:  Oh so then uh
494:  Yea and nay.
Interviewer:  A- a- and
494:  Giddy up.
Auxiliary:  Giddy up.
Interviewer:  To stop him?
494:  Whoa.
Interviewer:  And the parts of a um of a buggy?
494:  The sash.
Interviewer:  Th- that goes on either #1 side of the #
494:  #2 mm #
Interviewer:  the horse? But uh on a wagon you'd have a?
494:  The tongue.
Interviewer:  Tongue uh-huh And uh the harness uh would be come back in the {X} back in the it would be hooked up to a?
494:  To a doubletree or singletree or or
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  mm whichever was {X}.
Interviewer:  And uh do you remember the different parts of a of a wagon wheel or wagon wheels put together?
494:  #1 Had the hub and the spoke and the #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  rim.
Auxiliary:  felloes and the rim.
Interviewer:  #1 Uh what's the word uh? #
Auxiliary:  #2 felloes #
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  That's what {X}. #1 {X} #
494:  #2 What's the felloes, is that? #
Auxiliary:  felloes is uh what uh goes around that the spoke stick end
Interviewer:  #1 And if it {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
Interviewer:  Alright but how does it the bottom #1 D: spoke would go up to the felloe? #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm-hmm that's right. #
494:  #1 And then the iron rim around that. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # the rim.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  And how would you keep uh the uh wheel from squeaking {NS}?
494:  Well you had to soak it in water.
Interviewer:  mm
494:  #1 But #
Auxiliary:  #2 {D: oil} #
494:  you mean when?
Interviewer:  Yes as the as the wheel would
494:  #1 Oh yeah you sor- you had to {D: rinse that} axle. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 I thought you meant on this rim when it #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh #
494:  #1 when it when it #
Auxiliary:  #2 No. # Black axle grease.
494:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  uh
494:  Axle grease.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And {D: they used it say} The way it's squeaking you'd better, better what?
494:  You'd better grease that axle.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
Auxiliary:  a lotta time in the summer time if your wagon had dry out the wheel wood and you would have to Th- th- the tire would get loose on 'em. You'd have to take 'em to a blacksmith and he would uh uh shrink 'em what you call shrinking the tire. He'd heat it and he had a thing to put in it to draw it up. And then he'd heat it and put it back on that put it back on that wheel make it tight again.
Interviewer:  I see. I've heard also that uh they might soak the wheel.
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # They do a lotta times
494:  #1 That's that's what I was thinking about #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 going to the creek {D: and leave it in there} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # If they got too loose you have to take 'em and have 'em
Interviewer:  #1 And uh would #
Auxiliary:  #2 and have 'em shrunk have the tire shrunk. #
Interviewer:  #1 the tire come come back over like this? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #1 You may could put it on the tire. #
494:  #2 {D: Right} #
Interviewer:  I see.
494:  He knows little more bout bout blacksmithing because there was a blacksmith shop right #1 across the road in front of the store. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 I see see. #
Auxiliary:  #2 store {X} # #1 {D: and when} I got #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
Auxiliary:  #1 big enough I worked in there I helped him there right smart. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  He had a grist mill in there he'd grind corn.
494:  I bet that's a a word he used to uh expression he used just now. Do you ever hear that I helped him right smart?
Interviewer:  #1 Yes. #
494:  #2 {C: 494 laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 That's one of the most interesting ones. #
494:  #2 {C: 494 laughs} #
Interviewer:  Yeah that's used uh in some places uh he has a or they're right smart of cotton #1 this year #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #1 mm-hmm #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  And uh um if I if I could ask you an- any other ways that that's used comes to mind uh I haven't
494:  #1 Well. #
Interviewer:  #2 heard that # Um very often but a right smart of
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  #1 cr- crop? #
494:  #2 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  um but u-
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  #1 Right smart of time. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} #1 the farmers they got a right smart of crops #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  I feel like a right smart being through planting.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm mm-hmm
494:  Yes that's another way to express it.
Interviewer:  I didn't I don't realize.
494:  I I like r- right smart being through planting.
Auxiliary:  Oh uh-huh
Interviewer:  Another thing I uh {NW} I'm glad to see is still it's still used a lot. {D: How somebody wants to um} something {X} he's got a big piece of furniture and it's in the way and {X} I sure like to to get? Do you know this?
494:  Get rid of that.
Interviewer:  Uh no I hear it again and again I'd like to get shut of that.
494:  #1 Oh yeah get shut of that that's right. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
494:  #1 Yes that's a term that's been used I'd like to get shut of that. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  Um would you uh how would you would you describe uses black axle grease get it all over your hands and your Mother would say oh look your hands are all?
494:  Oh greasy.
Interviewer:  #1 Just uh just greasy? #
494:  #2 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And {NW} if you took a load of wood to town or a load of anything into town how would you say that?
494:  R- r- {D: rank of wood} is that what y- get in terms of I'm hauling a rank of wood.
Interviewer:  uh-huh um
494:  I think rank was used more than cord.
Interviewer:  Would that be uh about the same?
494:  Oh would it?
Auxiliary:  Uh there's a little difference a cord of wood and a rank of wood.
494:  But most people expressed #1 it in rank of wood didn't. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # uh most of what they cut ranks of wood and they'd cut cords of uh of uh well I don't know. {X} um {X}
494:  #1 mm-hmm #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And I've I've heard the expression quite a bit. Bonnie it's your job to get out yonder and #1 rank up that store wood. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} # {C: laughs} Rank it up.
494:  Rank it up.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm uh
494:  My dad would set the posts to the end down here. And then it was my job and my sister's to get out there and rank that up in a right nice little rank. from post to post in here.
Interviewer:  Uh that would be uh less than a cord or more or?
Auxiliary:  Rank as a of any kind of wood is four foot high and eight foot long is a rank. And a quarter wood is a is four foot and eight foot but it's four foot long.
494:  But the cord is
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  see the rank the wood's about this long. And a cord it would be about this long.
Auxiliary:  {X}
Interviewer:  Uh that's that's a weird thing uh for in my childhood a cord of wood is four by eight but uh but the cord was in fact it was um called cord wood.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  Well.
Interviewer:  #1 {D: But uh} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # well we well we call cord wood a four foot length {X} four foot long wood.
Interviewer:  #1 And that would be used to fire boilers or something like that #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm-hmm {X} # mm-hmm but it's still eight foot eight foot long and four foot high {X} four fif- a rank of wood would be like sixteen inch wood or eighteen inch wood like a stove. #1 {X}. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # Another interesting difference. Uh do you remember your the first car you got?
494:  Oh yes.
Auxiliary:  {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  uh-huh And uh
494:  It was a T model.
Interviewer:  T model.
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  Did you call it a car or machine?
494:  Car.
Interviewer:  Car. And uh what do you call the the rubber thing that went inside the tire?
494:  The inner tube.
Interviewer:  Inner tube. And uh you remember any about the oil gas uh where'd you get it and?
494:  {C: laughs} I w- we had we had a filling station but it wasn't called service station called filling station.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  And uh now where did the gas go in #1 I can't remember {C: laughs}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Under the seat. #
494:  Yes it was under the seat.
Interviewer:  The seat?
494:  #1 You had to get out of the car and raise up the seat #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  and the {D: cap} was under the seat.
Auxiliary:  uh-huh
Interviewer:  And how bout uh do you remember any about getting it greased or uh?
494:  No.
Interviewer:  Anything?
494:  #1 No I don't hmm-mm #
Interviewer:  #2 changing the? #
494:  #1 I he he does because he grew up with a car I think. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # you you check the oil place under the {X} on the bottom where we had a good long we had a good long rod bout that long that you'd kneel down and turn them {X} you'd turn and the oil dripped out of it well you had plenty of oil in it.
Interviewer:  Oh I see.
Auxiliary:  And you'd turn it back off and
Interviewer:  #1 I see #
Auxiliary:  #2 where you checked the oil level. #
Interviewer:  uh-huh how much {X}
494:  Another place you'd buy gas {D: now they} had a gas tank gas pump #1 at their store. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {D: Yeah} # My daddy always had a
494:  All the little country stores had
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
Auxiliary:  #1 gas tanks at their store. #
494:  #2 mm-hmm # {X}
Interviewer:  I remember that uh that it was a kind of that glass.
494:  #1 Mm had glass up there that's right. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  That's right.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  Thisaway
Interviewer:  #1 {D: why's the gas}? #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} # {D: we don't know}
494:  If you want if if somebody'd roll up that wanted five gallons of gas. He had to pump it 'til reached five up there on that gauge and then he stopped pumping and then #1 let that much out of the {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  uh-huh uh-huh Uh different kinds of roads um do you have dirt roads?
494:  #1 Dirt roads. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} Back then dirt road. #
494:  And mud in the winter time that mud'll get knee deep.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And From dirt you went to?
494:  Gravel.
Interviewer:  And gravel to?
494:  #1 To well a blacktop. #
Auxiliary:  #2 Blacktop. #
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Course we still got gravel and blacktop around here.
Interviewer:  Uh how bout uh roads {NW} do you ever have uh In fact I think fifty-one probably was uh how did they describe its uh concreted?
494:  Oh. Now I remember seventy-eight that comes from {C: name of a town} up to u- up to {C: name of a town} that was concrete. When they they I remember. We lived over there right on the highway the two years we lived in {C: name of a town} and they poured that by sections.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm
494:  Concrete.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And they blacktopped it over or?
494:  O- oh #1 I believe #
Auxiliary:  #2 I think {X} blacktop. #
494:  #1 I believe it is. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # May still be concrete. I don't know whether it is or not.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And uh when you get stuck in the mud uh h- how'd you get out?
494:  Well you {C: laughs} you had to be pulled out.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} a pair of mules to pull you out. #
494:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  Oh.
494:  And sometimes the mud is so deep the mules couldn't pull you out you just had to sit there {C: laughs}.
Interviewer:  I heard you were?
494:  and wait out.
Interviewer:  Have to up help the mules
494:  Pushed uh-huh.
Interviewer:  get out and
494:  #1 Had to push. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X}
Interviewer:  uh-huh And {NW} here's a question m- more for a man I suppose but let me ask. Do you remember um u- uh having anything to put logs in to saw?
494:  mm-hmm
Interviewer:  #1 Wh- what did you put? #
494:  #2 A rick. #
Interviewer:  Uh-huh and how bout the A frame that carpenters would use put two of 'em?
494:  That's a horse.
Interviewer:  uh-huh Um you've been around uh
494:  #1 I've been around a good bit. #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} #
494:  sawhorses. {C: laughs}
Interviewer:  {D: Lot of horses}. {NW} And uh u- what about uh {NS} uh somebody a carpenter who might uh you know really didn't do a lot of work whether he can do it or not {X} he sure is a what?
494:  Oh. J- a jackleg or?
Auxiliary:  Probably. {X} a jackleg carpenter?
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear that applied to #1 preachers or lawyers? #
Auxiliary:  #2 Yeah. #
494:  I think so uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Wh- what does that mean I mean how i- i-? How's insulting?
494:  Well it just well I I guess it is it I don't know whether you'd be insulted or.
Interviewer:  It is kind of humorous.
494:  Yeah kind of humorous.
Interviewer:  If it was made about a said about a preacher? What that'd be uh?
494:  Well he's just not much of a preacher.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm {X} #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh # {X} {X}
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  #1 not trained that's right not mm-hmm #
Interviewer:  #2 {X} # And uh did your father use a straight razor or?
494:  Yeah.
Interviewer:  How would he sharpen it?
494:  Oh a hone and a leather strop.
Auxiliary:  #1 {X} #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh #
494:  #1 leather strop not a leather strap the leather strop. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 uh-huh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #1 And uh #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
494:  #1 And I I know a little bit #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} #
494:  #1 more about that leather strop too. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {C: laughs} # #1 {C: laughs} #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: I see} # For reasons other than
494:  {C: they all laugh}
Interviewer:  And how bout the h- how did he lather up?
494:  With a brush and a uh bar soap and {X}.
Interviewer:  uh-huh uh-huh And {NW} to sharpen uh knives in the kitchen what would you use?
494:  A whet rock.
Interviewer:  A rock? And
494:  O- sometimes just a a stone or you know.
Interviewer:  Well would th- what would you say whet rock or whet stone?
494:  mm-hmm I guess so.
Interviewer:  uh-huh And how bout uh something bigger for?
494:  Uh emery uh
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  uh-huh emery wheel.
Auxiliary:  {X}
494:  #1 Grindstone. Grind rock. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 That's it. #
Interviewer:  #2 uh-huh # Do do you happen to remember whether he said a rock or stone more?
494:  Grindstone I believe wasn't it?
Auxiliary:  You had grindstone what the old ones were yeah they got emery wheels now because out.
Interviewer:  uh-huh
494:  But he wanted to know was it grindstone or grind rock?
Auxiliary:  Well {X} This old fella that run this blacksmith's shop he called them grind rock.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh grind rock.
Auxiliary:  mm-hmm
494:  I believe that's what it was too grind #1 rock. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh # #1 the same {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
494:  #1 uh-huh #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: use} whet rock #
494:  #1 Whet rock. #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} # {X} sharp you {X} sharpen one {X} {X}
Interviewer:  #1 O- oh I see {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 {X} #
Interviewer:  #1 used to play the {X}. #
Auxiliary:  #2 mm #
Interviewer:  And how bout um little thing with wheels there was one wheel and handles?
494:  Wheelbarrow.
Auxiliary:  Wheelbarrows.
494:  #1 Wheelbarrow. #
Interviewer:  #2 {D: Oh} # Uh-huh
494:  Wasn't a barrow it was a wheelbarrow.
Interviewer:  mm-hmm And the things that you put in revolvers you might say bullets or?
494:  #1 Uh {X} #
Auxiliary:  #2 Shells. #
494:  Uh-huh