Interviewer: Want to stop and check and take me just minute to make sure it's recording alright. Now first of all would you give me your full name? 657X: R-E-H-N-R-I A Interviewer: And your home address? 657X: And down in the {X} which is one of the oldest sections in the city. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm And where were you born? 657X: In New Orleans. Just above the {X}. Interviewer: Your age? 657X: Eighty-six. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh see what parish is this? 657X: This is Orleans. Interviewer: And state of course? 657X: Louisiana. Interviewer: And your occupation? 657X: Well I've uh right now I um really am a mentor and adviser to the uh consulates. But uh I was originally a salesman and vice president at the corporation which sold to the uh Stuart Enterprises. And uh I still do selling occasionally when they have some special {D:counts}. Interviewer: What is Stuart Enterprises? 657X: Stuart Enterprise is a holding company that owns about six four about twelve or fifteen cemeteries. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: And also several funeral homes from Florida to Texas. Interviewer: Oh And your religion? 657X: I'm Roman Catholic. 657X: {NW} Interviewer: Could you tell me something about your education? What schools you attended and what grades? 657X: Well I uh went to the uh I was educated in public schools. And I attended {X} sixteen which was the elementary school. And then I graduated from Warren Easton Boys High School in New Orleans. The balance of my education was self-inflicted. Interviewer: mm What particular areas were you interested #1 in? # 657X: #2 History. # Interviewer: mm-hmm Particularly local history? 657X: Well um the general uh I'm pretty well versed in uh Louisiana and New Orleans uh history but uh I'm quite interested in the English and French history. Interviewer: mm-hmm What sort of organizations do you belong to? 657X: Several of the preservationist organizations. The Louisiana Landmarks Louisiana Historical Society. I'm a member of the uh society of the war of eighteen twelve. Interviewer: Does that mean that you had ancestors in the #1 {X} # 657X: #2 My # My uh grandfather fought in the Battle of New Orleans at the age of nineteen. Interviewer: mm-hmm Have you traveled much? 657X: Yes I have done some traveling. I've been over the greater part of the United States and uh and Mexico. And then I've been in uh Europe uh Spain France England and Ireland Italy. And now I'm preparing to go to Germany and Austria. Interviewer: mm That will be your first trip there? 657X: It'll be my first trip to the {X} countries. Interviewer: Ah Where was your mother born? 657X: In New Orleans. Interviewer: Do you know how much education she had? 657X: Yes she um went to private schools and was uh went uh to a part {NW} a short time to one of them public uh high schools and then to the {X}. Interviewer: And um did she work outside the home? 657X: No she was always a housewife. Interviewer: Where was your father born? 657X: Also in New Orleans. Interviewer: And what kind of schooling did he have? 657X: He went to Jesuit's through high school. Interviewer: What was his occupation? 657X: He was a co- commercial traveler which in those days were called drummers. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But he was a traveling salesman. Interviewer: What about your mother's parents? Where were they from? 657X: Uh my uh grandmother um was from New Orleans. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But her father her mother was uh well mamma's grandmother was uh from New Orleans. But her grandfather was from New York. Interviewer: This is your mother's. 657X: My mother's my mother's father and my mother's father was born in {X} Louisiana. Interviewer: mm 657X: And her mother was born here in New Orleans. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And her grandparents the grandmother was from New Orleans but the grandfather was from New York. Interviewer: mm-hmm What about the um your mother's father's parents? 657X: Uh they were um #1 {NS} # 657X: #2 {X} # {C: phone rings} Excuse me a #1 Moment. # Interviewer: #2 Sure. # 657X: Hello? {X} {X} uh just a moment I'll see if he's in This is 657X: Just a minute. Uh he's at uh {NS}. Yes. Okay. 657X: Um my grandfather's parents originated a- ancestors originated in Canada. Interviewer: mm 657X: In sixteen thirty-four. Simultaneously we've got uh uh {D: eradicates} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {NW} ancestors. And uh they um as near as I know they uh let's see his mother. His mother was born in New Orleans. His father was from the the uh parish of uh Saint {X}. Interviewer: mm 657X: And um my grandfather was born in the the parish of Saint {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm Are they ultimately French ancestors? 657X: Uh they uh my mother's my mother's uh ancestors except for the Yankee Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 from New York # 657X: #2 {NW} # were all French. Interviewer: Do you know where the Yankee was from #1 originally? # 657X: #2 Yale. # Interviewer: Well I mean in before #1 New York. # 657X: #2 {X} # No I'm trying to check up on him. I have a uh there is a possibility that he may have been uh the son of a revolutionary soldier. Interviewer: Oh. mm-hmm 657X: The uh the names are spelled differently but they both have the the same given name. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Hails from West Point and in a New York regiment during the Revolution. Interviewer: mm 657X: So I'm trying to work that out. Interviewer: um 657X: By then Alright you were gonna ask me? Interviewer: Well do you know how much education your grandparents had? Your mother's parents? 657X: Um my grandmother was educated in the public schools and taught in the public #1 schools. # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: uh My grandfather was educated in the parish schools and then came to New Orleans when he was twelve. He started at the parish school and he was educated in the public schools here. Interviewer: What did he do? 657X: He was a company broker. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh he had a he was not like the uh the uh draftees of today. When the civil war broke out he was {NS} in Paris uh in connection with his business. And in order to get back 657X: to the states he had himself 657X: uh naturalized as a French citizen. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I still have his #1 naturalization # Interviewer: #2 Ah. # 657X: paper. So that he could come back through the blockade and join the Confederate army. And he was in the Confederate army until the surrender in North Carolina. The surrender of Johnston's army the second army. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: He was in the Georgia campaign. Interviewer: Huh Uh what about your father's parents? Where were they from? 657X: Uh they were they were both u- uh well my father's mother was born in New Orleans. His uh father was born in on the island of {D: Manaucher} In this in the town of {X}. And uh hi- his mother brought her children over here uh in eighteen about eighteen forty-two. uh Because uh my great-grandfather uh served in the United States Navy and was drowned in line of duty he was uh {X} on the uh on a uh the {NW} {X} {X} and he was drowned in {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Coming from the {X} with a {X} to be shipped then. Interviewer: mm 657X: Somehow or another he slipped Interviewer: #1 mm # 657X: #2 and # would drown. Interviewer: mm 657X: And uh now on uh my father's mother's side the family originated in France. Came to San Domingo and their properties first was seized by the seized by the Revolutionary government. And then confiscated of course by the slave rebellions when they fled {D: to the king} to this #1 country. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # And your your grandfather's family were {D: the North in} for a long time? 657X: My um w- well my uh grandfather's uh no my grandfather's family was mixed. Interviewer: mm 657X: The um the mother was from {D:Iroquois}. But the the uh father was from Naples. But he was evidently a naturalized American citizen. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh do you know uh how much sch- schooling your father's parents had? 657X: Well uh I don't know definitely but they must have been very well educated in the private schools that existed in New Orleans at that time. Because as a family {X} to the effect that uh the uh French Consul came down and was talking to the to the ladies and when he left he put he said these are the French people who still speak in the past definitely. #1 {NS} # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 So # 657X: #2 {NW} # they must have had it pretty good. And judging from his library there were thoroughly cultured. Interviewer: What uh what did they do? 657X: He was a a broker in {D: capital} who handled capital that brought was brought in from the western part of the state into New Orleans which he disposed of to the uh the uh {D: a- abattoirs} or the um slaughterhouses. Interviewer: And his wife work? 657X: No. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: No creole {D: they didn't} worked in the old days. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: That would have been entirely out of place. Interviewer: Are you married? 657X: No. Interviewer: Have you ever been? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Well uh as I very briefly said in the letter this interview is to determine various speech patterns in in New Orleans. And it's by interviewing a lot of different people and getting them to say the same words. And we learn what words are used and how they pronounce #1 different # 657X: #2 Yes. # Interviewer: words. So just to begin the very beginning this is strictly for pronunciation. Would you count to fifteen? 657X: One two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen. Interviewer: And a few more numbers. The number after nineteen is? 657X: Twenty. Interviewer: And after twenty-six? 657X: Twenty-seven. Interviewer: After twenty-nine? 657X: Thirty. Interviewer: After thirty-nine? 657X: Forty. Interviewer: After sixty-nine? 657X: Seventy. Interviewer: After ninety-nine? 657X: One hundred. Interviewer: After nine hundred and ninety-nine? 657X: That would be a thousand. Interviewer: And um ten times a hundred thousand would be? 657X: Um I know it would be a million. Interviewer: Yes mm-hmm and um if there were a line of men you would say that the man at the head of the line is the? 657X: Is the when he's the first in line? Interviewer: Yes so counting back from first. 657X: {D: Right.} Interviewer: Count back from the first ten. First. 657X: Uh first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth. Interviewer: mm-hmm And you might say you feel you get your good luck a little bit of time but your bad luck comes all at? 657X: {X} Interviewer: Well all at? 657X: All at once. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh if of course you do something one time that's once if you did it two times it's? 657X: Twice. Interviewer: mm-hmm Would you name the months of the year? 657X: {NW} January February March April May June July August September October November December. Interviewer: And the days of the week? 657X: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday and Sunday. Interviewer: mm-kay Now if you met someone in the early part of the day what would you say as a greeting? 657X: Good morning. Interviewer: mm-kay And if you met someone after lunchtime what would you say? 657X: Good evening. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: {X}? Interviewer: mm-hmm What would what you say when you're leaving someone in the daytime? 657X: Goodbye or see you later. Interviewer: What if you were leaving them after dark? 657X: Goodnight. Interviewer: Okay. And if a man had to get up very early and start work before the sun came up you'd say he had to get up before? 657X: Before sunrise. Interviewer: And if he worked until the sun went down, he worked until? 657X: Until sundown. Interviewer: Okay. Uh let's see today is Wednesday so Tuesday was? 657X: Yesterday. Interviewer: And Thursday will be? 657X: Tomorrow. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um if someone came to see you not the Sunday three days ago but the Sunday before that one you'd say he came? 657X: Sunday before last. Interviewer: And if he's leaving not the next Sunday but the one after #1 that? # 657X: #2 Sunday # after next. Interviewer: Okay. If he stayed about uh well from the first of the month to the fifteenth about how long is that? 657X: That would be about fourteen days. Interviewer: Would you ever say a fortnight? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Um if you had to know the time of day what would you ask? 657X: What time is it? Interviewer: And then I look at my? 657X: Watch. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if it were about halfway between seven and eight what would you say? 657X: Say half past. Interviewer: Suppose it's fifteen minutes later than that? 657X: Oh that's quarter 'til. Interviewer: Great. mm-hmm Uh if you've been doing something for quite a long time you might say I've been doing that for quite a? 657X: been doing that for quite a while or forever. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh if you might say the farmers got a good crop last year but they won't get a good crop? 657X: This one. Interviewer: This? 657X: This year. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um if a child has just had his third birthday you'd say he's how old? 657X: Three years old. Interviewer: Yes. And if something happened on exactly this day in nineteen eighty-two it happened exactly? 657X: #1 A year ago. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Then you might look up at the sky and say I don't like the looks of those black? 657X: Clouds. Interviewer: K. Alright on a day like yesterday where the sun was shining and there weren't many clouds what would you call that kind of day? 657X: Was a bright day. Interviewer: What about a day like today? 657X: Today is a dull gloomy day. Interviewer: Good. If it had been fair but then the clouds were coming up what would you say the weather is doing? 657X: Very changeable. Interviewer: Suppose it had been cloudy and then the clouds were going away? 657X: It's clearing up. Interviewer: Alright. And what would you call a heavy rain? 657X: A downpour. Or it comes down in buck- in buckets. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm Suppose there were a lot of thunder and lightening? 657X: well {X} {X}. I don't uh I don't know just what I would say then. Interviewer: Do you say thunderstorm here? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Um 657X: Lot of thunder and lightening but we don't. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The only storms we refer to are the hurricanes {X}. Bless us every once in a while. Interviewer: Do you have a lot of uh wind here? 657X: We do. Yeah. Interviewer: Does it do a lot of damage? 657X: Millions of dollars. Interviewer: mm If it's raining but not very hard What would you say then? 657X: Drizzling. Interviewer: Okay. And what is the white mist that it's hard to see through? 657X: Foggy. Interviewer: Okay and the mist itself you call? 657X: Mist. Interviewer: Well the mist or the white stuff itself is? 657X: I just call it a mist. Interviewer: Alright. mm-hmm Um if no rain comes for weeks and weeks you'd say you're having a? 657X: A dry spell. Interviewer: Is there anything any longer than a dry spell? 657X: mm A drought. Interviewer: Alright. If the wind had been gentle but then it was getting stronger What you say it's doing? 657X: Picking up. Interviewer: Suppose it had been strong and then it's getting gentle? 657X: Dying down. Interviewer: Good. Uh suppose that it's not really very cold outside but it's a little cold what might you call it? 657X: Frisky out there. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm And it was cold enough to kill the tomatoes and flowers and there was white on the ground, that's a? 657X: That's it's really freezing. Interviewer: Well it's. 657X: Cold. Interviewer: Maybe it's not quite freezing but there's some white on the ground so you'd say you had a? 657X: I had a frost. Interviewer: Yes. And um if if tha- I don't think it gets that cold here but in some places it gets so cold that the lake might. 657X: Freeze. Interviewer: mm-hmm {X} um 657X: And we would we would even say there's ice over on the lake Interviewer: Something I need to ask you to do. I need your pencil {X}. Use to draw a little floor plan of the house where you grew up. Just so we can get an idea of where the rooms were and so forth. 657X: The place that I only lived in eighty years. Interviewer: Oh eighty years? #1 I {NW} # 657X: #2 {NW} # {NW} 657X: #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 It can # be very rough. If you just tell me about it as you go? And where was it located? 657X: Now this is on North {X} #1 street. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: and uh {D: has} one two three {X} {D: it's long enough for me to} {X}. Interviewer: That's alright. 657X: Then there's this whole big room here that goes all the way across. There's a doorway Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Now the be- the rest of the house I'll have to draw over here. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: Out back of this room are two other rooms divided down the middle not like this. Then here and then there's a door opening here. And then we {X} {X} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: This is a front gallery. Interviewer: Okay can you write in the names #1 for me as you go? # 657X: #2 Yes. # {D: Now when} people are beginning to call them porches. I was raised with a gallery in the front of the house. Interviewer: That's part of the first floor too isn't it? 657X: It's all on the first floor. Interviewer: Is it all #1 on one floor? # 657X: #2 All on one floor. # Interviewer: Now just tell me what the rooms are and what they were #1 used for. # 657X: #2 Yes. I'll tell you. # And this goes onto this. Interviewer: mm-hmm. Okay. 657X: Um our lot is a hundred and twenty feet deep. {X} {NS} This is the front gallery. Interviewer: Yes. 657X: There's stairs steps up to it Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: This is the main entrance to the house then that's a long hall forty-five feet long. Interviewer: mm 657X: There are three fifteen foot rooms fifteen by fifteen. Now this room is still that anachronism a parlor Interviewer: mm-hmm. 657X: And it's only used when uh yeah we used to have {X}. Interviewer: mm 657X: This is a bedroom. This is a bedroom. And this is a big living room which is also the main dining room. Interviewer: hmm 657X: Then after that were these two rooms. It was split right down the middle there these two rooms. Interviewer: Yes. 657X: And one was a bedroom originally. And one was my grandmother's sewing room. Interviewer: mm 657X: But we've uh in the course of time we changed that. We brought the kitchen into this one. We have the bathroom in here. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And there's a little hallway between the leads out to the back gallery. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Here we have the shower. Interviewer: Ah. 657X: And then this is a passageway other passageway to this building. which is attached to this. Interviewer: mm-hmm. 657X: Which was the original kitchen and everyday dining room. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 It # It was divided into two but it's not just one. Interviewer: mm-hmm. 657X: {X} There was an idea that cooking in the main house was out because it left odors and it was. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: It had no place in the house. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The food was all prepared in this kitchen and at the back {X} into the big dining room. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: {D: instead} Interviewer: Um did you have a fireplace in the house? 657X: We have yes we had uh we still have two fireplaces. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Which are not used but are still there with the mantel {X}. Then in the um in the the back there was there was one that was between those two small rooms. And uh they {D:would be} uh the two in the front part of the house uh would still be operative if we wanted to use them. But we have four furnaces now. Interviewer: mm What do you burn in the fireplace? 657X: Uh we used to burn burn um uh stone coal as we called it uh the hard coal you know. And uh they'd start the fire with uh kindling wood and newspaper and and had the big coal scuttle. Right there at the next to the fireplace fireplace {X} right in our house had a slate hearth and then with built in brick {X} mantle piece and the iron fittings that close it off and uh. You could close it off in the summer and take it off and put in the {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Operate it in winter. Interviewer: Then what are some more words connected with the fireplace? The smoke goes up through the? 657X: Flue Interviewer: Okay um is that that carries it all the way outside? 657X: All the way out. #1 Yes. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # And uh and you you burn coal but in a fireplace that burns wood what would you lay the logs across? 657X: There was um well we didn't have a u-uh one that burns wood we it was different from coal. You started out with with the kindling at the bottom. There was a grate. A regular grate that received the uh it was shaped like this. 657X: Then what they'd put they'd call it a basket. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And then the bottom would cross Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: like that. Interviewer: Do you know what people call {D: that was it} burn wood? 657X: Uh Interviewer: {D: the the faces} {X} 657X: Um {NW} I know very few wood burning uh grates in New Orleans. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But they couldn't been called an open fireplace. We did have an open fireplace in the um in the back room on one side that uh you could have {D: used for that uh purpose and} roasting on a spit or something of that sort. Interviewer: Do you know what people call the big piece of wood they might put in the back of the fireplace? 657X: Just a log. Interviewer: Okay. Uh so 657X: {D: tire log} Interviewer: What do you call the black stuff that forms in the chimney? 657X: Soot. Interviewer: And what's left after the fire burns down? 657X: Ashes. Interviewer: Okay. Um and the thing that I'm sitting in is called a? 657X: An arm chair. Interviewer: Okay. What do you call a piece of furniture that's about twice as long for two or three people? 657X: Well one is a sofa. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The the wide one is a sofa And we call the other sofa that people call the loveseat now we call that the little sofa. Interviewer: Oh mm-hmm 657X: We didn't use the word loveseat. Interviewer: What do #1 you # 657X: #2 {D: in our area} # Interviewer: What do you call a piece of furniture in the bedroom that you fold clothes and put them in drawers? 657X: Armoire. Interviewer: Is that a big piece? 657X: That's a big piece. Interviewer: Does it have a place to hang clothes? 657X: There are there are two types of armoires. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: One would have shelves all the way up with one shelf with drawers on to it. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And then there's another armoire that has shelves on one side and across the top and that has what they called the {X}. I think that what is used in English also. Interviewer: I've heard the word but I don't know what it means. 657X: {X} is a is a place where you can hang clothes Interviewer: Ah. 657X: Full length. Interviewer: I see. What about a piece of furniture that's just drawers and perhaps has a mirror all over it? 657X: uh We usually call that a bureau. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But it's also called a dresser. Interviewer: mm-hmm Okay. um The um things that would hang #1 {D: in a} # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: mm-hmm The things from the window that would be on a {D: roller} and would pull down. 657X: A shade. Interviewer: And what #1 would you call # 657X: #2 {D: window shade} # Interviewer: What do you call this kind of thing with slacks? 657X: Venetian blind. Interviewer: Okay. What if um you had a little built in room to hang your clothes what would that be? 657X: A locker or a closet. Interviewer: Do you have those in your house or? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: mm-hmm uh What is the room at the top of the house under the roof? 657X: Would be the attic. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh what would you call a little room for storing canned goods or? 657X: A pantry. Interviewer: If you had a lot of old worthless things you wanted to throw away what would you call that? 657X: Call that junk. Interviewer: Yes. {X} And what would you call a room where you might keep your junk? 657X: The junk room. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you say a woman is doing if she's every day dusting and sweeping and? 657X: She's well she's uh always doing housework. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what would she sweep with? 657X: A broom. Interviewer: Okay. And on many years ago I think on Mondays women usually did their? 657X: Washing. Interviewer: What would they do on Tuesdays? 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 um # Well to get the wrinkles out what they have to do? 657X: To get what? Interviewer: The wrinkles out of the clothes. 657X: Oh to uh iron Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: press. either one. You you press the suit but you iron the the uh wash clips. Interviewer: mm-hmm To get from the ground up to the gallery what would you climb up? 657X: The steps. Interviewer: Suppose you had a two story house? 657X: You had stairs Interviewer: Inside? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Yes. mm-hmm Okay um if the door were open and you didn't want it to be what would you tell someone to do? 657X: Shut the door. Interviewer: And what do you call the boards on the outside of the house that lap over each other? 657X: Weather boards. Interviewer: mm-hmm And the part that covers the top of the house? 657X: Is the roof. Interviewer: And little things around the edge that drain water? 657X: The eaves or the gutters. Interviewer: Are they the same thing? 657X: Well the eaves are what stick out and the gutters are the receptacles that catch the water and guide it down. Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you call that place where two {X} come together on the roof? {D: And the leaves would collect in there}? 657X: That I don't know because {D: under} our roof was a just one. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Okay. What you call a little building for storing wood or tools? 657X: Shed. Interviewer: What um would you call an outdoor toilet? 657X: A toilet. Interviewer: Did you have one in your time? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: mm-hmm Were there many nicknames {D: or a joking names}? 657X: Well they used to refer to it as the throne and ours was uh ours had three seats to the throne. # 657X: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Ah. # 657X: Two two adults and one child. . I never did see more than one person {D: in at a time}. {D: That's the way it was} That's the way it was built. We had a very nice one. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And it had a wooden vent went up the top and a crescent cut into the door and it was plastered on the inside and painted. And the fitting itself was cypress and the floors of course were were of a pine so that they and were uh {X} so that they could be taken up when necessary to clean the place. Interviewer: I don't know whether you know anything about farm terms I suppose you don't know? 657X: Very very little. Interviewer: I'll just ask a few things and if you don't what things are called just Say so what's the big building on the farm? 657X: {X} a barn. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know where they would store corn? 657X: In a silo. or in a in a crib. Interviewer: Okay how about grain? 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: Alright. Uh where would they put hay in the barn? 657X: In the in the top in the hay loft. Interviewer: Okay. If they couldn't put fit all of the hay in the barn they made a pile of it in the field that's a? 657X: They made uh haystacks. Interviewer: mm-hmm Okay. Uh do you know where they feed the cows? 657X: In the uh in the um I don't know the term {X} in the {X} I- I don't really know. Interviewer: How about horses? 657X: In the stables. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know where they would milk the cows? 657X: In the dairy. Interviewer: K how about um where they would keep the hogs? 657X: In the pens. Interviewer: #1 And uh # 657X: #2 In the # pig pen. Interviewer: Where would the animals go out to graze? 657X: In the uh in the pasture. Interviewer: Do you know anything about raising cotton? 657X: No except that I've seen them hoeing and uh making the hills and hoeing the rows and picking cotton. Interviewer: Do you know what they call it when they hoe between the rows to thin the cotton out? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay then what would they call undesirable grass that grew up in the field. 657X: Weeds. Interviewer: Okay um what cotton or corn you would say would grow in a? 657X: In a field. Interviewer: And when there was small things small area? 657X: In a well we would call that a a yard. Interviewer: Alright mm-hmm what kinds of fences did they have? 657X: They had the um split rail fences them wire fences with uh barbed wire. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh well that would be about it. Interviewer: And other kinds of wooden fences? 657X: Well they would have uh wooden fences with the with the board fences and there were also picket fences. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: Picket fences were the upright things made with cypress {D: slip} and then the board fences were the flat boards {X} boards. Interviewer: And when when you're setting up a barbed wire fence you have to dig holes for the? 657X: For the posts. Interviewer: mm-hmm And you would how would you attach the wire? 657X: with um with a stapler Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {D: that you drum into the} wood. Interviewer: mm-hmm Alright uh you have any fences or walls made of {D: roof} stone or rock? 657X: Not around here. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: We have no rock around this part of the world. Interviewer: mm-hmm Did you have chickens by the way? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Um what would you do to make a chicken lay what would you put in the nest? 657X: You put in um {X} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {D: and uh that's it.} Interviewer: uh Where uh did the chickens stay? 657X: We had we had a little uh chicken yard. At the back of the house there was a shed where my father kept his tools {X}. And then in between that and the uh and the kitchen building there's a small pen where the chickens were kept. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: With a shed where they could roost. Interviewer: What would you call a hen on a nest of eggs? 657X: She was uh sitting. Interviewer: mm-hmm would you call anything a chicken coop? 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: What would that mean? 657X: Chicken coop would be a a small area in which they would put them in especially if you were going to take them away. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh what would you have carried water in? 657X: A bucket. Interviewer: What about for milk? 657X: A milk pail. Interviewer: Is that the same as a bucket? 657X: L- little bit different. Interviewer: Is it smaller? 657X: Yes. It has a slightly different shape there is a {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I've never milked a cow. Interviewer: What would they use to feed the hogs in during the {X}. 657X: Well usually what we said slop the hogs. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you carry the food in? 657X: In a normal bucket. Interviewer: What did they fry eggs in? 657X: In a frying pan. Interviewer: What's it made of? 657X: Iron. Interviewer: And what is a big black container that might be in the yard for boiling clothes? 657X: That was a boiler. Interviewer: Okay. um I think they might have made sugar in one too. 657X: That was a that was a sugar boiler. But uh that was different from what you boil the clothes in. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm and what 657X: was a sugar kettle Interviewer: Ah. 657X: call that. Interviewer: What would you keep um put flowers in that you cut? 657X: In a vase. Interviewer: Alright. And what would you call the eating utensils beside the plate? 657X: The knife and fork and spoon. Interviewer: mm-hmm um What would your best dishes be made of? 657X: Of uh of uh china. Interviewer: Alright if the dishes were dirty, what would you say you had to do? 657X: We had to wash them. Interviewer: And to get the soap off what would a woman do you'd say she? 657X: Now some people pronounce it rinsing it was rinsing. Interviewer: You say rinse? 657X: I say rinse. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what would what kind of cloth or rag do you use to clean the dishes? 657X: Uh a dishrag. Interviewer: And to dry them off? 657X: With um with a a towel a dish towel. Interviewer: And what do you use to wash your face? 657X: A face cloth Interviewer: #1 And um # 657X: #2 or # Interviewer: a wash rag. And to dry yourself off? 657X: A towel. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: Face towel or a bath towel. Interviewer: Okay in the uh kitchen to turn the water on what's the thing you turn? 657X: We always called it a faucet. Interviewer: mm-hmm What about out in the yard where you might screw in a hose? 657X: The faucet hose {X}. Interviewer: Suppose it's on some sort of a container with water or some? 657X: A tap. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh there's a a big wooden container that flour used to come in that's a? 657X: Barrel. Interviewer: There's a smaller kind that {X} came in. 657X: keg. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know what molasses used to come in? 657X: In a barrel. Interviewer: Okay. Did you ever hear of a stand of molasses? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. And if you wanted to pour some liquid into a narrow mouthed bottle you put a? 657X: A funnel. Interviewer: mm-hmm And to urge the horses to go faster you hit them with a? 657X: With a whip. Interviewer: mm-hmm If uh you went to the grocery store the grocer might put the food into a? 657X: Well he'd put butter into a scoop he'd put other other things into a bag. Interviewer: Made of what? 657X: Paper. Interviewer: mm-hmm Suppose it um it's a bag of something like sugar what would it be called? 657X: It would be a bag of sugar. Interviewer: Well what would you-? 657X: Would sometimes call it a sack. Interviewer: mm-hmm What's it made of? 657X: Of cloth. Interviewer: What is a kind of sack made of rough cloth for perhaps potatoes or feed? 657X: That uh that would be um I haven't used one in such a long time that would be a gunny sack Interviewer: Do you have any other name for that? 657X: Yeah there's another name I'm trying to think of it Eh I haven't had occasion to use it in such a long time. Interviewer: Did they call it croker sack around here? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: I've heard it as {D: whatever} not around here. Interviewer: Have you ever heard of grass {D:sight} here? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. um Do you know how much corn they would take to the mill to be ground? 657X: No. Interviewer: How about the amount of wood you could carry in your arms? 657X: Um we would we'd bring a load of wood. Interviewer: mm-hmm Did you ever hear the expression turn of corn or wood? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. If um your light burned out what would you put in? 657X: A new bulb. Interviewer: Okay. um What runs around the barrel to hold the {X} #1 in? # 657X: #2 Ropes. # Interviewer: mm-hmm And to put in the top of a bottle to keep the liquid in? 657X: A cork or a stopper. Interviewer: What's the difference? 657X: A cork is a cork a stopper can be made of another material. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm What's a little musical instrument children #1 play? # 657X: #2 Harmonica. # Interviewer: Did you ever call that anything else? 657X: No. Interviewer: Did you ever hear it called the {D: French hawk}? Okay. #1 um then what? # 657X: #2 Not in living # New Orleans where everything is French. Interviewer: mm-hmm What about something you hold between your teeth and pluck? 657X: That was a that was um Jew's harp but we called that we had another name for that a kazoo. Interviewer: Oh mm-hmm. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what you pound nails with? 657X: A hammer. Interviewer: Alright. If you have a wagon and two horses what's the wooden piece between the horses? 657X: The shaft. Interviewer: And what is what um if you have a buggy what are the two pieces the horse is between? 657X: The uh well I know the French name but I don't know what you you call it the shaft. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: Did you grow up speaking French by the way I didn't ask you? 657X: I spoke French before I spoke English. Interviewer: Oh really? mm-hmm What at what age did you learn English? 657X: Uh I started learning English when I was five years old. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: When I went went to public school I kn- I knew English before. um They tell me a story that when I was still had to stand up on a stool to look into the kitchen sink that the maid was reporting to certain uh seafood and I told her It's not {C: French} it's shrimp. Interviewer: {NW} mm mm-hmm 657X: So I knew it I knew English growing up but we spoke {C: French} in French entirely. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Although my mother and father grandmother and everybody in the family spoke English correctly and grammatically. My grandmother had a slight French accent to her English. And they said the words that my father would say that were definitely had the French for instance he didn't say Thursday he said Thursday. {C: French} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And an angel was angel. {C: French} Interviewer: mm-hmm mm #1 Where # Interviewer2: #2 You # you mentioned a um two shafts you said you knew the French term for are there French terms that you use? 657X: The French term would be {C: French} {D: B-R-A-N-C-A-R-D} Interviewer2: I just wanted to know French terms that you used for some of these things that #1 we've talked. # 657X: #2 Oh yes we uh # A great many of the things that you asked me I've some of the words some of the French words I might have been able to to come up with more quickly. Interviewer: Told me that there are some where he thinks #1 of the French word # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: first before he thinks of the English. 657X: I do too. As a matter of fact uh I uh I think in French. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And you can see it in my writing. I I have subjects and predicates that are a little bit different in English and in French. Interviewer: mm-hmm When you started going to school was there any pressure to force children to speak English? 657X: Well in in school they had it was English. {X} The the only French schools were private schools. Interviewer: Were the children punished for speaking French? 657X: No by the time they went to school they still were able to speak and they were speak able to speak English. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I spoke in both languages as a child. My my little sister who died when she was only about two years old spoke fluently both French and English. And uh my younger brother too. Interviewer: mm 657X: We we spoke both languages alternatingly in the family but in the family in the family context I don't think I ever heard my father or mother uh have a a long conversation in English They always spoke to one another in French. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And when I tell people that I that I {X} French they think it's funny. {NW} But a lot of the people that I went out with Uh sp- we spoke French in in our social life and unfortunately it's gone. Interviewer: That is a shame. 657X: It's a shame. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I st- I still speak French and I'm delighted when I can speak to somebody in French. Interviewer: mm 657X: But uh I didn't ever have a long conversation with mama. I ne- I always addressed her in French. We spoke French as as a natural thing it was {X}. And we spoke English as a natural thing we just Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: were bilingual completely. Interviewer: Is the French that you speak Creole? 657X: Yes. French French #1 it {D:originated in} {X} # Interviewer: #2 mm ah # I see. mm 657X: I uh had an experience in Paris once. I was uh asking a man directions on the street and the man standing next to me said uh {C: French} um {C: French} Interviewer: mm 657X: and no he said #1 {C: French} # Interviewer: #2 Ah. mm-hmm # 657X: I said no {C: French} He says {C: French} Interviewer: Ah. 657X: Our beautiful lost #1 properties. # Interviewer: #2 Yes that's nice. # 657X: I thought that I I just cherished that a- as as being uh uh such a a reflection of the feeling that probably still exists about #1 Louisiana. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Yes. Well to get back to the wagon uh what is the outside of the wagon wheel called? 657X: The rim. Interviewer: Do you have a #1 term? # 657X: #2 and # and the {X}. The iron outside the the {X} On the on the rim that surround the spokes. Interviewer: Do you have a term that something uh for something that the {X} would hook into? #1 No? # 657X: #2 Yeah. I don't. # Interviewer: Okay. uh If a man was counting a load of wood somewhere putting it down and picking up more what would you say he was doing? 657X: He was uh picking it up and he's uh moving that wood pile. uh he's he's piling the wood somewhere. Interviewer: Alright. Um if there was a log across the road and you couldn't pick it up you might say I tied a rope to it and I? 657X: And I dragged it. Interviewer: Okay. Um what would the farmers use to break ground {X}. 657X: Um a plow. Interviewer: Do you know any different types of plows? 657X: No all I know is a plow because I we weren't in we weren't in the country to any extent. {D: Just just uh just uh just} just uh looking when we pass when we went in the summer somewhere you know just superficially. Interviewer: Do you know what they use after they use the plow to break the ground up more? 657X: They used a hoe or a or um {X}. Interviewer: How do you know that? 657X: I uh don't know what the {D: harrow} is but I know that it's one of the things it was used for breaking up the ground. Interviewer: mm-hmm And then under the wagon there's a wheel on each side that would be the? On a car too. 657X: Oh the #1 axle. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Interviewer2: Yes uh what would you call an X shaped frame to put a log on to sow it. 657X: A sawbuck. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what if there's an A shaped thing be two As and a board on top? 657X: An A frame. Interviewer: Okay. Then um you straighten your hair using a comb or a? 657X: Or a comb or a brush. Interviewer: And to to do {X} to do that you'd say I'm going to? 657X: Uh comb my hair and and uh s- stroke it. Interviewer: Using the other word I'm going to? 657X: To uh just comb my hair. Interviewer: Using brush I'm #1 going to? # 657X: #2 Use a # brush. Interviewer: mm-hmm Alright. You'd sharpen a straight razor on a leather? 657X: You you'd hone it. Interviewer: #1 What would you describe # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: Yes. And to sharpen a knife or a small thing? 657X: Yes on a on um stone for instance. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And I I use the word sharpening and I uh. Interviewer: What would you use to sharpen an ax a big wheel that #1 turns? # 657X: #2 A # filer. Interviewer: Is that a wheel? 657X: No I don't know what the wheel is. Interviewer: It's. 657X: Oh wait a minute yes I know what you mean uh uh. I can't think of it we used to have a have a smaller one that we used to used to sharpen. Interviewer: I would call it a grindstone #1 but # 657X: #2 A grindstone. # Interviewer: There are other terms for it 657X: That I think I would call it a grindstone. Interviewer: Okay. What do you put in a revolver? 657X: A bullet. Interviewer: Any other term? 657X: um Well load it with the cartridge. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um then {X} the things that children would play on a plank that has a child on each end? 657X: Yeah a seesaw. Interviewer: Okay. What do you call it when they're playing on one they're? 657X: They're um well that we just had they they're playing on the seesaw. Interviewer: Okay. Do you did you ever see a board that was fixed at both ends and the child jumps up and down in the middle? 657X: No. Interviewer: I wouldn't think that you would have in this part of the country. How about something that's anchored in the middle and it spins around and you ride on it. 657X: A merry-go-round. Interviewer: Are there any other names for that? 657X: Not that I know of. Interviewer: Okay. What's something that is attached ropes from a tree limb on a seat. 657X: A swing. Interviewer: mm-hmm Okay. Uh what runs from the stove to the chimney? 657X: A stove pipe. Interviewer: Okay. Now the what is the difference between a flue and stove pipe and a chimney I'm not quite? 657X: Well the the uh chimney the opening in a chimney is a flue. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And it has to be built a certain way so that the draft will bring the sm- the smoke up. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The draft that from the passage of that hole where the opening of the chimney. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh the making of the flue and the chimney was quite a a a {X} so that they would get the proper uh draft in it. Interviewer: mm 657X: And you had on the stove pipe you had a little thing that you turn to uh adjust the draft on it. And it went up into a chimney or it went through the uh through the uh wall and up through the stove pipe went up with a cap over it. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm What would you call a small vehicle with two handles and just one wheel? 657X: A wheelbarrow. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh and then the thing that you would drive that's a? The vehicle which you drive? 657X: Well a buggy. Interviewer: Well um today? 657X: Well they still called it a buggy if it was with with a horse. Interviewer: Not with a horse. 657X: Not with a horse. Interviewer: With a motor. 657X: With with a motor Uh I don't know. {NW} Interviewer: #1 What is the th- # 657X: #2 I don't # Interviewer: The thing people drive around in. 657X: the automobile. Interviewer: Yes. What's another word for that? 657X: The car. Interviewer: Okay. If something was squeaking what would you do to lube or paint the car? 657X: Oil it. Interviewer: Or? 657X: Lubricate it. Interviewer: The word beginning with a G. Th- the waxing and it's a thick substance. 657X: Goop. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh I was # thinking of grease. #1 {D: that you were gonna} # 657X: #2 oh grease yeah # Interviewer: What would you say you do if you put grease on the? 657X: Grease it. Interviewer: And if you got grease all over your hands they'd be all? 657X: All greasy. Interviewer: mm-hmm What did they burn in #1 labs? # 657X: #2 O- o- # on uh TV they say greasy. Interviewer: mm-hmm What did they burn in labs before they had #1 {D: black} # 657X: #2 The- # It was {X}. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 That's what # they called it. Interviewer: told me that too I never #1 heard that before # 657X: #2 Yeah. {X} # {X} Interviewer: Why did they call it that? 657X: Well uh I don't know. That may have had something to do with the uh fire codes that we had in New Orleans. The city burned down a couple of #1 times. # Interviewer: #2 Oh. # 657X: During the Colonial period. Interviewer: mm 657X: And then the Spaniards made us the best roofed city in the United #1 States. # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: They required by law that the roofs had to either slate or tile. And for many years New Orleans was the best roofed city you didn't see tar paper roofs in #1 New Orleans until # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: we became modernized. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Do you have a term for a makeshift lamp lamp that would be made from a rag and a bottle and oil? 657X: um No. I don't think that ever was used much around . Interviewer: What is the word flambeau to you? 657X: Flambeau is a uh is something that's enclosed with with a fire in it. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh it's um much more formal thing than just a just a torch. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Uh toothpaste comes in a? 657X: In a tube. Interviewer: Alright. If you just built a boat and you're going to put it in the water for the first time you'd say you're going to? 657X: Launch it. Interviewer: Okay. What kind of a boat would you use to fish on a small lake? 657X: A skiff or a pirogue. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Either one. Interviewer: Okay uh what's the difference? 657X: That the uh skiff is more of a flat bottom the the pirogue has a rather curved bottom and is more delicate to handle. you're li- more likely to fall into the water. Interviewer: mm 657X: If you don't know how to handle it. Interviewer: mm-hmm If a woman wanted to buy a dress of a certain color she might take a little piece to use as a? 657X: A a sample or a swatch. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if she sees a dress she likes she might say to me that's attractive that's a very? 657X: That- that's a very becoming v- very pretty dress. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh then what might she wear over her dress in the kitchen? 657X: An apron. Interviewer: Okay. And you would write with a fountain? 657X: With a fountain pen. Interviewer: And you put a baby's diaper on with a? 657X: With a diaper pin. Interviewer: Okay. #1 And # 657X: #2 A # safety pin. Interviewer: Okay. And uh a soup can would be made out of? 657X: Out of t- out of tin. Interviewer: mm-hmm And a dime is worth how much? 657X: Ten cents. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what would you put on in the winter time to keep you warm? 657X: I know a coat. Interviewer: And then in between the coat and the shirt you might wear a? 657X: A vest. Interviewer: And what is the {D:bottom} part of the suit called? 657X: The pants. Interviewer: Any other name for that? 657X: Trousers. Interviewer: Okay. um What would farmers wear? 657X: Overalls. Interviewer: And you might say the coat wouldn't fit this year but last year it? 657X: Uh last year it well last year it was just right. It was it did it it fit. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if your old clothes wore out you might have to go to the store a buy a? 657X: A new suit. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you stuffed a wad in your pockets it would make them? 657X: Uh uh baggy. Interviewer: It'll make them do what? 657X: {D: It uh uh uh} puff out. Interviewer: Okay. mm-hmm If you washed a shirt in hot water and it wasn't {X} what might it do? 657X: It would shrink. Interviewer: mm-kay and If you did that in the past and say it has? 657X: It has shrunk. Interviewer: mm-hmm And yesterday you washed it and it? 657X: And it and it shrunk. Interviewer: Okay. If a woman likes to put on good clothes what would you say she likes to do? 657X: She likes to dress up. Interviewer: What would you say about a man? 657X: Well he he likes to {NW} well we we had this expression {NW} he likes to sh- show off. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: He likes to put on the dog. Interviewer: mm-hmm that's a good one. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: What um do call the little container a woman might put coins in? 657X: um Purse. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what does a woman wear around her wrist as a decoration? 657X: A bracelet. Interviewer: And around her neck? 657X: um Necklace chain. Interviewer: Suppose she were wearing beads would what would you call that what are the beads? 657X: A string of beads. Interviewer: Did you ever hear pair of beads? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Would you use it? 657X: That's a pair of beads is what Catholics refer to the Rosary. Yes Interviewer: You would never call a #1 necklace? # 657X: #2 As apparent. # Interviewer: Okay. What do men wear to hold up their trousers? 657X: Suspenders. Interviewer: mm-hmm And to hold over you when it rains? 657X: An umbrella. Interviewer: And on a bed what's the top cover called? 657X: um It was a the bedspread was usually the decorative thing. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Because for for uh warmth they used a a a quilt or a a blanket. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But the bedspread was the ornamental. Interviewer: And then you put your head on? 657X: On a pillow. Interviewer: Alright. And um do you have a term for something that's about twice as long as a pillow? 657X: Yes a bolster. Interviewer: Yes. {NS} #1 uh # 657X: #2 We don't # use it anymore Interviewer: Not much #1 anyway # 657X: #2 No. # Interviewer: Uh what would you call it when you may make up on the floor for someone to sleep on? 657X: Um make um well we had carpeting on the floor. I don't know that I ever slept on the floor at home. {NW} Interviewer: If you j- put just mattresses quilts on the floor #1 would you? # 657X: #2 Well # make a make a bed on the floor. Interviewer: Do you ever call that a pallet? 657X: Now they they use that word in French though a pallet. {C: French} Interviewer: What does it mean? 657X: It it means uh means uh a low cot almost at the floor. Interviewer: mm mm-kay mm-hmm Um if you could get a good crop from a field you'd say the soil is very? 657X: Very rich. Interviewer: {D: I say} another word meaning? 657X: Fertile. Interviewer: Yes. {NS} What would you call flat low lying land along a stream or river? I- it might flood and then be planted later. 657X: Well that's that is really on a on a big river that's the {X} land. But I don't think that's the word you'd use ordinarily. It would be the uh. Interviewer: Would you call it bottom? 657X: No we have no bottom lands here. Interviewer: mm #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 You only # have that in Georgia because you have hilly country. Interviewer: Yes. 657X: But here the lands are all bottom. Interviewer: Oh. 657X: {NW} Interviewer: What do you call low lying land that nothing but grass grows on? 657X: Prairie. Interviewer: K. And uh what about land that's very soft and has trees growing in it? 657X: Marsh. Interviewer: How does that differ from a swamp? 657X: A swamp has plenty of water showing. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Whereas a marsh land the water doesn't show except at certain times. But be careful where you where you go. Interviewer: mm 657X: And then they have uh they have little elevations where trees will grow. That's my conception the difference between a marsh land and a swamp. Interviewer: What kinds of soil do they have here? 657X: We have principally the black {D: humus} soil that grows almost anything. And uh uh then then further further up from New Orleans you run into the clay soils like you have in Alabama Georgia. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm If you were getting water off the lodge what do you say you're doing? 657X: Draining it. Interviewer: To to uh what do you dig to drain it in? 657X: Ditches. Interviewer: Okay. What would you call a shallow arm of the sea that runs in and out with the tide? 657X: Uh. {D: I don't know} Interviewer: Alright. What do you call a floating water? 657X: Well that's either a river or a creek or a bayou. Interviewer: How what's the difference between a creek and a bayou? 657X: A creek has more active water more running water. A bayou is more sluggish. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm What are names of some creeks or bayous in this area? 657X: Well we have um we had that used to run up right at the front of this property was the Bayou {D: Minery}. Interviewer: mm 657X: Then the Bayou that you probably crossed at some time it travel in New Orleans that's still in existence is Bayou Saint John. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: That came from {X} or it started uh in the swamps back of the Mississippi River. And went into the {X}. It uh kn- kn- knowingly did it ever go into the river. Then we have uh five {X} {D: T-E-R-R-E-B-O-N-E} {X} That's uh on the west bank {D: by the forest} which is really {D: a the norm of the Mississippi}. Its name comes from the fact that it was an arm of the river that went out into the gulf. And the French meaning of that is fork. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: {X} And the bayou of course was the the interior fork of the Mississippi. {D: And as far as the gulf} and went out into the gulf. And the bayou there but the bayou's on the on the northern shore of the lake that are called {X} B O G U {X} {X} which are {X}. Interviewer: Okay. What would you call a deep narrow valley cut by a stream of water? 657X: {X} Interviewer: You may not even have that #1 {X} back here. # 657X: #2 No. # Interviewer: How about just a very shallow thing cut by heavy rain in a field? 657X: That that would be uh I don't know we uh We have big ones when the river breaks in #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: {X} Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you call a small rise in the land? 657X: A hump or a or a a hill. Interviewer: How about a very big rise? 657X: Would be a hill. Interviewer: Even bigger. 657X: Well that would come to a mountain. Interviewer: Okay I don't think you have any #1 mountains here. # 657X: #2 No. # Interviewer: No. What do you call the steep edge of the mountain that drops off? 657X: A bluff. Interviewer: Anything else? 657X: A cliff. Interviewer: Okay. And how about up in the mountains where the road goes across that's a mountain? 657X: Well uh th-that'd uh be a mountain uh pass or a or in Tennessee they call them a a notch. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm 657X: And uh what's the uh they call it {D: newfound gap}. Interviewer: mm-hmm A place where the roads stop and {D: phrase unload it would be a}. 657X: {D: A wash} #1 or a care. # Interviewer: #2 mm mm-hmm # And how about a place where the water flows along and then suddenly drops? 657X: A waterfall or a or a {X} the waterfall would come down Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh what are um the road surfaces here? 657X: Uh we have everything from just plain mud up to uh finished concrete road we have a lot of of uh asphalt roads #1 brick # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: used to have brick streets in New Orleans. One building behind me we can see that {D: they in the street with} {X} wood blocks. And in the first rain the street floated away. {NW} And uh we had a lot of gravel roads but mostly now they're black topped. Interviewer: I'm watching the tape which is about to run out so I need to change it. What would you call a small road that runs off the main road? 657X: Um A side road. Interviewer: Okay. What would you call a road that was on a person's private property that goes up to his house? 657X: A private road or a well a private road. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what do you walk on in the city beside the street? 657X: Well in New Orleans we if you wanna use we used to walk on {D:banquettes}. {D: B-A-N-}