Interviewer: Want to stop and check and take me just minute to make sure it's recording alright. Now first of all would you give me your full name? 657X: R-E-H-N-R-I A Interviewer: And your home address? 657X: And down in the {X} which is one of the oldest sections in the city. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm And where were you born? 657X: In New Orleans. Just above the {X}. Interviewer: Your age? 657X: Eighty-six. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh see what parish is this? 657X: This is Orleans. Interviewer: And state of course? 657X: Louisiana. Interviewer: And your occupation? 657X: Well I've uh right now I um really am a mentor and adviser to the uh consulates. But uh I was originally a salesman and vice president at the corporation which sold to the uh Stuart Enterprises. And uh I still do selling occasionally when they have some special {D:counts}. Interviewer: What is Stuart Enterprises? 657X: Stuart Enterprise is a holding company that owns about six four about twelve or fifteen cemeteries. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: And also several funeral homes from Florida to Texas. Interviewer: Oh And your religion? 657X: I'm Roman Catholic. 657X: {NW} Interviewer: Could you tell me something about your education? What schools you attended and what grades? 657X: Well I uh went to the uh I was educated in public schools. And I attended {X} sixteen which was the elementary school. And then I graduated from Warren Easton Boys High School in New Orleans. The balance of my education was self-inflicted. Interviewer: mm What particular areas were you interested #1 in? # 657X: #2 History. # Interviewer: mm-hmm Particularly local history? 657X: Well um the general uh I'm pretty well versed in uh Louisiana and New Orleans uh history but uh I'm quite interested in the English and French history. Interviewer: mm-hmm What sort of organizations do you belong to? 657X: Several of the preservationist organizations. The Louisiana Landmarks Louisiana Historical Society. I'm a member of the uh society of the war of eighteen twelve. Interviewer: Does that mean that you had ancestors in the #1 {X} # 657X: #2 My # My uh grandfather fought in the Battle of New Orleans at the age of nineteen. Interviewer: mm-hmm Have you traveled much? 657X: Yes I have done some traveling. I've been over the greater part of the United States and uh and Mexico. And then I've been in uh Europe uh Spain France England and Ireland Italy. And now I'm preparing to go to Germany and Austria. Interviewer: mm That will be your first trip there? 657X: It'll be my first trip to the {X} countries. Interviewer: Ah Where was your mother born? 657X: In New Orleans. Interviewer: Do you know how much education she had? 657X: Yes she um went to private schools and was uh went uh to a part {NW} a short time to one of them public uh high schools and then to the {X}. Interviewer: And um did she work outside the home? 657X: No she was always a housewife. Interviewer: Where was your father born? 657X: Also in New Orleans. Interviewer: And what kind of schooling did he have? 657X: He went to Jesuit's through high school. Interviewer: What was his occupation? 657X: He was a co- commercial traveler which in those days were called drummers. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But he was a traveling salesman. Interviewer: What about your mother's parents? Where were they from? 657X: Uh my uh grandmother um was from New Orleans. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But her father her mother was uh well mamma's grandmother was uh from New Orleans. But her grandfather was from New York. Interviewer: This is your mother's. 657X: My mother's my mother's father and my mother's father was born in {X} Louisiana. Interviewer: mm 657X: And her mother was born here in New Orleans. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And her grandparents the grandmother was from New Orleans but the grandfather was from New York. Interviewer: mm-hmm What about the um your mother's father's parents? 657X: Uh they were um #1 {NS} # 657X: #2 {X} # {C: phone rings} Excuse me a #1 Moment. # Interviewer: #2 Sure. # 657X: Hello? {X} {X} uh just a moment I'll see if he's in This is 657X: Just a minute. Uh he's at uh {NS}. Yes. Okay. 657X: Um my grandfather's parents originated a- ancestors originated in Canada. Interviewer: mm 657X: In sixteen thirty-four. Simultaneously we've got uh uh {D: eradicates} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {NW} ancestors. And uh they um as near as I know they uh let's see his mother. His mother was born in New Orleans. His father was from the the uh parish of uh Saint {X}. Interviewer: mm 657X: And um my grandfather was born in the the parish of Saint {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm Are they ultimately French ancestors? 657X: Uh they uh my mother's my mother's uh ancestors except for the Yankee Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 from New York # 657X: #2 {NW} # were all French. Interviewer: Do you know where the Yankee was from #1 originally? # 657X: #2 Yale. # Interviewer: Well I mean in before #1 New York. # 657X: #2 {X} # No I'm trying to check up on him. I have a uh there is a possibility that he may have been uh the son of a revolutionary soldier. Interviewer: Oh. mm-hmm 657X: The uh the names are spelled differently but they both have the the same given name. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Hails from West Point and in a New York regiment during the Revolution. Interviewer: mm 657X: So I'm trying to work that out. Interviewer: um 657X: By then Alright you were gonna ask me? Interviewer: Well do you know how much education your grandparents had? Your mother's parents? 657X: Um my grandmother was educated in the public schools and taught in the public #1 schools. # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: uh My grandfather was educated in the parish schools and then came to New Orleans when he was twelve. He started at the parish school and he was educated in the public schools here. Interviewer: What did he do? 657X: He was a company broker. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh he had a he was not like the uh the uh draftees of today. When the civil war broke out he was {NS} in Paris uh in connection with his business. And in order to get back 657X: to the states he had himself 657X: uh naturalized as a French citizen. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I still have his #1 naturalization # Interviewer: #2 Ah. # 657X: paper. So that he could come back through the blockade and join the Confederate army. And he was in the Confederate army until the surrender in North Carolina. The surrender of Johnston's army the second army. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: He was in the Georgia campaign. Interviewer: Huh Uh what about your father's parents? Where were they from? 657X: Uh they were they were both u- uh well my father's mother was born in New Orleans. His uh father was born in on the island of {D: Manaucher} In this in the town of {X}. And uh hi- his mother brought her children over here uh in eighteen about eighteen forty-two. uh Because uh my great-grandfather uh served in the United States Navy and was drowned in line of duty he was uh {X} on the uh on a uh the {NW} {X} {X} and he was drowned in {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Coming from the {X} with a {X} to be shipped then. Interviewer: mm 657X: Somehow or another he slipped Interviewer: #1 mm # 657X: #2 and # would drown. Interviewer: mm 657X: And uh now on uh my father's mother's side the family originated in France. Came to San Domingo and their properties first was seized by the seized by the Revolutionary government. And then confiscated of course by the slave rebellions when they fled {D: to the king} to this #1 country. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # And your your grandfather's family were {D: the North in} for a long time? 657X: My um w- well my uh grandfather's uh no my grandfather's family was mixed. Interviewer: mm 657X: The um the mother was from {D:Iroquois}. But the the uh father was from Naples. But he was evidently a naturalized American citizen. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh do you know uh how much sch- schooling your father's parents had? 657X: Well uh I don't know definitely but they must have been very well educated in the private schools that existed in New Orleans at that time. Because as a family {X} to the effect that uh the uh French Consul came down and was talking to the to the ladies and when he left he put he said these are the French people who still speak in the past definitely. #1 {NS} # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 So # 657X: #2 {NW} # they must have had it pretty good. And judging from his library there were thoroughly cultured. Interviewer: What uh what did they do? 657X: He was a a broker in {D: capital} who handled capital that brought was brought in from the western part of the state into New Orleans which he disposed of to the uh the uh {D: a- abattoirs} or the um slaughterhouses. Interviewer: And his wife work? 657X: No. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: No creole {D: they didn't} worked in the old days. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: That would have been entirely out of place. Interviewer: Are you married? 657X: No. Interviewer: Have you ever been? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Well uh as I very briefly said in the letter this interview is to determine various speech patterns in in New Orleans. And it's by interviewing a lot of different people and getting them to say the same words. And we learn what words are used and how they pronounce #1 different # 657X: #2 Yes. # Interviewer: words. So just to begin the very beginning this is strictly for pronunciation. Would you count to fifteen? 657X: One two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen. Interviewer: And a few more numbers. The number after nineteen is? 657X: Twenty. Interviewer: And after twenty-six? 657X: Twenty-seven. Interviewer: After twenty-nine? 657X: Thirty. Interviewer: After thirty-nine? 657X: Forty. Interviewer: After sixty-nine? 657X: Seventy. Interviewer: After ninety-nine? 657X: One hundred. Interviewer: After nine hundred and ninety-nine? 657X: That would be a thousand. Interviewer: And um ten times a hundred thousand would be? 657X: Um I know it would be a million. Interviewer: Yes mm-hmm and um if there were a line of men you would say that the man at the head of the line is the? 657X: Is the when he's the first in line? Interviewer: Yes so counting back from first. 657X: {D: Right.} Interviewer: Count back from the first ten. First. 657X: Uh first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth. Interviewer: mm-hmm And you might say you feel you get your good luck a little bit of time but your bad luck comes all at? 657X: {X} Interviewer: Well all at? 657X: All at once. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh if of course you do something one time that's once if you did it two times it's? 657X: Twice. Interviewer: mm-hmm Would you name the months of the year? 657X: {NW} January February March April May June July August September October November December. Interviewer: And the days of the week? 657X: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday and Sunday. Interviewer: mm-kay Now if you met someone in the early part of the day what would you say as a greeting? 657X: Good morning. Interviewer: mm-kay And if you met someone after lunchtime what would you say? 657X: Good evening. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: {X}? Interviewer: mm-hmm What would what you say when you're leaving someone in the daytime? 657X: Goodbye or see you later. Interviewer: What if you were leaving them after dark? 657X: Goodnight. Interviewer: Okay. And if a man had to get up very early and start work before the sun came up you'd say he had to get up before? 657X: Before sunrise. Interviewer: And if he worked until the sun went down, he worked until? 657X: Until sundown. Interviewer: Okay. Uh let's see today is Wednesday so Tuesday was? 657X: Yesterday. Interviewer: And Thursday will be? 657X: Tomorrow. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um if someone came to see you not the Sunday three days ago but the Sunday before that one you'd say he came? 657X: Sunday before last. Interviewer: And if he's leaving not the next Sunday but the one after #1 that? # 657X: #2 Sunday # after next. Interviewer: Okay. If he stayed about uh well from the first of the month to the fifteenth about how long is that? 657X: That would be about fourteen days. Interviewer: Would you ever say a fortnight? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Um if you had to know the time of day what would you ask? 657X: What time is it? Interviewer: And then I look at my? 657X: Watch. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if it were about halfway between seven and eight what would you say? 657X: Say half past. Interviewer: Suppose it's fifteen minutes later than that? 657X: Oh that's quarter 'til. Interviewer: Great. mm-hmm Uh if you've been doing something for quite a long time you might say I've been doing that for quite a? 657X: been doing that for quite a while or forever. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh if you might say the farmers got a good crop last year but they won't get a good crop? 657X: This one. Interviewer: This? 657X: This year. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um if a child has just had his third birthday you'd say he's how old? 657X: Three years old. Interviewer: Yes. And if something happened on exactly this day in nineteen eighty-two it happened exactly? 657X: #1 A year ago. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Then you might look up at the sky and say I don't like the looks of those black? 657X: Clouds. Interviewer: K. Alright on a day like yesterday where the sun was shining and there weren't many clouds what would you call that kind of day? 657X: Was a bright day. Interviewer: What about a day like today? 657X: Today is a dull gloomy day. Interviewer: Good. If it had been fair but then the clouds were coming up what would you say the weather is doing? 657X: Very changeable. Interviewer: Suppose it had been cloudy and then the clouds were going away? 657X: It's clearing up. Interviewer: Alright. And what would you call a heavy rain? 657X: A downpour. Or it comes down in buck- in buckets. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm Suppose there were a lot of thunder and lightening? 657X: well {X} {X}. I don't uh I don't know just what I would say then. Interviewer: Do you say thunderstorm here? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Um 657X: Lot of thunder and lightening but we don't. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The only storms we refer to are the hurricanes {X}. Bless us every once in a while. Interviewer: Do you have a lot of uh wind here? 657X: We do. Yeah. Interviewer: Does it do a lot of damage? 657X: Millions of dollars. Interviewer: mm If it's raining but not very hard What would you say then? 657X: Drizzling. Interviewer: Okay. And what is the white mist that it's hard to see through? 657X: Foggy. Interviewer: Okay and the mist itself you call? 657X: Mist. Interviewer: Well the mist or the white stuff itself is? 657X: I just call it a mist. Interviewer: Alright. mm-hmm Um if no rain comes for weeks and weeks you'd say you're having a? 657X: A dry spell. Interviewer: Is there anything any longer than a dry spell? 657X: mm A drought. Interviewer: Alright. If the wind had been gentle but then it was getting stronger What you say it's doing? 657X: Picking up. Interviewer: Suppose it had been strong and then it's getting gentle? 657X: Dying down. Interviewer: Good. Uh suppose that it's not really very cold outside but it's a little cold what might you call it? 657X: Frisky out there. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm And it was cold enough to kill the tomatoes and flowers and there was white on the ground, that's a? 657X: That's it's really freezing. Interviewer: Well it's. 657X: Cold. Interviewer: Maybe it's not quite freezing but there's some white on the ground so you'd say you had a? 657X: I had a frost. Interviewer: Yes. And um if if tha- I don't think it gets that cold here but in some places it gets so cold that the lake might. 657X: Freeze. Interviewer: mm-hmm {X} um 657X: And we would we would even say there's ice over on the lake Interviewer: Something I need to ask you to do. I need your pencil {X}. Use to draw a little floor plan of the house where you grew up. Just so we can get an idea of where the rooms were and so forth. 657X: The place that I only lived in eighty years. Interviewer: Oh eighty years? #1 I {NW} # 657X: #2 {NW} # {NW} 657X: #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 It can # be very rough. If you just tell me about it as you go? And where was it located? 657X: Now this is on North {X} #1 street. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: and uh {D: has} one two three {X} {D: it's long enough for me to} {X}. Interviewer: That's alright. 657X: Then there's this whole big room here that goes all the way across. There's a doorway Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Now the be- the rest of the house I'll have to draw over here. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: Out back of this room are two other rooms divided down the middle not like this. Then here and then there's a door opening here. And then we {X} {X} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: This is a front gallery. Interviewer: Okay can you write in the names #1 for me as you go? # 657X: #2 Yes. # {D: Now when} people are beginning to call them porches. I was raised with a gallery in the front of the house. Interviewer: That's part of the first floor too isn't it? 657X: It's all on the first floor. Interviewer: Is it all #1 on one floor? # 657X: #2 All on one floor. # Interviewer: Now just tell me what the rooms are and what they were #1 used for. # 657X: #2 Yes. I'll tell you. # And this goes onto this. Interviewer: mm-hmm. Okay. 657X: Um our lot is a hundred and twenty feet deep. {X} {NS} This is the front gallery. Interviewer: Yes. 657X: There's stairs steps up to it Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: This is the main entrance to the house then that's a long hall forty-five feet long. Interviewer: mm 657X: There are three fifteen foot rooms fifteen by fifteen. Now this room is still that anachronism a parlor Interviewer: mm-hmm. 657X: And it's only used when uh yeah we used to have {X}. Interviewer: mm 657X: This is a bedroom. This is a bedroom. And this is a big living room which is also the main dining room. Interviewer: hmm 657X: Then after that were these two rooms. It was split right down the middle there these two rooms. Interviewer: Yes. 657X: And one was a bedroom originally. And one was my grandmother's sewing room. Interviewer: mm 657X: But we've uh in the course of time we changed that. We brought the kitchen into this one. We have the bathroom in here. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And there's a little hallway between the leads out to the back gallery. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Here we have the shower. Interviewer: Ah. 657X: And then this is a passageway other passageway to this building. which is attached to this. Interviewer: mm-hmm. 657X: Which was the original kitchen and everyday dining room. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 It # It was divided into two but it's not just one. Interviewer: mm-hmm. 657X: {X} There was an idea that cooking in the main house was out because it left odors and it was. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: It had no place in the house. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The food was all prepared in this kitchen and at the back {X} into the big dining room. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: {D: instead} Interviewer: Um did you have a fireplace in the house? 657X: We have yes we had uh we still have two fireplaces. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Which are not used but are still there with the mantel {X}. Then in the um in the the back there was there was one that was between those two small rooms. And uh they {D:would be} uh the two in the front part of the house uh would still be operative if we wanted to use them. But we have four furnaces now. Interviewer: mm What do you burn in the fireplace? 657X: Uh we used to burn burn um uh stone coal as we called it uh the hard coal you know. And uh they'd start the fire with uh kindling wood and newspaper and and had the big coal scuttle. Right there at the next to the fireplace fireplace {X} right in our house had a slate hearth and then with built in brick {X} mantle piece and the iron fittings that close it off and uh. You could close it off in the summer and take it off and put in the {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Operate it in winter. Interviewer: Then what are some more words connected with the fireplace? The smoke goes up through the? 657X: Flue Interviewer: Okay um is that that carries it all the way outside? 657X: All the way out. #1 Yes. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # And uh and you you burn coal but in a fireplace that burns wood what would you lay the logs across? 657X: There was um well we didn't have a u-uh one that burns wood we it was different from coal. You started out with with the kindling at the bottom. There was a grate. A regular grate that received the uh it was shaped like this. 657X: Then what they'd put they'd call it a basket. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And then the bottom would cross Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: like that. Interviewer: Do you know what people call {D: that was it} burn wood? 657X: Uh Interviewer: {D: the the faces} {X} 657X: Um {NW} I know very few wood burning uh grates in New Orleans. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But they couldn't been called an open fireplace. We did have an open fireplace in the um in the back room on one side that uh you could have {D: used for that uh purpose and} roasting on a spit or something of that sort. Interviewer: Do you know what people call the big piece of wood they might put in the back of the fireplace? 657X: Just a log. Interviewer: Okay. Uh so 657X: {D: tire log} Interviewer: What do you call the black stuff that forms in the chimney? 657X: Soot. Interviewer: And what's left after the fire burns down? 657X: Ashes. Interviewer: Okay. Um and the thing that I'm sitting in is called a? 657X: An arm chair. Interviewer: Okay. What do you call a piece of furniture that's about twice as long for two or three people? 657X: Well one is a sofa. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The the wide one is a sofa And we call the other sofa that people call the loveseat now we call that the little sofa. Interviewer: Oh mm-hmm 657X: We didn't use the word loveseat. Interviewer: What do #1 you # 657X: #2 {D: in our area} # Interviewer: What do you call a piece of furniture in the bedroom that you fold clothes and put them in drawers? 657X: Armoire. Interviewer: Is that a big piece? 657X: That's a big piece. Interviewer: Does it have a place to hang clothes? 657X: There are there are two types of armoires. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: One would have shelves all the way up with one shelf with drawers on to it. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And then there's another armoire that has shelves on one side and across the top and that has what they called the {X}. I think that what is used in English also. Interviewer: I've heard the word but I don't know what it means. 657X: {X} is a is a place where you can hang clothes Interviewer: Ah. 657X: Full length. Interviewer: I see. What about a piece of furniture that's just drawers and perhaps has a mirror all over it? 657X: uh We usually call that a bureau. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But it's also called a dresser. Interviewer: mm-hmm Okay. um The um things that would hang #1 {D: in a} # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: mm-hmm The things from the window that would be on a {D: roller} and would pull down. 657X: A shade. Interviewer: And what #1 would you call # 657X: #2 {D: window shade} # Interviewer: What do you call this kind of thing with slacks? 657X: Venetian blind. Interviewer: Okay. What if um you had a little built in room to hang your clothes what would that be? 657X: A locker or a closet. Interviewer: Do you have those in your house or? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: mm-hmm uh What is the room at the top of the house under the roof? 657X: Would be the attic. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh what would you call a little room for storing canned goods or? 657X: A pantry. Interviewer: If you had a lot of old worthless things you wanted to throw away what would you call that? 657X: Call that junk. Interviewer: Yes. {X} And what would you call a room where you might keep your junk? 657X: The junk room. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you say a woman is doing if she's every day dusting and sweeping and? 657X: She's well she's uh always doing housework. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what would she sweep with? 657X: A broom. Interviewer: Okay. And on many years ago I think on Mondays women usually did their? 657X: Washing. Interviewer: What would they do on Tuesdays? 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 um # Well to get the wrinkles out what they have to do? 657X: To get what? Interviewer: The wrinkles out of the clothes. 657X: Oh to uh iron Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: press. either one. You you press the suit but you iron the the uh wash clips. Interviewer: mm-hmm To get from the ground up to the gallery what would you climb up? 657X: The steps. Interviewer: Suppose you had a two story house? 657X: You had stairs Interviewer: Inside? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Yes. mm-hmm Okay um if the door were open and you didn't want it to be what would you tell someone to do? 657X: Shut the door. Interviewer: And what do you call the boards on the outside of the house that lap over each other? 657X: Weather boards. Interviewer: mm-hmm And the part that covers the top of the house? 657X: Is the roof. Interviewer: And little things around the edge that drain water? 657X: The eaves or the gutters. Interviewer: Are they the same thing? 657X: Well the eaves are what stick out and the gutters are the receptacles that catch the water and guide it down. Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you call that place where two {X} come together on the roof? {D: And the leaves would collect in there}? 657X: That I don't know because {D: under} our roof was a just one. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Okay. What you call a little building for storing wood or tools? 657X: Shed. Interviewer: What um would you call an outdoor toilet? 657X: A toilet. Interviewer: Did you have one in your time? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: mm-hmm Were there many nicknames {D: or a joking names}? 657X: Well they used to refer to it as the throne and ours was uh ours had three seats to the throne. # 657X: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Ah. # 657X: Two two adults and one child. . I never did see more than one person {D: in at a time}. {D: That's the way it was} That's the way it was built. We had a very nice one. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And it had a wooden vent went up the top and a crescent cut into the door and it was plastered on the inside and painted. And the fitting itself was cypress and the floors of course were were of a pine so that they and were uh {X} so that they could be taken up when necessary to clean the place. Interviewer: I don't know whether you know anything about farm terms I suppose you don't know? 657X: Very very little. Interviewer: I'll just ask a few things and if you don't what things are called just Say so what's the big building on the farm? 657X: {X} a barn. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know where they would store corn? 657X: In a silo. or in a in a crib. Interviewer: Okay how about grain? 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: Alright. Uh where would they put hay in the barn? 657X: In the in the top in the hay loft. Interviewer: Okay. If they couldn't put fit all of the hay in the barn they made a pile of it in the field that's a? 657X: They made uh haystacks. Interviewer: mm-hmm Okay. Uh do you know where they feed the cows? 657X: In the uh in the um I don't know the term {X} in the {X} I- I don't really know. Interviewer: How about horses? 657X: In the stables. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know where they would milk the cows? 657X: In the dairy. Interviewer: K how about um where they would keep the hogs? 657X: In the pens. Interviewer: #1 And uh # 657X: #2 In the # pig pen. Interviewer: Where would the animals go out to graze? 657X: In the uh in the pasture. Interviewer: Do you know anything about raising cotton? 657X: No except that I've seen them hoeing and uh making the hills and hoeing the rows and picking cotton. Interviewer: Do you know what they call it when they hoe between the rows to thin the cotton out? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay then what would they call undesirable grass that grew up in the field. 657X: Weeds. Interviewer: Okay um what cotton or corn you would say would grow in a? 657X: In a field. Interviewer: And when there was small things small area? 657X: In a well we would call that a a yard. Interviewer: Alright mm-hmm what kinds of fences did they have? 657X: They had the um split rail fences them wire fences with uh barbed wire. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh well that would be about it. Interviewer: And other kinds of wooden fences? 657X: Well they would have uh wooden fences with the with the board fences and there were also picket fences. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: Picket fences were the upright things made with cypress {D: slip} and then the board fences were the flat boards {X} boards. Interviewer: And when when you're setting up a barbed wire fence you have to dig holes for the? 657X: For the posts. Interviewer: mm-hmm And you would how would you attach the wire? 657X: with um with a stapler Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {D: that you drum into the} wood. Interviewer: mm-hmm Alright uh you have any fences or walls made of {D: roof} stone or rock? 657X: Not around here. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: We have no rock around this part of the world. Interviewer: mm-hmm Did you have chickens by the way? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Um what would you do to make a chicken lay what would you put in the nest? 657X: You put in um {X} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {D: and uh that's it.} Interviewer: uh Where uh did the chickens stay? 657X: We had we had a little uh chicken yard. At the back of the house there was a shed where my father kept his tools {X}. And then in between that and the uh and the kitchen building there's a small pen where the chickens were kept. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: With a shed where they could roost. Interviewer: What would you call a hen on a nest of eggs? 657X: She was uh sitting. Interviewer: mm-hmm would you call anything a chicken coop? 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: What would that mean? 657X: Chicken coop would be a a small area in which they would put them in especially if you were going to take them away. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh what would you have carried water in? 657X: A bucket. Interviewer: What about for milk? 657X: A milk pail. Interviewer: Is that the same as a bucket? 657X: L- little bit different. Interviewer: Is it smaller? 657X: Yes. It has a slightly different shape there is a {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I've never milked a cow. Interviewer: What would they use to feed the hogs in during the {X}. 657X: Well usually what we said slop the hogs. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you carry the food in? 657X: In a normal bucket. Interviewer: What did they fry eggs in? 657X: In a frying pan. Interviewer: What's it made of? 657X: Iron. Interviewer: And what is a big black container that might be in the yard for boiling clothes? 657X: That was a boiler. Interviewer: Okay. um I think they might have made sugar in one too. 657X: That was a that was a sugar boiler. But uh that was different from what you boil the clothes in. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm and what 657X: was a sugar kettle Interviewer: Ah. 657X: call that. Interviewer: What would you keep um put flowers in that you cut? 657X: In a vase. Interviewer: Alright. And what would you call the eating utensils beside the plate? 657X: The knife and fork and spoon. Interviewer: mm-hmm um What would your best dishes be made of? 657X: Of uh of uh china. Interviewer: Alright if the dishes were dirty, what would you say you had to do? 657X: We had to wash them. Interviewer: And to get the soap off what would a woman do you'd say she? 657X: Now some people pronounce it rinsing it was rinsing. Interviewer: You say rinse? 657X: I say rinse. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what would what kind of cloth or rag do you use to clean the dishes? 657X: Uh a dishrag. Interviewer: And to dry them off? 657X: With um with a a towel a dish towel. Interviewer: And what do you use to wash your face? 657X: A face cloth Interviewer: #1 And um # 657X: #2 or # Interviewer: a wash rag. And to dry yourself off? 657X: A towel. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: Face towel or a bath towel. Interviewer: Okay in the uh kitchen to turn the water on what's the thing you turn? 657X: We always called it a faucet. Interviewer: mm-hmm What about out in the yard where you might screw in a hose? 657X: The faucet hose {X}. Interviewer: Suppose it's on some sort of a container with water or some? 657X: A tap. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh there's a a big wooden container that flour used to come in that's a? 657X: Barrel. Interviewer: There's a smaller kind that {X} came in. 657X: keg. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know what molasses used to come in? 657X: In a barrel. Interviewer: Okay. Did you ever hear of a stand of molasses? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. And if you wanted to pour some liquid into a narrow mouthed bottle you put a? 657X: A funnel. Interviewer: mm-hmm And to urge the horses to go faster you hit them with a? 657X: With a whip. Interviewer: mm-hmm If uh you went to the grocery store the grocer might put the food into a? 657X: Well he'd put butter into a scoop he'd put other other things into a bag. Interviewer: Made of what? 657X: Paper. Interviewer: mm-hmm Suppose it um it's a bag of something like sugar what would it be called? 657X: It would be a bag of sugar. Interviewer: Well what would you-? 657X: Would sometimes call it a sack. Interviewer: mm-hmm What's it made of? 657X: Of cloth. Interviewer: What is a kind of sack made of rough cloth for perhaps potatoes or feed? 657X: That uh that would be um I haven't used one in such a long time that would be a gunny sack Interviewer: Do you have any other name for that? 657X: Yeah there's another name I'm trying to think of it Eh I haven't had occasion to use it in such a long time. Interviewer: Did they call it croker sack around here? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: I've heard it as {D: whatever} not around here. Interviewer: Have you ever heard of grass {D:sight} here? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. um Do you know how much corn they would take to the mill to be ground? 657X: No. Interviewer: How about the amount of wood you could carry in your arms? 657X: Um we would we'd bring a load of wood. Interviewer: mm-hmm Did you ever hear the expression turn of corn or wood? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. If um your light burned out what would you put in? 657X: A new bulb. Interviewer: Okay. um What runs around the barrel to hold the {X} #1 in? # 657X: #2 Ropes. # Interviewer: mm-hmm And to put in the top of a bottle to keep the liquid in? 657X: A cork or a stopper. Interviewer: What's the difference? 657X: A cork is a cork a stopper can be made of another material. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm What's a little musical instrument children #1 play? # 657X: #2 Harmonica. # Interviewer: Did you ever call that anything else? 657X: No. Interviewer: Did you ever hear it called the {D: French hawk}? Okay. #1 um then what? # 657X: #2 Not in living # New Orleans where everything is French. Interviewer: mm-hmm What about something you hold between your teeth and pluck? 657X: That was a that was um Jew's harp but we called that we had another name for that a kazoo. Interviewer: Oh mm-hmm. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what you pound nails with? 657X: A hammer. Interviewer: Alright. If you have a wagon and two horses what's the wooden piece between the horses? 657X: The shaft. Interviewer: And what is what um if you have a buggy what are the two pieces the horse is between? 657X: The uh well I know the French name but I don't know what you you call it the shaft. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: Did you grow up speaking French by the way I didn't ask you? 657X: I spoke French before I spoke English. Interviewer: Oh really? mm-hmm What at what age did you learn English? 657X: Uh I started learning English when I was five years old. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: When I went went to public school I kn- I knew English before. um They tell me a story that when I was still had to stand up on a stool to look into the kitchen sink that the maid was reporting to certain uh seafood and I told her It's not {C: French} it's shrimp. Interviewer: {NW} mm mm-hmm 657X: So I knew it I knew English growing up but we spoke {C: French} in French entirely. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Although my mother and father grandmother and everybody in the family spoke English correctly and grammatically. My grandmother had a slight French accent to her English. And they said the words that my father would say that were definitely had the French for instance he didn't say Thursday he said Thursday. {C: French} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And an angel was angel. {C: French} Interviewer: mm-hmm mm #1 Where # Interviewer2: #2 You # you mentioned a um two shafts you said you knew the French term for are there French terms that you use? 657X: The French term would be {C: French} {D: B-R-A-N-C-A-R-D} Interviewer2: I just wanted to know French terms that you used for some of these things that #1 we've talked. # 657X: #2 Oh yes we uh # A great many of the things that you asked me I've some of the words some of the French words I might have been able to to come up with more quickly. Interviewer: Told me that there are some where he thinks #1 of the French word # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: first before he thinks of the English. 657X: I do too. As a matter of fact uh I uh I think in French. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And you can see it in my writing. I I have subjects and predicates that are a little bit different in English and in French. Interviewer: mm-hmm When you started going to school was there any pressure to force children to speak English? 657X: Well in in school they had it was English. {X} The the only French schools were private schools. Interviewer: Were the children punished for speaking French? 657X: No by the time they went to school they still were able to speak and they were speak able to speak English. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I spoke in both languages as a child. My my little sister who died when she was only about two years old spoke fluently both French and English. And uh my younger brother too. Interviewer: mm 657X: We we spoke both languages alternatingly in the family but in the family in the family context I don't think I ever heard my father or mother uh have a a long conversation in English They always spoke to one another in French. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And when I tell people that I that I {X} French they think it's funny. {NW} But a lot of the people that I went out with Uh sp- we spoke French in in our social life and unfortunately it's gone. Interviewer: That is a shame. 657X: It's a shame. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I st- I still speak French and I'm delighted when I can speak to somebody in French. Interviewer: mm 657X: But uh I didn't ever have a long conversation with mama. I ne- I always addressed her in French. We spoke French as as a natural thing it was {X}. And we spoke English as a natural thing we just Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: were bilingual completely. Interviewer: Is the French that you speak Creole? 657X: Yes. French French #1 it {D:originated in} {X} # Interviewer: #2 mm ah # I see. mm 657X: I uh had an experience in Paris once. I was uh asking a man directions on the street and the man standing next to me said uh {C: French} um {C: French} Interviewer: mm 657X: and no he said #1 {C: French} # Interviewer: #2 Ah. mm-hmm # 657X: I said no {C: French} He says {C: French} Interviewer: Ah. 657X: Our beautiful lost #1 properties. # Interviewer: #2 Yes that's nice. # 657X: I thought that I I just cherished that a- as as being uh uh such a a reflection of the feeling that probably still exists about #1 Louisiana. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Yes. Well to get back to the wagon uh what is the outside of the wagon wheel called? 657X: The rim. Interviewer: Do you have a #1 term? # 657X: #2 and # and the {X}. The iron outside the the {X} On the on the rim that surround the spokes. Interviewer: Do you have a term that something uh for something that the {X} would hook into? #1 No? # 657X: #2 Yeah. I don't. # Interviewer: Okay. uh If a man was counting a load of wood somewhere putting it down and picking up more what would you say he was doing? 657X: He was uh picking it up and he's uh moving that wood pile. uh he's he's piling the wood somewhere. Interviewer: Alright. Um if there was a log across the road and you couldn't pick it up you might say I tied a rope to it and I? 657X: And I dragged it. Interviewer: Okay. Um what would the farmers use to break ground {X}. 657X: Um a plow. Interviewer: Do you know any different types of plows? 657X: No all I know is a plow because I we weren't in we weren't in the country to any extent. {D: Just just uh just uh just} just uh looking when we pass when we went in the summer somewhere you know just superficially. Interviewer: Do you know what they use after they use the plow to break the ground up more? 657X: They used a hoe or a or um {X}. Interviewer: How do you know that? 657X: I uh don't know what the {D: harrow} is but I know that it's one of the things it was used for breaking up the ground. Interviewer: mm-hmm And then under the wagon there's a wheel on each side that would be the? On a car too. 657X: Oh the #1 axle. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Interviewer2: Yes uh what would you call an X shaped frame to put a log on to sow it. 657X: A sawbuck. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what if there's an A shaped thing be two As and a board on top? 657X: An A frame. Interviewer: Okay. Then um you straighten your hair using a comb or a? 657X: Or a comb or a brush. Interviewer: And to to do {X} to do that you'd say I'm going to? 657X: Uh comb my hair and and uh s- stroke it. Interviewer: Using the other word I'm going to? 657X: To uh just comb my hair. Interviewer: Using brush I'm #1 going to? # 657X: #2 Use a # brush. Interviewer: mm-hmm Alright. You'd sharpen a straight razor on a leather? 657X: You you'd hone it. Interviewer: #1 What would you describe # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: Yes. And to sharpen a knife or a small thing? 657X: Yes on a on um stone for instance. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And I I use the word sharpening and I uh. Interviewer: What would you use to sharpen an ax a big wheel that #1 turns? # 657X: #2 A # filer. Interviewer: Is that a wheel? 657X: No I don't know what the wheel is. Interviewer: It's. 657X: Oh wait a minute yes I know what you mean uh uh. I can't think of it we used to have a have a smaller one that we used to used to sharpen. Interviewer: I would call it a grindstone #1 but # 657X: #2 A grindstone. # Interviewer: There are other terms for it 657X: That I think I would call it a grindstone. Interviewer: Okay. What do you put in a revolver? 657X: A bullet. Interviewer: Any other term? 657X: um Well load it with the cartridge. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um then {X} the things that children would play on a plank that has a child on each end? 657X: Yeah a seesaw. Interviewer: Okay. What do you call it when they're playing on one they're? 657X: They're um well that we just had they they're playing on the seesaw. Interviewer: Okay. Do you did you ever see a board that was fixed at both ends and the child jumps up and down in the middle? 657X: No. Interviewer: I wouldn't think that you would have in this part of the country. How about something that's anchored in the middle and it spins around and you ride on it. 657X: A merry-go-round. Interviewer: Are there any other names for that? 657X: Not that I know of. Interviewer: Okay. What's something that is attached ropes from a tree limb on a seat. 657X: A swing. Interviewer: mm-hmm Okay. Uh what runs from the stove to the chimney? 657X: A stove pipe. Interviewer: Okay. Now the what is the difference between a flue and stove pipe and a chimney I'm not quite? 657X: Well the the uh chimney the opening in a chimney is a flue. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And it has to be built a certain way so that the draft will bring the sm- the smoke up. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The draft that from the passage of that hole where the opening of the chimney. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh the making of the flue and the chimney was quite a a a {X} so that they would get the proper uh draft in it. Interviewer: mm 657X: And you had on the stove pipe you had a little thing that you turn to uh adjust the draft on it. And it went up into a chimney or it went through the uh through the uh wall and up through the stove pipe went up with a cap over it. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm What would you call a small vehicle with two handles and just one wheel? 657X: A wheelbarrow. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh and then the thing that you would drive that's a? The vehicle which you drive? 657X: Well a buggy. Interviewer: Well um today? 657X: Well they still called it a buggy if it was with with a horse. Interviewer: Not with a horse. 657X: Not with a horse. Interviewer: With a motor. 657X: With with a motor Uh I don't know. {NW} Interviewer: #1 What is the th- # 657X: #2 I don't # Interviewer: The thing people drive around in. 657X: the automobile. Interviewer: Yes. What's another word for that? 657X: The car. Interviewer: Okay. If something was squeaking what would you do to lube or paint the car? 657X: Oil it. Interviewer: Or? 657X: Lubricate it. Interviewer: The word beginning with a G. Th- the waxing and it's a thick substance. 657X: Goop. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh I was # thinking of grease. #1 {D: that you were gonna} # 657X: #2 oh grease yeah # Interviewer: What would you say you do if you put grease on the? 657X: Grease it. Interviewer: And if you got grease all over your hands they'd be all? 657X: All greasy. Interviewer: mm-hmm What did they burn in #1 labs? # 657X: #2 O- o- # on uh TV they say greasy. Interviewer: mm-hmm What did they burn in labs before they had #1 {D: black} # 657X: #2 The- # It was {X}. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 That's what # they called it. Interviewer: told me that too I never #1 heard that before # 657X: #2 Yeah. {X} # {X} Interviewer: Why did they call it that? 657X: Well uh I don't know. That may have had something to do with the uh fire codes that we had in New Orleans. The city burned down a couple of #1 times. # Interviewer: #2 Oh. # 657X: During the Colonial period. Interviewer: mm 657X: And then the Spaniards made us the best roofed city in the United #1 States. # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: They required by law that the roofs had to either slate or tile. And for many years New Orleans was the best roofed city you didn't see tar paper roofs in #1 New Orleans until # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: we became modernized. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Do you have a term for a makeshift lamp lamp that would be made from a rag and a bottle and oil? 657X: um No. I don't think that ever was used much around . Interviewer: What is the word flambeau to you? 657X: Flambeau is a uh is something that's enclosed with with a fire in it. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh it's um much more formal thing than just a just a torch. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Uh toothpaste comes in a? 657X: In a tube. Interviewer: Alright. If you just built a boat and you're going to put it in the water for the first time you'd say you're going to? 657X: Launch it. Interviewer: Okay. What kind of a boat would you use to fish on a small lake? 657X: A skiff or a pirogue. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Either one. Interviewer: Okay uh what's the difference? 657X: That the uh skiff is more of a flat bottom the the pirogue has a rather curved bottom and is more delicate to handle. you're li- more likely to fall into the water. Interviewer: mm 657X: If you don't know how to handle it. Interviewer: mm-hmm If a woman wanted to buy a dress of a certain color she might take a little piece to use as a? 657X: A a sample or a swatch. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if she sees a dress she likes she might say to me that's attractive that's a very? 657X: That- that's a very becoming v- very pretty dress. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh then what might she wear over her dress in the kitchen? 657X: An apron. Interviewer: Okay. And you would write with a fountain? 657X: With a fountain pen. Interviewer: And you put a baby's diaper on with a? 657X: With a diaper pin. Interviewer: Okay. #1 And # 657X: #2 A # safety pin. Interviewer: Okay. And uh a soup can would be made out of? 657X: Out of t- out of tin. Interviewer: mm-hmm And a dime is worth how much? 657X: Ten cents. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what would you put on in the winter time to keep you warm? 657X: I know a coat. Interviewer: And then in between the coat and the shirt you might wear a? 657X: A vest. Interviewer: And what is the {D:bottom} part of the suit called? 657X: The pants. Interviewer: Any other name for that? 657X: Trousers. Interviewer: Okay. um What would farmers wear? 657X: Overalls. Interviewer: And you might say the coat wouldn't fit this year but last year it? 657X: Uh last year it well last year it was just right. It was it did it it fit. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if your old clothes wore out you might have to go to the store a buy a? 657X: A new suit. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you stuffed a wad in your pockets it would make them? 657X: Uh uh baggy. Interviewer: It'll make them do what? 657X: {D: It uh uh uh} puff out. Interviewer: Okay. mm-hmm If you washed a shirt in hot water and it wasn't {X} what might it do? 657X: It would shrink. Interviewer: mm-kay and If you did that in the past and say it has? 657X: It has shrunk. Interviewer: mm-hmm And yesterday you washed it and it? 657X: And it and it shrunk. Interviewer: Okay. If a woman likes to put on good clothes what would you say she likes to do? 657X: She likes to dress up. Interviewer: What would you say about a man? 657X: Well he he likes to {NW} well we we had this expression {NW} he likes to sh- show off. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: He likes to put on the dog. Interviewer: mm-hmm that's a good one. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: What um do call the little container a woman might put coins in? 657X: um Purse. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what does a woman wear around her wrist as a decoration? 657X: A bracelet. Interviewer: And around her neck? 657X: um Necklace chain. Interviewer: Suppose she were wearing beads would what would you call that what are the beads? 657X: A string of beads. Interviewer: Did you ever hear pair of beads? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Would you use it? 657X: That's a pair of beads is what Catholics refer to the Rosary. Yes Interviewer: You would never call a #1 necklace? # 657X: #2 As apparent. # Interviewer: Okay. What do men wear to hold up their trousers? 657X: Suspenders. Interviewer: mm-hmm And to hold over you when it rains? 657X: An umbrella. Interviewer: And on a bed what's the top cover called? 657X: um It was a the bedspread was usually the decorative thing. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Because for for uh warmth they used a a a quilt or a a blanket. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But the bedspread was the ornamental. Interviewer: And then you put your head on? 657X: On a pillow. Interviewer: Alright. And um do you have a term for something that's about twice as long as a pillow? 657X: Yes a bolster. Interviewer: Yes. {NS} #1 uh # 657X: #2 We don't # use it anymore Interviewer: Not much #1 anyway # 657X: #2 No. # Interviewer: Uh what would you call it when you may make up on the floor for someone to sleep on? 657X: Um make um well we had carpeting on the floor. I don't know that I ever slept on the floor at home. {NW} Interviewer: If you j- put just mattresses quilts on the floor #1 would you? # 657X: #2 Well # make a make a bed on the floor. Interviewer: Do you ever call that a pallet? 657X: Now they they use that word in French though a pallet. {C: French} Interviewer: What does it mean? 657X: It it means uh means uh a low cot almost at the floor. Interviewer: mm mm-kay mm-hmm Um if you could get a good crop from a field you'd say the soil is very? 657X: Very rich. Interviewer: {D: I say} another word meaning? 657X: Fertile. Interviewer: Yes. {NS} What would you call flat low lying land along a stream or river? I- it might flood and then be planted later. 657X: Well that's that is really on a on a big river that's the {X} land. But I don't think that's the word you'd use ordinarily. It would be the uh. Interviewer: Would you call it bottom? 657X: No we have no bottom lands here. Interviewer: mm #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 You only # have that in Georgia because you have hilly country. Interviewer: Yes. 657X: But here the lands are all bottom. Interviewer: Oh. 657X: {NW} Interviewer: What do you call low lying land that nothing but grass grows on? 657X: Prairie. Interviewer: K. And uh what about land that's very soft and has trees growing in it? 657X: Marsh. Interviewer: How does that differ from a swamp? 657X: A swamp has plenty of water showing. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Whereas a marsh land the water doesn't show except at certain times. But be careful where you where you go. Interviewer: mm 657X: And then they have uh they have little elevations where trees will grow. That's my conception the difference between a marsh land and a swamp. Interviewer: What kinds of soil do they have here? 657X: We have principally the black {D: humus} soil that grows almost anything. And uh uh then then further further up from New Orleans you run into the clay soils like you have in Alabama Georgia. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm If you were getting water off the lodge what do you say you're doing? 657X: Draining it. Interviewer: To to uh what do you dig to drain it in? 657X: Ditches. Interviewer: Okay. What would you call a shallow arm of the sea that runs in and out with the tide? 657X: Uh. {D: I don't know} Interviewer: Alright. What do you call a floating water? 657X: Well that's either a river or a creek or a bayou. Interviewer: How what's the difference between a creek and a bayou? 657X: A creek has more active water more running water. A bayou is more sluggish. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm What are names of some creeks or bayous in this area? 657X: Well we have um we had that used to run up right at the front of this property was the Bayou {D: Minery}. Interviewer: mm 657X: Then the Bayou that you probably crossed at some time it travel in New Orleans that's still in existence is Bayou Saint John. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: That came from {X} or it started uh in the swamps back of the Mississippi River. And went into the {X}. It uh kn- kn- knowingly did it ever go into the river. Then we have uh five {X} {D: T-E-R-R-E-B-O-N-E} {X} That's uh on the west bank {D: by the forest} which is really {D: a the norm of the Mississippi}. Its name comes from the fact that it was an arm of the river that went out into the gulf. And the French meaning of that is fork. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: {X} And the bayou of course was the the interior fork of the Mississippi. {D: And as far as the gulf} and went out into the gulf. And the bayou there but the bayou's on the on the northern shore of the lake that are called {X} B O G U {X} {X} which are {X}. Interviewer: Okay. What would you call a deep narrow valley cut by a stream of water? 657X: {X} Interviewer: You may not even have that #1 {X} back here. # 657X: #2 No. # Interviewer: How about just a very shallow thing cut by heavy rain in a field? 657X: That that would be uh I don't know we uh We have big ones when the river breaks in #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: {X} Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you call a small rise in the land? 657X: A hump or a or a a hill. Interviewer: How about a very big rise? 657X: Would be a hill. Interviewer: Even bigger. 657X: Well that would come to a mountain. Interviewer: Okay I don't think you have any #1 mountains here. # 657X: #2 No. # Interviewer: No. What do you call the steep edge of the mountain that drops off? 657X: A bluff. Interviewer: Anything else? 657X: A cliff. Interviewer: Okay. And how about up in the mountains where the road goes across that's a mountain? 657X: Well uh th-that'd uh be a mountain uh pass or a or in Tennessee they call them a a notch. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm 657X: And uh what's the uh they call it {D: newfound gap}. Interviewer: mm-hmm A place where the roads stop and {D: phrase unload it would be a}. 657X: {D: A wash} #1 or a care. # Interviewer: #2 mm mm-hmm # And how about a place where the water flows along and then suddenly drops? 657X: A waterfall or a or a {X} the waterfall would come down Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh what are um the road surfaces here? 657X: Uh we have everything from just plain mud up to uh finished concrete road we have a lot of of uh asphalt roads #1 brick # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: used to have brick streets in New Orleans. One building behind me we can see that {D: they in the street with} {X} wood blocks. And in the first rain the street floated away. {NW} And uh we had a lot of gravel roads but mostly now they're black topped. Interviewer: I'm watching the tape which is about to run out so I need to change it. What would you call a small road that runs off the main road? 657X: Um A side road. Interviewer: Okay. What would you call a road that was on a person's private property that goes up to his house? 657X: A private road or a well a private road. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what do you walk on in the city beside the street? 657X: Well in New Orleans we if you wanna use we used to walk on {D:banquettes}. {D: B-A-N-} Interviewer: In case that didn't get on the other side of the tape would you repeat the term again? 657X: In uh New Orleans in the old town New Orleans we referred to them as {C: speaking French}. B-A-N-Q-U-E-T-T-E. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Because we had a very unusual name for city blocks in French the blocks are referred to as {C: speaking French} I-S-L-E-T which means a small island. An island that has all of our blocks were surrounded by {X} with crossings at simple places. In other words each each uh block was a little #1 island itself. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm mm-hmm # 657X: and the {C: speaking French} was the bank. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Or the Interviewer: I see 657X: or the uh wa- waterway surrounded the blocks. And I loved the new use of the word {D: banking} much better than sidewalk. Interviewer: mm-hmm #1 What do you # 657X: #2 It's a # pity they don't use it #1 anymore. # Interviewer: #2 Yes. # What do you call the strip of grass between the banquette and the street? 657X: The um the lawn. Interviewer: Okay. Uh if you knock on someone's door and there was no answer you'd say he's not? 657X: Not home. Interviewer: Okay. Um then what are how do people drink coffee around here? 657X: Now that's a th- that's a source of great deal of contention. Interviewer: K. 657X: We drink our coffee with milk or we drink it black. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And there are many different ways of making coffee. I still make it the way my grandmother made it maybe a hundred years ago. I drip my coffee drop by drop and I use pure coffee. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh they tell you that uh that coffee with chicory is a Creole custom that's a lot of {X}. Interviewer: mm 657X: My my two grandmothers {X} heresy. Interviewer: mm 657X: T- talk about having uh chicory Interviewer: mm 657X: in the coffee. And I still make coffee that's strong enough just pure coffee. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I wouldn't think of getting chicory because I was sure both grandmothers would would haunt me. Interviewer: {NW} 657X: {NW} Interviewer: Alright. These are uh some expressions if someone is not going away from you you'd say he's coming straight? 657X: He's coming right right up to me. Interviewer: Or he's not going away from you he's coming? Toward? 657X: He's coming toward me. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you stop somebody you haven't seen in a long time and then were telling me about it you'd say this morning I just happened to run? 657X: Run into. Interviewer: And if you're giving a child the same name as her mother you'd say you named her? 657X: They named her after mama. Interviewer: Okay. I've got some animals the ki- the animal that barks is a? 657X: A dog. Interviewer: What would you say to make a dog attack? 657X: Yo- well you'd uh you'd we use uh to say sic 'em. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you uh call a mixed breed dog? 657X: A {C: speaking French} Interviewer: You know how to spell that? 657X: I would say K-Y-O-O-D-L-E. {NW} Interviewer: Interesting question about the spelling of that #1 word. # 657X: #2 Or # #1 D-E-L one of the two. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Did you ever hear of a feist dog? 657X: Yes I've heard talk a- a- a a feist that's a a little dog. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-kay um What do you call the male in a herd of cattle? 657X: The bull. Interviewer: Did you ever hear it say that that was not polite to use around women? 657X: No. Interviewer: In some parts of the country they wouldn't say bull 657X: Is that right? Interviewer: That's right. 657X: What they call the boy cow? #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 They said they have a male cow. # 657X: The male cow. Interviewer: #1 The big # 657X: #2 No we've # always do. Because in French we had a very definite word for it. A bull is a {C: speaking French}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And a cow is a {C: speaking French}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh we always used the word uh bull. Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you call the baby? 657X: A calf. Interviewer: Do you know the names for male and female calves? 657X: Well uh there's the {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And and the and the calf. Interviewer: Is calf a female? 657X: I think calf is female. Interviewer: Alright. If a cow was about was going to have a calf you'd say she's going to what? 657X: She's going {X}. Interviewer: mm {X} Okay. Uh what do you call the animal that has long ears that was used in plowing? 657X: Mules. Interviewer: If you had were working with two of those what would you call that? 657X: A team of team of mule Interviewer: Alright uh-huh what do you call a male horse? 657X: um {D: I don't know I don't} {X} I know I know a mare. {NW} Interviewer: Female horse. 657X: That's a female #1 horse. # Interviewer: #2 Yes okay. # um 657X: And a colt is a is a young Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: male horse. Interviewer: If you couldn't stay on the horse you'd say I fell? 657X: I fell off. Interviewer: And if a child was in bed and then woke up on the floor you'd say he fell? 657X: He rolled off the bed. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what are the things you put on a horse's feet to protect them? 657X: Shoes. Interviewer: What do you call the horse's foot? 657X: The uh the hoof. Interviewer: mm-hmm And you'd say he has four? 657X: Four hooves. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh the thing that you play with the shoes would be called? 657X: Horseshoes. Interviewer: What do you call a male sheep? 657X: A yew. Interviewer: A female? 657X: No a female ram ram the the yew is a female. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: The ram. Interviewer: And what do you raise them for what do they have on their backs? 657X: For the wool? Interviewer: mm-hmm What is a male hog? 657X: Boar. Interviewer: What would you call one that had grown up wild? 657X: A wild boar. Interviewer: Uh what would you call a male hog that would had been castrated? 657X: I don't know I {X}. Interviewer: Probably only on the farm that they #1 know that. # 657X: #2 Yes. # Interviewer: Do you know a name for a female? 657X: mm A sow. Interviewer: How about a young one? 657X: um {X} Interviewer: Okay. Is that when it's first born? 657X: When it's just a young {X} piglets. Interviewer: Okay. mm-hmm um What are the stiff hairs on the hog's back? 657X: Bristles. Interviewer: And the thing that uh that that long teeth or? 657X: Tusks? Interviewer: And you would feed them while they're? 657X: In a trough. Interviewer: Uh if you had a pig and didn't want him to be able to breed what would you say that you would do to him? 657X: Castrate him. Interviewer: Any other term for that? 657X: No. Interviewer: mm-kay 657X: Nothing polite. {NW} Interviewer: Well um the whole thing isn't very polite to begin with. 657X: {NW} Interviewer: Uh these are some animal noises and calls and if you don't know just #1 say so would you # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer2: say that a calf Interviewer: does? 657X: {NW} Bawls. Interviewer: Okay how about a cow? 657X: She bawls too. #1 but louder # Interviewer: #2 Alright. # Um a horse? 657X: Neighs. Interviewer: If you had some horses and #1 {D: hens} and cows # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: that were hungry you'd say I'm going to feed the? 657X: Feed the animals. Interviewer: Alright suppose you had some chickens and turkeys and geese you're going to feed the? 657X: Feed the chickens. Interviewer: Does that mean turkeys #1 too? # 657X: #2 A- # anything that's out in the barnyard. Interviewer: Alright. Uh what do you call the little bone that children break? 657X: Wishbone. Interviewer: Would you ever call that a {X}? 657X: Never heard that. Interviewer: Okay. {NS} Uh what do you call the inside parts of the chicken or calf that you eat? 657X: Well there's the there's the chicken there's a gizzard there's the um the um in a calf you have the liver the the uh kidney. Some people raise their nose when you talk about kidneys too, but I love it. Interviewer: mm 657X: And uh the um well there's brain and the um um what you think I'm {X} the sweet breads. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {D: very sharp} Interviewer: Well in a pig there's something there's a part that some people eat. I think it's the intestine. 657X: Oh yes it is. Interviewer: Yes did you ever eat those? 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: Are they good I never #1 had any # 657X: #2 They're good. # They're very good they have to be they have to be cooked just right. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: They're u- u- uh they c- cook them to a crisp and they they can be very good. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm If it's time to feed the stock and do the chores you'd say it's what time? 657X: Well I I don't know because I've never been Interviewer: right 657X: farm a farm. Interviewer: Do you know how to call cows? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. {X} 657X: No. Interviewer: Do you know what to say to a horse to make it turn left and #1 right? # 657X: #2 Yes. # Yeah that's gee and haw. Interviewer: Which is left and which is? 657X: Uh that's {X} I haven't driven a horse in in ages. I used to go with my father when he went up the river in a buggy. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know what to say to get a horse to come in from the pasture? 657X: {NS} Interviewer: How about to make a horse start moving or go faster? 657X: giddy-up Interviewer: And to make him stop? 657X: Pull the reins {D: I don't know}. Interviewer: Okay. uh 657X: Whoa. Interviewer: Do you know how to call pigs? 657X: No. Interviewer: Or sheep? 657X: {NW} Interviewer: How about chickens? 657X: {X} make noises. Interviewer: What kind of noises? 657X: {NW} Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you wanted to get the horses ready to go somewhere what is all the stuff you put on the horse? 657X: Put on a harness. Interviewer: mm-hmm When you're driving a horse what do you hold in your hands? 657X: The bridles. Interviewer: And if you're riding what do you hold? 657X: Well um the bridles is when you're riding the reins are when you {X} the way. Interviewer: Okay and what do you put your feet in in the saddle? 657X: The stirrups. Interviewer: Do you know what you'd call the horse that it walks on the left if you were plowing with two? 657X: No. Interviewer: mm-kay If something's not right in your hands you'd say it's just a little? 657X: Little off a little. Interviewer: That's good enough i- if it if it were not just a little ways and was still quite a distance you'd say we still have a what to go? 657X: Have a way to go. Interviewer: Alright. If something's very common and you don't have to look for it you'd say you could find that just about? 657X: Anywhere. Interviewer: Alright. If you slipped and fell that way you fell? 657X: Down back. Interviewer: And that way? 657X: Forward. Interviewer: Okay. If you uh went fishing and had no luck I said did you catch any fish you'd say no {D: blank a one}. 657X: No, not a damn once. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Alright. # What do you call the trenches cut by a plow? 657X: The uh the rows. Interviewer: Alright mm-hmm and if you had a good field you'd say we raised a big? 657X: Big crop. Interviewer: And to get rid of all the brush and trees you were doing what? 657X: Clear the land. Interviewer: If you uh cut the crop once and it enough grew back to cut it again what would you call that? 657X: Second cutting. Interviewer: Okay uh what would you call the grass that was left over? 657X: Now that I don't know. Interviewer: Alright. Um if um you a crop came up that you had not planted that year what's that? 657X: That's a volunteer. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Uh wheat would be tied up into a? 657X: Into a sheaf. Interviewer: And you pile sheafs into a? 657X: Into a stack I don't- I don't Interviewer: Okay uh-uh and um Measure we raise forty what of wheat to an acre? 657X: Forty bushels. Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you do to oats to separate the grain from the shaft? 657X: You uh you y- you {X} it you uh I- I- I've seen pictures but I don't know exactly what. Interviewer: You know the term flash or #1 thread? # 657X: #2 Flash # yeah. Interviewer: Alright uh. 657X: Honestly I hadn't associated that with with oats I associated that with with wheat. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm If uh several people had been to see you and they were leaving you might say well I hope? 657X: I hope you'll come again. Interviewer: Would you ever say you all? 657X: Oh yeah. Interviewer: How would you use that? 657X: Well I'm I'm glad you all came. Interviewer: mm-hmm Would you ever say you all to one person? 657X: No. I don't anyhow. Interviewer: mm-kay um You might say if no one else will look out for them they've got to look out for? 657X: Themselves. Interviewer: And if no one will do it for him he's got to do it? 657X: For himself. Interviewer: Okay. uh If I were talking about some kinds of food what is made of flour and baked in a loaf? 657X: Bread. Interviewer: What some types of bread made from flour? 657X: Well there is um there is a french bread there's a a a b- b- br- bread that uh comes in in square sort of square little rectangular loaves. There's uh there used to be a great deal of difference in loaves. There was a French loaf which was one kind of of bread {NW} but uh it's just a loaves I would would say according to the type of bread. Interviewer: Do you make any bread out of cornmeal? 657X: No. Cornmeal is not looked upon as being bread. It's uh it's used for muffins and uh corn sticks #1 and {X}. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Did you ever hear of a corn dog {X}? 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: What's that? 657X: But I don't know #1 {D: what it is} # Interviewer: #2 Oh # okay. um Bread that you made at home what would you call that? 657X: Homemade bread. Interviewer: And suppose you bought it in the store it would be? 657X: Well it would be just a loaf of bread. Interviewer: Okay. And what is the kind of pasty that's fried usually round with a hole in the center? 657X: Donuts. Interviewer: Now I think in New Orleans they have 657X: #1 square ones? # 657X: #2 Square ones. # Yes. Interviewer: What do they call it? 657X: Th- those are really uh not exactly donuts. we call those beignets. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm And if you make up a batter and five three or four things on a griddle and eat them with syrup that's? 657X: Uh hotcakes. Interviewer: mm-hmm uh What would you put in bread to make it rise? 657X: Yeast. Interviewer: K and what um if you went to the store this is a weight to buy it you buy two what of flour? 657X: It was {NW} i- it uh two packs. Interviewer: Well weight. 657X: Oh. Well two two pounds. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um the inside part of the egg is called? 657X: The yolk. Interviewer: And the color is? The color of the yolk is? 657X: It's the the color of the yolk is yellow. Interviewer: mm-hmm If you cook eggs in hot water what are they? 657X: Hard boiled. Interviewer: Suppose if you cracked the egg and let it fall into the water? 657X: That's supposed to be poached I s- I think but I never did it. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 It is. # Yes. Uh what do you call salt or sugar cured meat that you might boil with greens? 657X: Um. That would be u- uh sometimes pickled meat. sometimes salt meat. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But the salt meat is usually uh scalded so as to get the heavy salt taste out of it. Interviewer: If you cut the side of a hog what would you call that meat? 657X: Side meat I don't. Interviewer: Alright that's fine. What would you call meat that you bought unsliced and then later on you'd slash it and fry it with eggs? 657X: That would be uh the yeah that would be uh slicing. That would be a a st- steak {D: rare and vetted} steak. Interviewer: What do you call the meat that's already sliced and that you fry with eggs in breakfast? 657X: We buy it as a round as a as a round steak and then cut it up into pieces and fry it with a with a vat of eggs and dip it in in uh bread crumbs and then fry it. Interviewer: What would what do you call that? 657X: We call those {C: speaking French} #1 in in New Orleans. # Interviewer: #2 I don't know that word. # Interviewer2: #1 {D: Is that is that beef or pork}? # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 657X: No that would be that would be the beef or veal. Interviewer2: Oh okay. Interviewer: {C: speaking French} is a is a French word strictly. It's a piece of meat that would be say about this big. mm 657X: You dip it in the the the beaten egg. Interviewer: mm-hmm And then pass it in bread crumbs and then fry it. mm-hmm 657X: And then the {C: speaking French) also {X} with gravy. Which are about the same size they sear it first and then they They cook in a in a brown gravy or a tomato gravy whichever Interviewer: mm 657X: people prefer. And that's served with grits #1 was a # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: was a very standard breakfast amongst the creoles. Interviewer: {D: Say} that sounds good how do you spell {C: speaking French}? 657X: G-R-I-L-L-A-D-E Interviewer: Okay I'll. 657X: S for the plural. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh well to get back to this I was talk about something from pork although I'm glad they had that. 657X: Pork chops. Interviewer: What's something you eat for breakfast very commonly today. It's strips of? 657X: Bacon? Interviewer: Yes mm-hmm 657X: Oh yes. Interviewer: Too obvious. #1 What might you call the # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: the outside the outside of the the bacon is 657X: Ba- bacon rind. Interviewer: mm-hmm What is the kind of meat that comes in little links on a chain? 657X: Sausage. Interviewer: And the man who cuts up the meat in the store? 657X: Is the butcher. Interviewer: Alright. And if meat has been kept too long you'd say it's done what? 657X: It spoils. Interviewer: What about butter that's kept too long? 657X: Butter gets rancid. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you make from the meat from the head of the hog? 657X: A hogshead cheese. Interviewer: mm-hmm How about a dish? 657X: I think you call it souse. Interviewer: Yes. #1 {D: that's good enough} # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: Oh okay 657X: {NW} Interviewer: I don't eat it so I don't #1 know. # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: What is a dish made from cooking and grinding up all the liver? 657X: Oh that's a a a sausage. That's uh we call that now I don't think it's made with liver though. No I don't I wouldn't know what that is. Interviewer: What were you about to say? 657X: I was going to tell you about the sausage that they make but it's mostly blood #1 sausage. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: It's called in French {C: speaking French}. Interviewer: mm-hmm Okay that was my next question {X}. Uh did you ever hear a {X} let's skip this question cuz you haven't. Uh thick sour milk that you keep on hand would be called? 657X: {X} Interviewer: Okay. And what kind of cheese would you make from that? 657X: Cream cheese. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you had just milked a cow in order to get the impurities out of the milk what might you do first? 657X: That I don't #1 know. # Interviewer: #2 Well you # might pour it through a still. 657X: Through a sill. Interviewer: To do what to it? 657X: I I don't know. Interviewer: What if a woman was cooking vegetables she might pour it into a column to to do what? 657X: To strain it. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um what would be baked in a deep dish made of some sort of fruit layers of fruit and crust 657X: That would be a {NW} that would be a form a pie. Interviewer: mm-hmm Alright. Do you know the word cobbler? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Is that the same thing? 657X: A little different. The cobbler is uh generally more juicy than a p- than a pie and {NW} would never the pie is uh served in a in a round pan but you'd make a cobbler in a large pan and serve it in #1 pieces. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # What would you call a sweet liquid that you pour over a cake or pie? 657X: Uh syrup. Interviewer: Alright. mm-hmm And what is food taken between regular meals? 657X: Snacks. Interviewer: Uh if you're running uh some water what would you drink it out of? 657X: A glass. Interviewer: K if the people were all standing around the dinner table and you wanted them to be seated what would you say to them? 657X: Would you sit down? Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you wanted them not to wait until the potatoes were passed what would you say? Go ahead and? 657X: G- uh go ahead and help yourselves. Interviewer: mm-hmm If you decided you didn't want to eat something what um would you say? 657X: Uh thank you I don't care for that or I can't eat that I'd find some excuse. Interviewer: mm-hmm If um you had too much to eat on Sunday and then you warmed it up again on Monday what would you #1 say you had? # 657X: #2 Leftovers. # Interviewer: Yes. You put the food in your mouth and then you? 657X: Chew. Interviewer: And then after you chew it you would? 657X: Swallow. Interviewer: Okay. Uh do you make anything out of boiled cornmeal boiled in salt and water? 657X: No. Interviewer: I'm thinking of mush are you familiar with? 657X: Yes I've heard of it but I've never. Interviewer: Alright. Do you have anything called a type of food called cush or cush cush is a different way of saying cush 657X: um No. I I uh I do I've heard it's talked of but uh I don't uh Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you call peas and beats and beans and all those things together? 657X: Th- that would be um {X} Cuz I didn't I don't like it Interviewer: #1 Well I don't mean # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: cooked together I mean just #1 what's the general # 657X: #2 Oh. # Interviewer: word for all that kind of thing? 657X: Oh um vegetables. Interviewer: Yeah and vegetables would grow in a? 657X: In a garden. Interviewer: mm-hmm um The grain that is grown in Louisiana and Arkansas is the white grain? 657X: Corn? Interviewer: That the Chinese eat. 657X: Rice. Interviewer: #1 Yes mm # 657X: #2 Oh. # Interviewer: Uh what #1 would you # 657X: #2 They never # had that in Arkansas. #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 {X} # What type do you call corn in whiskey? It's illegal. 657X: That's uh um that's um I'll tell you what they call it around here sometimes rotgut. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {NW} Interviewer: I said it's is it bad? 657X: It's bad. Interviewer: #1 Suppose # 657X: #2 Otherwise # otherwise it's moonshine. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what would you may call homemade beer? 657X: {D: home growth} Interviewer: mm-hmm And what would you make out of sugarcane? 657X: A rum. Interviewer: Well I'm not necessarily alcohol but. 657X: Oh. Interviewer: Just to use to pour on something. 657X: Well uh that would be syrup. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um anything else? 657X: Well there's also uh maple syrup #1 uh but uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # We're out of {X} cane. 657X: Out of sorghum cane but sorghum doesn't grow down here. Interviewer: mm 657X: {NW} this is cane country. Interviewer: Do you call anything molasses? 657X: Molasses is what comes in big barrels {D: at least} and use uh use more in commercial. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: But uh you'd have to when um at the um the grinding season you get molasses and uh it's used in homes. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh the opposite of imitation you'd say it's? 657X: Genuine. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh if something was bought in a large quanta you can say it's sold in? 657X: Wholesale. Interviewer: #1 Or? # 657X: #2 In # in bulk. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you call a sweet spread that's put on toast? 657X: Jam. Interviewer: Or? 657X: Or jelly. Interviewer: mm-hmm And then you'd season your food with? 657X: Salt and pepper. Interviewer: And if there were a bowl of apples and a child wanted one he'd say? 657X: Give me an apple. Interviewer: mm-hmm And this is uh 657X: Or if he had been told not to say it to ask for things he would say mm I like apples. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Yes. # Uh just some questions about fruits and vegetables the inside of a cherry is a? 657X: Is a pit. Interviewer: And the inside of a peach? 657X: Is a stone. Interviewer: mm-hmm What uh kinds of peaches are there there? The kind where the meat is tight to the seed? 657X: Well there's uh {D: cling} peaches and free stone. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh then what do you call the part of the apple that you throw away? 657X: The core. Interviewer: Do you have a term for little pieces of dried apples? 657X: I don't think. {NW} Interviewer: Then uh there's some kinds of nuts first of all the kind that Jimmy Carter is famous for? 657X: Peanuts. Interviewer: mm-hmm Do you know any other name for peanuts? 657X: Goobers. Interviewer: Anything else? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Uh then what are some other common nuts? 657X: Well we have here pecans walnuts uh and uh I'll tell you the uh the common name for the Brazil nuts they were used to be called nigger toes. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm I've heard that # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Uh then there's another kind of nut that starts with a A it's flat it's eye shaped? I don't think it grows here. There's a candy bar called something joy. 657X: I don't know what that is. Interviewer: Starts A-L. 657X: Oh almond. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Yeah. oh I should've known that I s- I saw enough almond groves in uh in Spain. {NW} Interviewer: I I didn't know where #1 they were from # 657X: #2 Yes. mm-hmm # Interviewer: Uh what is a kind the kind of fruit from Florida I suppose that you squeeze? 657X: The grapefruit. Interviewer: Or a smaller one. 657X: The orange. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh there's a little red vegetable that's peppery? 657X: Radish. Interviewer: And uh the big red vegetable is a? 657X: Beet. Interviewer: Um bigger than beet. 657X: Bigger than a beet #1 is # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Used in salads #1 or sliced. # 657X: #2 Yes that is # There's uh a red uh {X}. Interviewer: Well this is more this a a common vegetable used in salads. It's a mushy kind of vegetable. 657X: Tomatoes. Interviewer: Yes. 657X: {NW} Interviewer: Do you know the {D: known names for} the little ones? 657X: No. Interviewer: Okay. Uh then along with uh meat you might have a baked? 657X: They call them cherry to- tomatoes. Interviewer: mm-hmm With meat you might have a baked? 657X: A baked potato. Interviewer: What do you call the kind of potato that has orange meat or yellow? 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: Sweet potato? 657X: Oh sweet potato yes. Interviewer: Is that the same as a yam? 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Uh what is the kind of vegetable that makes tears come to your eyes when you cut it? 657X: Onions. Interviewer: What are the smaller ones called? 657X: They're shallots and uh green onions which are the with the stems. Interviewer: mm-hmm And 657X: They're the little onions that the use for pickling. Interviewer: Is that something different? 657X: They're still onions they don't {D: I don't think there's anything} I don't know of any name for them other than. Interviewer: Uh then the uh kind of vegetable that's long and green and used in gumbo. 657X: Okra. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh then let's see {X} cabbage. What's another kind of vegetable that comes in a head? 657X: Lettuce. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you wanted to get beans out of the pod you'd say you would do what? 657X: You'd uh well you'd split them. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what i- what is the kind of bean that you have to take out of the pod? 657X: That's those are uh lima beans Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: and uh some green beans {X} the black eyed peas. Interviewer: What are the beans that you don't take out of the pods you just break up and cook the pod? 657X: Well that's just a green the um green beans. I don't know what the other name there is for them. Interviewer: {D: Do you go with snap beans?} 657X: Snap beans. Yes. Interviewer: mm-kay alright And then you uh if you cook the tops of turnips that would be? 657X: Turnip tops and uh well that uh {NW} that would be pot {D: dinner} Interviewer: mm-hmm {X} 657X: {D: do ya} Interviewer: Uh if you had a lot of children like fourteen you'd say you had a whole? 657X: A whole draft of kids. Interviewer: Okay. On the outside of an ear of corn what's that called? 657X: The uh corn shell. Interviewer: And what is what grows in the {D: top of} 657X: Husk. Interviewer: And the stringy stuff that has to be picked off? 657X: The uh I don't know, what I always called them {X}. Interviewer: Alright mm-hmm what do you call the kind of corn that's tender enough to eat off the cob? 657X: Um {D: I'm just just uh} eating corn out of a I don't know if there's any particular name. Interviewer: what is the big round orange thing that's used for jack-o-lanterns? 657X: Pumpkins. Interviewer: What's a yellow {D: crook necked} vegetable? 657X: Well we used to call that we always called that a pumpkin too but it's a {X}. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm What about a smaller one? 657X: Smaller ones are uh {NW} {NW} as a squash. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: A squash family that comes with a neck. Interviewer: mm-hmm What kinds of melons do you have here? 657X: We have uh cantaloupes watermelon that is one of the best melons that they've lost track of I don't see it anymore. We used to call it muskmelon. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: With the slices and uh they're some of these other melons that come from. That's where those uh honeydew melons. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {D: And that's all.} Interviewer: What's the little umbrella s shaped thing that grows up in the woods? 657X: Mushroom. Interviewer: Do you have a name for the poison kind? 657X: No it's {X} poison mushroom. Interviewer: Alright mm-hmm and the things that people smoke are? 657X: Cigarettes or cigars. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what do you call the kind of bird that can see in the dark? 657X: An owl. Interviewer: Are there different varieties of those? 657X: Yes. There are uh there are th- the smaller {X} the large um um um owls that are birds of prey. Interviewer: mm-hmm How about a kind of bird that drills holes in trees? 657X: uh Woodpecker. Interviewer: Are there different types of those? 657X: I think they are. There's a red head woodpecker the ivory bill woodpecker and just the ordinary kind who gets up and drums on trees. Interviewer: Do you have the great big one? 657X: No so ours are rather small. {X} I guess this is about the largest. Interviewer: Did you ever see the very big one? 657X: No I not except in a in an exhibition of a stuffed bird. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm um What is the kind of animal that has a bad smell? 657X: Skunk. Interviewer: mm-hmm what would you call the ki- animals that would come and get your chickens? 657X: Uh well you have uh they would be the um I don't know. Weasels. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh there's there's another one that's probably more common than a weasel. I don't remember the- Interviewer: Do you have one general name for all kinds of pesty animals? 657X: No. Th- e- except that uh you refer to them as varmints. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm Uh what's the bushy tailed animal that lives in trees? 657X: Squirrel. Interviewer: Are there different kinds of squirrels here? 657X: Um yeah some gray Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 and red. # Interviewer: mm-hmm how about a little animal that looks a little like a squirrel ? But it doesn't have a bushy tail and it has a stripe down it's back and it runs on the ground and I don't think you have them here. 657X: That's a skunk. Interviewer: No. 657X: No oh a chipmunk. Interviewer: Yes. #1 uh-uh # 657X: #2 chipmunk yes # Interviewer: Are there any here? 657X: No they're more in the f- further North than here especially in the mountains in in the West they're just all over the place. Interviewer: mm What kinds of fish do you have here particularly? 657X: Well we have everything in the fish pond from trout to to uh red fish {X} mackerel Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: um mullets um white trout um. Well there're so many of the sea fish {X} {X} a heavy sea fish {X} the uh yellowtail {X} in the uh definitely um sword fish and sharks. Where all that Interviewer: #1 mm mm # 657X: #2 {D: in in the} # area of the gulf Interviewer: mm What other kinds of seafood are there? 657X: Oysters crabs shrimp. Interviewer: mm-hmm #1 What is # 657X: #2 and # Interviewer: the uh fresh water thing that looks a little like a lobster but it's small? 657X: Crawfish. Interviewer: Yes that's currently famous in #1 Louisiana. # 657X: #2 Yeah. # They're not seafood. Interviewer: #1 not that they # 657X: #2 They're # swamp food. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Really? Okay. # 657X: But I'll tell you they are great. Interviewer: What kinds of snakes do you have? 657X: Uh well we have the rattlesnakes D: North of the lake {NW}. We have uh kingsnakes around here little grass snakes and I don't know of any other poisonous snakes than the case of the rattler. But uh most of the snakes down this way are rather harmless. Interviewer: And uh the animals that croak would be? 657X: Frogs. Interviewer: What do you call the big one? 657X: Bullfrog. Interviewer: What do you call the small one? 657X: Just a little frog. Interviewer: How about the kind that lives in the garden? 657X: Don't have them in New Orleans. Interviewer: Okay. Uh what would you dig up for fishing? 657X: Worms. Interviewer: What kind? 657X: The um the lo- long ones that uh that you get in uh in uh for instance in uh {X} {D: I put two leaves and uh}. What do you call that that pile that you get the garden uh stuff out of? Interviewer2: #1 It's compost. Composts. # Interviewer: #2 Composts. mm-hmm # Uh then the animal that has a hard shell and can draw in it's head and legs? 657X: Turtle. Interviewer: Do you have uh several kinds of turtles? 657X: Yes there're the big sea turtles then there are the uh the um {NW} the turtle that's used for uh making turtle soup which is a very special turtle. We have a a strictly French name for it they call it a {C: speaking French}. Interviewer: How do you spell that? 657X: Uh nobody can tell #1 you that. Then # Interviewer: #2 Oh. # 657X: not even not even the next {X} {X} who is an authority on French he still has never discovered how to spell it {C: speaking French} Interviewer: {NW} 657X: But that's a that's a a French water turtle That is the um very much sought after for making turtle Interviewer: #1 soup. # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: See- then there are the little uh box turtles that can close their- their shell up {X} Interviewer: They're dry land. 657X: They're dry land. Interviewer: Are there any other dry land turtles? 657X: Uh I don't know. Interviewer: Would you ever call a {X} a gopher? 657X: No. Interviewer: I didn't think so. What would you call an insect that flies around the light. 657X: I I wish you would tell me because I haven't seen many in so many years but for the the uh ordinary ordinary insect is a moth. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But there was a there was an insect that flew around the electric glass {D: they caught in electric lights}. That used to be think about this big a repulsive looking things with a black wing and stripe on it. And they would fly around those carbon lights. {X} {NS} don't see them any more with the with the carbon lights going out of use and you don't see those insects anymore. Interviewer: mm 657X: We used to call them electric bright bulb bugs. Interviewer: mm mm-kay What uh has a little light in its tail? 657X: That's a firefly. Interviewer: Um what is a long thin bodied insect #1 that has a # 657X: #2 And we also # call that a lightning bug. Interviewer: Okay yeah that's what I call them. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: A long thin bodied insect that has two pairs of wings and you find them around water? 657X: Would that be the uh the uh what we call uh mosquito hawk Interviewer: mm-kay {X} what kinds of stinging insects do you know? 657X: Wasps bees Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: and uh the {C: could be the IO caterpillar} caterpillar get sort of {D: they use that as a sort of a} of a triangular shape. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Uh it's called some kind of moth but it can really poison you. Interviewer: mm What's the insect that bites and used to carry malaria? 657X: That was the mosquito. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what is the little insect that burrows in your skin? 657X: Uh tick. Interviewer: Well there's another kind too that I I think may be smaller. Interviewer2: Sometimes associated with Spanish moss. Interviewer: Well I don't know if they have Spanish moss here. 657X: We used to but we never #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 uh-uh # Well would you call it a chigger or a {X}? 657X: I thought chigger was out in the country more than- Interviewer: Maybe. 657X: um yeah I've experienced chiggers in Tennessee. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Would would you call them chiggers here? 657X: Uh no they usually they don't usually call them chiggers here I don't think they use the word very much I've heard people use it. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But uh it uh They're very common in the in Tennessee and the mountains I'll have chiggers on me Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 on {X} # Interviewer: I haven't and I don't want to. Uh what do you call the kind of insect that hops around in grass? 657X: The the um the um the grasshopper. Interviewer: mm And a little fish you'd use for bait would be a? 657X: {X} Interviewer: If you haven't swept or cleaned your house and in this corner you might have a? 657X: Cobwebs. Interviewer: Okay. What are the parts of trees that grow under the ground? 657X: The roots. Interviewer: Okay. {X} sugar maples I think if you had a group of sugar maples what would you call that? 657X: A grove. Interviewer: And what kinds of trees do you have around here most commonly? 657X: Well we have the oak cypress elm myrtle and uh um Interviewer: Sycam-? 657X: Sycamore #1 oh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: Sycamore's a nuisance. Interviewer: mm 657X: and they Interviewer: And that does the big tree that has the big white blossoms? 657X: and uh #1 Magnolia # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: and Hackberry which is also a nuisance. Interviewer: mm Uh what's the kind of tree they say George Washington cut down? 657X: The cherry tree. Interviewer: Okay. 657X: We don't have cherries here. Interviewer: And a kind of bush that turns red early in the fall and has red berries and some say it's poisonous. 657X: Sumac. Interviewer: Yeah mm-hmm and what what kind of poisonous vines do you have? 657X: Uh poison ivy. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 and um # That's about the the only bad one. There's also poison oak. Interviewer: Is it the same thing? 657X: No it's a different vine it it is a vine but it's different from poison ivy. Interviewer: mm-kay What kinds of berries are there? 657X: {NW} Blackberries Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: strawberries Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: uh there's some uh {NW} some huckleberries in the woods North of here but uh. Interviewer: There's a kind that begins with an R that I don't think #1 it grows. # 657X: #2 Raspberry. # Interviewer: Yeah mm-hmm um and then these are some terms for members of the family if a married woman were referring to the man she's married to she she would say I have to ask my? 657X: Husband. Interviewer: You'd say I'd have to ask my? 657X: My wife. Interviewer: Okay um a woman who's lost her husband is a? 657X: A widow. Interviewer: Do you have a term for a woman whose husband has left her? 657X: um Well they refer to her as a grass widow. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: as a- a- a- as a grass widow and the other one is {D: the sun widow}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {NW} Interviewer: Yeah that. What did you call your father? 657X: Papa. Interviewer: And your mother? 657X: Mama. Interviewer: And your father and mother together would be your? 657X: My parents. Interviewer: What did you call your grandparents? 657X: Well we used the French term {C: speaking French, the word is probably Maman} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 which is gran- granny # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: #1 {C: speaking French} and {C: speaking French} # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm {NS} # mm-hmm okay. Uh then your sons and daughters would be your? 657X: Children. Interviewer: And a name that the child is called by just in the family would be his? 657X: Well his uh would be a nickname. Interviewer: mm-hmm and what would you put a baby into that has wheels and you can push it? 657X: A go cart. Interviewer: Alright. If you 657X: Or a or a baby buggy but we called it a go cart. Interviewer: If you put the baby in a buggy and then took it out what would you say you were doing? 657X: For a walk. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um your children would be your sons and your? 657X: Daughters. Interviewer: Or your boys and? 657X: Girls. Interviewer: Uh if a woman was going to have a baby what would you say she is? 657X: Well not that many interesting ways of saying that. #1 In French we refer to it as # 657X: #2 {NS} # 657X: #1 {D: being in an interesting position}. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: mm 657X: {C: speaking French} Interviewer: {D: What} 657X: #1 U- u- uh she's she's pregnant. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: mm-hmm #1 Anything else? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: uh They uh they refer to it {C: speaking French} bigness. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And that's uh {C: speaking French} Interviewer: If you don't have a doctor to deliver a baby the woman who might help would be a? 657X: A midwife. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if a boy and his father have the same appearance you'd say the boy? 657X: Is a chip off the old block. Interviewer: Good. Uh if a woman has taken care of children till they're grown you'd say she has? 657X: She has raised them. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh if a child were about to be punished you'd say yeah you're going to get a? 657X: You're going to get a good licking. Interviewer: Okay. What would you call a child that's born to an unmarried woman? 657X: Well he's either illegitimate or a bastard. Interviewer: #1 Alright um your brother's son is your? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: My brother's son is my nephew. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # A child who's lost his father and mother is an? 657X: Is an orphan. Interviewer: And the court might appoint someone to look after it a legal? 657X: A legal u- uh tutor or a or a guardian. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um all the people who are kin to you would be your? 657X: My cousins or my relatives. Interviewer: And if somebody was not kin to you you'd say he's no? 657X: He's no kin. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you call someone who came into town that you've never seen before? 657X: A stranger. Interviewer: Suppose he's from a foreign country? 657X: A foreigner. Interviewer: Would you ever call somebody a foreigner from this country? 657X: Well in joking we would but {NW} {D: but not that.} Interviewer: How far away would he have to come from to be a foreigner? 657X: Canada. Interviewer: Okay. Uh the name of the mother of Jesus is? 657X: Mary. Interviewer: And George Washington's wife? 657X: Was Martha. Interviewer: And there's a whole song wait 'til the sun shines? 657X: Nellie. Interviewer: Okay. And then Jimmy Carter's brother is named? 657X: Billy. {NW} Interviewer: Uh first of the four gospels is? 657X: Matthew. Interviewer: mm-hmm A woman who conducts school is a? 657X: School teacher. Interviewer: mm-hmm um # Interviewer: #1 If there was a a married woman named Cooper # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # and you didn't know her first name you'd call her? 657X: Now what was that? Interviewer: A married woman named Cooper you wanted to address her and you don't know her first name so you call her? 657X: Mrs Cooper. Interviewer: mm-hmm What would you call a carpenter who was not well trained and didn't do a good job? 657X: Is a botch. Interviewer: Oh yeah I've heard that one. 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: Do you know the term jackleg? 657X: Jackleg yes. Interviewer: Is that just for a 657X: Jackleg applies to a carpenter as well as to somebody else who messes up things. Interviewer: Such as? 657X: Such as a stone cutter who uh doesn't cut the stone right or uh or uh or they're putting in concrete that doesn't mix it right what can you expect from a jackleg like that? Interviewer: Would you use jackleg for somebody like a doctor or a lawyer? 657X: Yeah not for the lawyers but for a doctor. Interviewer: mm-hmm okay um What relation 657X: For a lawyer you would call him a shyster. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # What relation would my mother's sister be to me? 657X: Your mother's sister would be your aunt. Interviewer: mm-hmm The wife of Abraham would be? 657X: Well well that he had a couple of them {X} Interviewer: How about his his legitimate wife I guess his main wife? 657X: Was Zipporah or- Interviewer: Well the one the mother of Isaac. 657X: Was it Leah? Interviewer: Begins with an S. 657X: Sarah. Interviewer: uh-huh um If you your father had a brother called John you would call him? 657X: Either Johnny or Jack. Interviewer: Well he was your father's brother you'd call him? 657X: Oh uncle. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if um {NW} he had a brother called William you'd call him? 657X: Bill. Interviewer: #1 No uncle # 657X: #2 but he would also be # he'd also be my uncle. Interviewer: You'd call him uncle? 657X: Uncle Bill. Interviewer: Okay. Uh then the the commander of the army would be? 657X: Commander in chief. Interviewer: The highest rank in the army would be what title? 657X: Would be a general. Interviewer: And what would {X}? 657X: #1 Well you have the gra- graduation as a general # 657X: #2 {NS} # uh a major general the brigadier general or the lieutenant generals comes at the top {D: lieutenant} general major general brigadier colonel Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: lieutenant colonel um captain Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: first lieutenant second lieutenant who is who we refer to as the {X}. Interviewer: {D: yeah you why this why that}? 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: Okay. That's that's as far down as we need to go. The man who presides over the court would be a? 657X: A judge? Interviewer: And a child in school would be a? 657X: A scholar or a student. Interviewer: What's the difference there? 657X: Well a scholar would probably come up higher. Interviewer: Okay. And then the person that does the typing and the filing in an office is the? 657X: Stenographer. Interviewer: Or? 657X: Secretary. Interviewer: And a woman on the stage would be an? 657X: An actress. Interviewer: mm-hmm And your nationality is? 657X: M- mine? Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I'm an American. Interviewer: Okay. Uh a person whose skin was black you'd say is what race? 657X: Negro. Interviewer: What would you call a negro how do you refer to them? 657X: Well nowadays we're supposed to refer to them as blacks. Interviewer: Was there a different term when you were growing up? 657X: Yes. They didn't want to be called blacks. In those days they were colored people. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh and we uh called them we we referred to them if I was writing or speaking formally I would refer to them as a negro. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh {NW} if I were belittling him I'd call him a nigger. Interviewer: Okay. And your race is? 657X: I'm I'm caucasian. I'm a white. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh what would black people say to a belittle white people what would they call them? 657X: Call them a honky. Interviewer: mm-kay Uh what would you call a child born of a racially mixed marriage? 657X: He's a mixed breed. Interviewer: mm Okay this probably a good point for me to ask you what a Cajun is. 657X: A Cajun is uh is a descendant of the Acadian refugees who were driven out of Nova Scotia by the British. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The British had habit of driving people off in no direction. They came down here to Louisiana and they settled in the bayou country around Saint Martinville and that area. And their descendants are the Cajuns now they're not the same thing as creole. Interviewer: mm-hmm What are creoles? 657X: Creoles are descendants of French and Spanish um p- people not necessarily original uh colonies but descendants of French and Spanish people who settled here in Louisiana. They are not black. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Now everything that was supposed to be the best was creole Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: For instance creole tomatoes the best tomatoes. Interviewer: Ah. 657X: Uh and various things were called creole th- they were better and a good nigger was a creole nigger. Interviewer: Oh mm-hmm 657X: And that's where they get the id- that's where people get the idea that creoles are that they're uh half uh negro Interviewer: mm 657X: That is wrong. I'm proud to be a creole. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I'm of a mixed Latin ancestry. Interviewer: mm 657X: I got all the worst. Interviewer: {NW} Do creoles have to have a mixture of blood? 657X: uh Yes. Well now it's not th- th- they're not necessarily pure French or pure {X} usually are but uh they really could be more descendants of the colonials. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: For instance we have a lot of of uh creoles with uh German ancestry. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: Because the Germans came here settled in the river parishes. And uh since the priests were all French and the majority of the people were French they they Gallicized their names. And one of the strangest examples you might be interested in this story A German by the name of {X} Z-W-E-I-G came to marry a creole girl a a French girl. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh the priest when the priest asked the name he was told Nicholas Zweig and he says {C: speaking French}. Interviewer: mm 657X: And then somebody in the congregation held up the branch of a tree Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: a a a sprig of. Interviewer: mm 657X: And oh he said why didn't you tell me that in the first place? Your name is {C: speaking French}. Interviewer: mm 657X: And the {X} family has come down 657X: all from Zweig and are known as {C: speaking French}. Interviewer: #1 So the German family? # 657X: #2 Had # a German u- u- they have a German background and. Interviewer: The name is not translated 657X: Well the name was translated as Zweig in German is a branch. Interviewer: mm 657X: And from th- from that the {X} family stems. Interviewer: mm 657X: Although the original name would've been {X} Interviewer: mm 657X: And they've done the same thing with a lot of names uh the R-O-N-E family originally was R-O-H-N. Interviewer: mm 657X: The uh {X} family H-Y or H-I-M-E-L were originally {X}. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm 657X: and uh {X} H-E-Y-D-E-L was {X} H-E-I-D-L. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: {NW} And all of those names had been come from their German ancestry. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm 657X: And some of them consider themselves Cajuns some of them consider themselves creoles and {X} Interviewer: Yes. {X} What would you call white people who are not well off and they don't try to better themselves? 657X: Poor white trash. Interviewer: #1 Okay uh-huh what would you call # 657X: #2 And # that applies in Georgia as well as Interviewer: Oh yes. #1 All over the south. # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: What do you call the people that grow up out in the country? 657X: Um well we'd call it country- folks are Cajuns. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm um These are some parts of the body that I'll just point to what do you call this part of your head? 657X: Forehead. Interviewer: Alright what do you call this? 657X: The head. Interviewer: And that's a? 657X: The beard. Interviewer: uh-uh uh this is b- is what? 657X: The ear. Interviewer: Which one? 657X: That's the left ear. Interviewer: And this is the? 657X: Right ear. Interviewer: Okay this is my? 657X: Your mouth and your lips. Interviewer: And this the whole thing is my? 657X: Your neck. Interviewer: And you swallow down your? 657X: Throat. Interviewer: And this part on a man is the? 657X: #1 That's the Adam's apple. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # And the dentist would look at your? 657X: Teeth. Interviewer: And he'd fill one? 657X: He'd fill a tooth. Interviewer: mm-hmm and the flesh around the teeth? 657X: They are the gums. Interviewer: And then this part is the? 657X: That's a palm of your hand. Interviewer: And now the whole the whole thing both of them you have two? 657X: Two hands. Interviewer: mm-hmm and this is a? 657X: Fist. Interviewer: You have two? 657X: Two fists. Interviewer: Uh the place where you bend is a? 657X: Elbow. Interviewer: Or any place where you'd bend? 657X: Is a joint. Interviewer: mm-hmm And the other part of a man's body is his? 657X: His chest. Interviewer: And these are his? 657X: Shoulders. Interviewer: And uh the limb at the bottom is the? 657X: Your leg. Interviewer: mm-hmm And at the bottom of the leg is the? 657X: Is the ankle and the foot. Interviewer: And you have two? 657X: Thighs. Two uh calves. Interviewer: At the bottom your two one foot two? 657X: O- one uh one right foot one left foot. Interviewer: There are two? 657X: And uh toes. Interviewer: Or one foot. 657X: Feet. Interviewer: Two feet okay. #1 Um # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: the top part of the leg is the? 657X: Is the shin. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you got down like this you'd say you're getting down on your? 657X: {X} Interviewer: Okay th- what how do you describe that action? 657X: Squatting down. Interviewer: Okay. If somebody had been sick and now he's getting better you might say he still looks a little bit? 657X: He still looks a little pink. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what do you call a man who can pick up heavy weights he's big and? 657X: He's big and hefty. Interviewer: Okay uh what would you call someone who always has a smile on his face and a nice word to say? 657X: Um well he's I don't know I guess it's from being old it's pleasant. Interviewer: mm-hmm that's fine what about a teenage boy who's always stumbling and dropping things? 657X: He's awkward. Interviewer: mm-hmm And a person who keeps on doing things that don't make any sense he's just playing? 657X: Playing goof. Interviewer: Okay how about the word fool would you use? 657X: Fool yes. Interviewer: mm-hmm And a person who won't spend any money is a? 657X: miser. Interviewer: Okay. Um #1 if you said a person # 657X: #2 Or a # or a penny pincher. Interviewer: if you said a person was common what would you mean? 657X: {D: Okay well they would} that they acted uh cr- crudely or rudely Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 and had no finesse about them. # Interviewer: #2 If # if an old person was still very strong and able to get about you'd say he's still awfully? 657X: Still awfully good Interviewer: K 657X: for his age. Interviewer: #1 And um if a # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: child didn't want to go upstairs in the dark he might say well I'm? 657X: Afraid. Interviewer: mm-hmm uh And if someone left some money on the table and left the door open you might say he was being very? 657X: Careless. Interviewer: Um if you said there's nothing wrong with Aunt Lucy but sometimes she acts a little bit? 657X: Just a little uh flighty she. Interviewer: Would you ever say queer for that? 657X: Now the word queer has been had been very badly treated. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But she would have been she's she's a little bit queer. Interviewer: What does it mean now? Queer? 657X: Now it means the homosexuals. Interviewer: mm-hmm if uh somebody #1 {X} # 657X: #2 There are two words # that it's a shame that they've uh degraded it. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Gay and uh and queer. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Because they they are good words Interviewer: Yes. 657X: Especially gay it's a It's a shame that it's given that connotation. Interviewer: I- I agree completely with that. Uh if somebody will never change his mind you'd say don't be so? 657X: Don't be so stubborn. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if somebody can't take a joke you might tell him don't be so? 657X: Don't be so disagreeable or don't be so uh Interviewer: Alright mm-hmm 657X: so silly. Interviewer: mm-hmm and Then you might say Well I was just teasing and I didn't know he'd get? 657X: Mad. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if there was a fire in the building you might tell everybody {D: now} don't get excited just? 657X: Just calm down. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you were you've been working hard you'd say you were? 657X: Tired. Interviewer: And if you were very tired you're all? 657X: All worn out. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh if a person has been well and suddenly you hear he's got a disease you'd say oh when was it that he? 657X: When was it that he that it hit him or when was Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: that he uh that he got sick? Interviewer: Yeah. And uh if he started sneezing and his eyes were watering you'd say that he did what? 657X: Caught cold. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if it affected his voice and it got very low you'd say he's? 657X: Got a frog in his {X}. Interviewer: Or. 657X: Hoarse. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you go {NS} you've got a? 657X: You have a well that would be a cold or Interviewer: Well you'd be doing what? 657X: Cough. Interviewer: mm-hmm uh And if you can't hear anything at all you're stone? 657X: Deaf. Interviewer: And a man might take off his shirt after he'd been working and say look how much I have? 657X: Sweat. Interviewer: mm-hmm A discharging sore that comes to a head is a? 657X: A boil. Interviewer: And what comes out of a boil? 657X: um {NW} {X} Interviewer: mm-hmm um Then what what does a blister what kind of liquid? 657X: Water. Interviewer: If a person was shot in the war he'd have a bullet? 657X: Wound. Interviewer: What would you call flesh that doesn't heal right around the wound? 657X: A scar or a Interviewer: It has to be cut out sometimes. 657X: I- I don't know what you'd call it. Interviewer: Do you know the term proud flesh? 657X: Yeah. Yes I know proud flesh. They're usually associated with the things around your fingers that get annoying. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Uh what is the brown liquid {D: medicine} that stings that you put on a cut? 657X: Iodine. Interviewer: And then a pack of tonic they used to take for malaria? {NS} 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: See what else I know about it. I don't know much else about it. um Starts with a Q. 657X: Oh quinine. Interviewer: uh-huh um And then if a person was sick and didn't get well you'd say he? 657X: He's uh Interviewer: #1 Well he didn't # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: He's not living anymore. He? 657X: Oh if he died. Interviewer: Is are there other ways of saying died? 657X: Yeah croaked. Interviewer: Any other? 657X: Kick the bucket. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # uh #1 If you # 657X: #2 Or as the uh # as the uh black ones say they took the journey. Interviewer: #1 mm mm-hmm # 657X: #2 They've taken # #1 they've taken the journey. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # Okay. If you don't know the cause of his death you'd say I don't know what he? 657X: I don't know what he died of. Interviewer: mm-hmm And a place where people are buried is a? 657X: Cemetery. Interviewer: And the box in which they're placed is? 657X: The coffin or the casket. Interviewer: Is there a difference? 657X: Well {NW} It's a technicality. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The coffin was the old time coffin that uh had a smaller octagon and and tapered narrowed down to the feet. And uh nowadays they call a casket it's more it's square it a more ornate Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 affair. # Uh actually a casket is a is a container for jewels. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 But uh # Interviewer: #2 mm # 657X: they call these uh things casket. Now there are there were also uh coffins that were made of uh cast iron that uh well like an Egyptian uh money case Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: that uh they used to use. but they were referred to as coffins. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um what is the ceremony when a person dies? 657X: The uh the uh funeral Interviewer: #1 Right. # 657X: #2 rites. # Interviewer: Alright and um when people are wearing black you'd say they're in 657X: In mourning. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um 657X: Here we have three different grades of mourning. We have full mourning where the widow will put a veil over her face and a long veil hanging down. And uh then there was a second mourning where they uh would wear black and white. And then finally they would go back to colors. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: I don't think my grandmother ever was e- e- entirely out of mourning in all her life. Interviewer: mm 657X: She was every time somebody died there was they were very strict on mourning on wearing mourning clothes. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Um if uh the children were out late and your wife was getting upset you might say don't worry yeah they'll they'll they'll be home alright just don't? 657X: Don't worry. Interviewer: mm-hmm And she might say well I can't help feeling a little bit? 657X: {D: Feeling I I've} worried about them. Interviewer: The opposite of easy would be? 657X: Yeah. Interviewer: Not feeling easy #1 but? # 657X: #2 But I've # I can't help but feeling uneasy. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh then the uh disease that old people get in their joints is? 657X: {D: We- the new} well it was rheumatism now it's arthritis. Interviewer: Alright. Uh there's a sore throat that children used to get that they #1 die of? # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: mm-hmm And a disease that makes your skin and eyeballs turn yellow? 657X: Hepatitis or yellow fever. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh then If you had your appendix taken out you've had an attack of? 657X: Of appendicitis. Interviewer: If you eat something that doesn't agree with you and it come back up you have to? 657X: Indigestion you have to vomit. Interviewer: mm-hmm Is there another way of saying that? 657X: Upchuck. Interviewer: Is that is upchuck a polite term or {D: crude term}? 657X: uh I don't uh think uh I think the thing is uh probably vomit is more proper but I don't think upchuck is too bad. Interviewer: Is there a very bad way of saying that? 657X: Oh yeah he in th- we have a wonderful one in French. And he just he just threw threw up his guts. {NW} Interviewer: #1 Yeah that's not pleasant. # 657X: #2 {NW} # That's very unpleasant. Interviewer: If you are feeling as though you might need to throw up you'd say I'm sick where? 657X: I'm sick in the stomach. Interviewer: #1 Okay uh # 657X: #2 Now # some people say sick to the stomach Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: but uh. Interviewer: I say sick at the stomach. 657X: Yes. Interviewer: People say all kinds of #1 things {D: don't they}? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Uh if a boy keeps going over to the same girl's house all the time you'd say he's doing what? 657X: He's courting. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what would you call him he's her? 657X: He's her boyfriend or he's uh her sweetheart. Interviewer: And she's his what? 657X: Sh- his sweetheart. Interviewer: Alright and if he came home with lipstick on his collar his little brother might say he's been? 657X: You been kissing? Interviewer: mm-hmm And if he asked her to marry him and she wouldn't have him you'd say she did what? 657X: She turned him down. Interviewer: Or she just told him not to come over any more you'd say she did what? 657X: She told him to take a walk Interviewer: #1 Huh ah. # 657X: #2 forever. # Interviewer: How about if they were engaged and all of the sudden she? 657X: She broke the engagement. Interviewer: Alright. But if she didn't break the engagement they went ahead and got? 657X: Got married. Interviewer: And um the man who stands up with the groom? 657X: Is the best man. Interviewer: And the woman with the bride? 657X: The maid of honor. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh do you have a name for a noisy party after a wedding? Not the reception but they go over to the house and shoot guns. 657X: Well they had a big blow out and uh uh they they really really w- went wild. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: There's so many expressions you can use for a thing like that. Interviewer: Well there's one in particular that's comes from a French term the English version of it is chivalry. 657X: Oh a chivalry that's that's a different kind of wedding. Interviewer: What kind is that? 657X: Well that's where uh uh an older woman and an older man suddenly decides to get married and there's a there's a varia- variation in their ages. Or in other words she probably most people thought well that old gal she'll never get out Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: get a husband. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And uh then they have a chivalry {NW} And then get uh they when these people get to their house the whole troop comes along there with with cans and horns and whistles and whatnot. And makes uh as the French expression is {C: speaking French} Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: But that's for a special kind of a wedding. Interviewer: #1 mm Let's stop a minute and get this # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 tape changed because it's about to run out. # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: Have some accent, but I don't think it's very #1 strong. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: Um well I think compared to some other people I think well you have {D: more of an} accent when you {NS} for instance. 657X: Is that right? Interviewer: mm-hmm uh What would you #1 call a? # 657X: #2 {D: Now you see} # he didn't speak French as much as o- a- as much as I did. Although a bunch of French people here would not know this {B}. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: He was {B}. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: And when I first met him I asked him if he was of the {B} and he said You know nobody has asked me that in #1 years. # Interviewer: #2 {D: Oh mm} # 657X: I haven't. And it turned out then that we had #1 a mutual ancestor. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Um When young people go out on the floor and move around to music that's a? 657X: Dance. Interviewer: Do you have a special name for a dance at home or party at home? 657X: uh {NW} Yes there- well you have a- a- a house party house where you invite just certain you call it, we call that a soiree Interviewer: mm mm-hmm Uh you said a four o clock school does what? 657X: Lets out. Interviewer: And in the fall school does what? 657X: Closes. Interviewer: Well it not the fall it would close in the spring. 657X: But it well here we close uh here we close in uh in the spring yes and in the summer. Interviewer: So what happens in September it? 657X: In in September school takes in. Interviewer: Okay. If a boy left home to go to school and didn't show up you'd say he? #1 {X} # 657X: #2 Played # hooky. Interviewer: And uh what if he was in college he? 657X: I don't know I wasn't in college. Interviewer: K. Um you go to school to get a what? 657X: #1 To get an education. # Interviewer: #2 {D: mm} # #1 And after high school well after # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: kindergarten you go into the? 657X: Into the grades. Interviewer: Alright. Then uh the teacher sits behind a? 657X: A desk. Interviewer: And each all the children have their own? 657X: Th- their own desks. Interviewer: mm-hmm A building especially for books is a? 657X: A library. Interviewer: You mail a package at the? 657X: Post office. Interviewer: You stay overnight in a strange town in a? 657X: In a hotel Interviewer: #1 Yes. # 657X: #2 or a motel. # Interviewer: You see a play in a? 657X: At a theater. Interviewer: An operation in a? 657X: Hospital. Interviewer: And the lady that looks after you is? 657X: Is a nurse. Interviewer: And you catch a #1 train at a? # 657X: #2 {NW} # At the railroad station. Interviewer: mm-hmm #1 And then an # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: open place in a city maybe around a courthouse where the where the grass and trees grow? 657X: Is a park. Interviewer: Alright. If you're crossing the street and you don't go straight across but you go at an angle that's walking? 657X: Diagonally. Interviewer: Alright suppose there's a piece of furniture that's not sitting against the wall but sitting across a corner? 657X: I don't know. Interviewer: Do you know the term kitty corner or catty corner? 657X: I heard of catty corner yes. Interviewer: mm-kay mm-hmm And then the vehicle that runs on tracks and has wires is a? 657X: Is um{NS} a- a street car.{NS} Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 {D: the street car} uh # Interviewer: #1 And then you say to the driver that corner is where I? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: Want to get down. Interviewer: And if the cat run over to the door and meowed you'd say the cat? {D: what?} 657X: The the cat wants to go out. Interviewer: mm-hmm uh Then the the main town in a parish would be called the? 657X: The the uh parish seat uh o- or a county seat. Interviewer: Would you use county seat for the #1 Louisiana? # 657X: #2 And # frequently use county seat when they're referring to the parish seat. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # #1 {X} # 657X: #2 County # s- seems to go better with seat Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 {D: than parish.} # Do you know why we got the name parish? Interviewer: No. 657X: Because when du- during the colonial times the churches were established in certain places and the the uh population came along where the church was and uh each church was a- was a parish. There's you still find parish churches in uh Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Catholic and Episcopal Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: church if they have a #1 parish. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Well when the ca- time came for a for dividing up the state into counties and {X} the first constitution called them counties. Interviewer: mm 657X: But they were the counties were had been built around the area that was governed by the church parish. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And so that's and so one of the later legislatures came up and said that we should call them parishes and that would make it more distinctive which was what they were historically. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: So that's why we have Saint John's Saint James Saint Charles Assumption Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: Ascension and one uh Uh my uh captain in the first world war asked me what did they assume that they called the place assumption? I said well since you're not Catholic I'll tell you what it is {X} in uh celebration of the assumption of the blessed virgin Mary in #1 in Heaven. # Interviewer: #2 mm mm-hmm # 657X: And he said well that that's {X} we have ascension where Christ #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 Yes. Uh-huh. # 657X: and then the other's all by saints. Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 What's Orleans # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # #1 parish? # 657X: #2 Orleans # was named for the Duke of Orleans. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-kay 657X: Rotten ra- rascal Interviewer: #1 he was # 657X: #2 {NS} # and uh If uh if you don't mind I'll tell you that we have uh we have uh two streets named in New Orleans for the royal bastards. The sons of Louis the four- uh Louis the fourteenth. Interviewer: mm 657X: {C: French Name Toulouse} and uh and uh {C: French Name} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: No {C: French Names Toulouse and Dumaine} Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Now we call the street Dumaine which is wrong. It should be main street Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: because when you say the {C: French phrase} you're saying the duke of the main. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And it should be but they these Americans called it {C: Dumain} #1 {NW}. # Interviewer: #2 Oh. # 657X: And the duke of main and the count of Toulouse were illegitimate sons of uh Louis the fourteenth. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And when the streets were named they they first had Saint Louis Saint Ann Saint #1 uh Saint Phillip # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 657X: and uh then they ran out of patron saints they decided to {NW} {X}{NS} illegitimate dukes Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # There's nothing wrong with that. 657X: No. Interviewer: Uh let's see the an F B I agent would work for the federal?{NS} 657X: Government. Interviewer: Uh-uh. A police is supposed to maintain? 657X: Order. Interviewer: Or an? Well you you try to obey the? 657X: {NS} {X} Interviewer: #1 Okay. # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 Um the # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 war between the north and the south is called the? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: I call it the civil war and most people do.{NS} But the daughters of the confederacy call it the war between the states. Interviewer: Yes. Uh. 657X: But you see since I had a I had a great grandfather in the federal army and a grandfather in the in the uh confederate army. I feel that it was definitely a civil war. Interviewer: mm-hmm mm-hmm Um before they had the electric chair murderers were? 657X: #1 Hung. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: Alright. These are some cities and states which I'll run over very quickly {D: if} Albany is the capital of? 657X: New York. Interviewer: And well Annapolis is the capital of? 657X: Maryland. Interviewer: Richmond? 657X: Virginia. Interviewer: Raleigh? 657X: North Carolina. Interviewer: Columbia? 657X: South Carolina. Interviewer: Atlanta? 657X: Georgia. Interviewer: Tallahassee? 657X: Florida. Interviewer: Um Montgomery? 657X: Alabama. Interviewer: Now the bluegrass state is? 657X: Kentucky. Interviewer: The volunteer state? 657X: Tennessee. Interviewer: The show me state? 657X: Missouri. Interviewer: Little rock is the capital of? 657X: Arkansas. Interviewer: Jackson? 657X: Mississippi. Interviewer: The lone star state? 657X: Texas. Interviewer: Tulsa is in? 657X: Oklahoma. Interviewer: #1 Boston is in? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: Massachusetts. Interviewer: The states from Maine to Connecticut are the? 657X: New England states. Interviewer: Uh the biggest city in Maryland is? 657X: Baltimore. Interviewer: The capital of the United States is? 657X: Washington. Interviewer: Uh the biggest city in Missouri is? 657X: Saint Louis. Interviewer: The old historical seaport in South Carolina? 657X: Is Charleston. Interviewer: The big steel making town in Alabama? 657X: Birmingham. Interviewer: The big city in Illinois? 657X: Chicago. Interviewer: mm-hmm Capital of Alabama? 657X: Is is Montgomery. Interviewer: And the one on the gulf is? 657X: Mobile. Interviewer: mm-hmm Uh resorts in in western North Carolina? 657X: Western North Carolina would be Asheville. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Yes. {NS} Interviewer: Do you have somebody here? Auxiliary: We need to go to the airport. Interviewer: #1 Yes at four thirty. # 657X: #2 Yes # Auxiliary: Taxi is here. Interviewer: Well it's only four thirty. We're not ready. 657X: It's only four fifteen. And we're having a grand time so. Auxiliary: Okay whatever I was just to let you know. 657X: #1 {D: This is uh, this is-} # Interviewer: #2 {D: Thank you very much. Would you let me know?} # 657X: This is Paula {NS} is the very efficient secretary. Interviewer: How do you do glad to meet you I'm Susan {B} Uh let's see the oh we just got Asheville didn't we? Two big cities in east Tennessee are? Knoxville and Nashville and Memphis. And one more beginning with a C in east Tennessee. 657X: In east Tennessee? There's Knoxville and uh Chattanooga. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um the biggest seaport in Georgia is? 657X: Savannah. Interviewer: And the capital of Georgia? 657X: Is Atlanta. Interviewer: Do you know of two other very large cities in Georgia? 657X: Well there's uh Macon Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: and Interviewer: One right on the Alabama line in south Georgia? 657X: In south Georgia there's uh I don't know I know west point {X} #1 and then {X} # 657X: #2 {NS} # 657X: #1 uh # 657X: #2 {NS} # {X} in Alabama. And uh in south Georgia. Interviewer: It's the same name as the man who discovered America supposedly. Christopher? 657X: Columbus. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: Columbus, Georgia. I didn't think Columbus was such a big place. Interviewer: It's not that big but there's not much in south Georgia that is big. 657X: No. Interviewer: Uh. Let's see then the #1 big # 657X: #2 I should # know Columbus because they do um they had big mobile company Interviewer: #1 mm # 657X: #2 there. # Interviewer: The biggest city in southern Ohio? It's in? 657X: Ohio would be #1 Cincinnati. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # And the biggest city in Kentucky? 657X: Would be Louisville. Interviewer: And Dublin is the capital of? 657X: Of Ireland. Interviewer: Paris? 657X: France. Interviewer: Moscow? 657X: Russia. Interviewer: Okay let's see. The uh biggest denomination in the south is? 657X: I would say the Baptists. Interviewer: mm-hmm I think so. And if two people become members of a religious body you'd say they? 657X: They are uh they are members of the of the church. Interviewer: When they become members they do what? 657X: Oh they are baptized. Interviewer: Alright. Uh the in church you pray to? 657X: #1 Pray to God. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: And um the preacher delivers a? 657X: A sermon. Interviewer: And the choir and the organist provide the? 657X: The the hymns the music. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you wanted to compliment the organist you might tell him today the music was just? 657X: Beautiful. Interviewer: mm-hmm And the enemy of God is the? 657X: Satan.{NS} Interviewer: #1 There's another name. # 657X: #2 Devil. # Interviewer: Any other name for him? 657X: Satan the devil or the uh well I- isn't that bad enough? Interviewer: #1 Yes there is {NW}. # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: #1 Anything you would # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: tell children was going to come and get them if they were naughty? 657X: The devil's gonna get ya. Interviewer: Alright how about boogeyman or boogeymen? 657X: Oh boogeyman he's he's th- he's is not in the bible though. Interviewer: Is he the devil? 657X: {NW} No he is not the devil. We consider him as being some strange creature who uh scare who scares children Interviewer: #1 and who can # 657X: #2 mm-hmm # who would be bad for them to come in contact with. But I don't think he's the devil. Interviewer: mm Uh then what are things that are supposedly in grave yards that scare people? 657X: Ghosts. Interviewer: And a house that had ghosts in it? 657X: Haunted. Interviewer: Alright. Um {NS} If something shocking were reported to you you might say why the very? 657X: The very idea. Interviewer: mm-hmm And what would you say to ask someone about his health a friend? 657X: How are you feeling? Interviewer: And if you're introduced to someone what would you say? 657X: {D: That I'm} pleased to meet you or uh. Interviewer: mm-hmm alright. If you'd enjoyed someone's visit you might say to him please come? 657X: Please come back again. Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you say as a greeting on December twenty fifth? 657X: Merry Christmas. Interviewer: And um on January the first? 657X: Happy new year. {NS} Interviewer: And you might say I have to go downtown to do some? 657X: Shopping. Interviewer: Alright. And if you made a purchase the storekeeper took a piece of paper and he? 657X: Gave me a bill or Interviewer: Well he in he put the purchase in the paper. 657X: Oh he'd wrap the. Interviewer: #1 And then you # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: when you got home you? 657X: Unwrap it. Interviewer: mm-hmm And uh if you sold something for less than you paid for sold it the less than you paid for it you're selling it at a? 657X: At a loss. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um and on the first of the month the bill is? 657X: #1 Due. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 And you have to pay your you belong to a club you? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: #1 Gotta to pay your dues. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 Okay if you had no money you might go to a bank and try to? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: #1 Buy or make a loan. # Interviewer: #2 And # the banker might say meaning there's not much money money is? 657X: Money is tight. Interviewer: Or it's? Meaning there's it's almost gone money is? 657X: Well money is short. Interviewer: Or scarce? 657X: Scarce. Interviewer: mm-hmm Um if you dived into the water and landed on your stomach flat you'd say that's a? 657X: Belly buster. Interviewer: What if you're a little boy put his head down on the ground and rolled over that's a? 657X: Make a somersault. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if uh you bought something the storekeeper gave you something a little extra he'd say that's for? 657X: That's for lagniappe {C: French} here Interviewer: #1 Yes that's a a good Louisiana term. # 657X: #2 {NW} # #1 Yes. # Interviewer: #2 What # does a baby do before it can walk? 657X: Crawl. Interviewer: Alright. #1 Um # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 {D:let's see} I'm going to # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 I have to skip over some of this because we're about to go in just a minute. # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # If a man uh asked met a girl at a party and uh wanted to escort her home what would he say? May I? 657X: May I uh see you home or and if he wanted to come back he'd try to make a date. Interviewer: mm-hmm And if you {D: there's} a little boat you wanted to get on land you'd tie a rope to {D: it and}? 657X: {NW} and pull it Interviewer: mm-hmm {X} If your car was stuck in the mud you'd get #1 behind it and? # 657X: #2 And # push it. Interviewer: Yes. Interviewer2: {X} Interviewer: Good okay. If the children were about to get too close to the stove and it was hot you might say don't what? 657X: Don't d- don't touch the stove or watch out. Interviewer: Good um if you needed a knife you might say to me go? 657X: Go get Interviewer: mm-hmm If you're playing tag or hide and seek what is the tree or thing you would touch #1 to be safe? # 657X: #2 Base. # Interviewer: Okay. Um If we were going to meet somewhere you'd s- I'd say if I get there first I'll? 657X: I'll wait for you. Interviewer: mm-hmm If a child is trying to escape punishment he might give me another? 657X: #1 Chance. # Interviewer: #2 mm # And if he always sees the point of the joke he has a good sense of? 657X: Of humor. Interviewer: And if there's somebody you really you really would wish would go away you'd say I wish I could get? 657X: Get rid of that guy. Interviewer: mm-hmm #1 Um # 657X: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: If uh you wrote somebody a letter you'd say it's {X}? 657X: An answer. Interviewer: And then you might write on the envelope you write his? 657X: His address. Interviewer: Did you ever hear of anybody say {D: back the letter} to mean address the letter? 657X: Well I've heard that but very rarely. Interviewer: What do they usually say? 657X: Uh u- u- back the back the letter and they seal it in Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: to to send it off. Interviewer: mm-hmm Does that mean address the letter? 657X: Well I thought it was not so much that as to s- seal it. Interviewer: mm oh okay. Uh what would one child call another child who told on him? 657X: Tattletale. Interviewer: mm-hmm If you wanted to get a bouquet for your dinner table you'd go out in the garden and? 657X: Uh pick flowers. Interviewer: mm-hmm #1 What would you call something a child plays with? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: #1 A toy. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 Have you heard that called a play pretty? # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: No. Interviewer: #1 Okay. # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 Um mm # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # I have a feeling that in view of time that we will need to call it a day. I certainly thank you very much for all your help. 657X: Well I enjoyed it I hope you got something out of my chatter. Interviewer: Yes ver- very good. uh-huh all 657X: But uh I was wondering if uh probably you shouldn't talk to someone who is still decidedly more French. Or do you find I have an accent? Interviewer: I think you have some accent. 657X: Yes but not not very great. Interviewer: #1 Not terribly no certainly # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: very fluent English. 657X: But uh Interviewer: {NW} 657X: this uh this man that I know he's president of a big sugar company. Interviewer: mm 657X: And he comes from Lafayette Louisiana which is where the southwestern Louisiana uh university is. But uh he was uh came up in a French family he speaks French. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: #1 Also some Spanish # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 657X: but uh his speech is is very very interesting #1 The way he pronounces and his intonation # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: mm-hmm It would be nice if we could interview some more people #1 but we're really # 657X: #2 {D: Yes} # Interviewer: have got to stop at this point. 657X: Yes. Interviewer: Because well we really should have finished all our interviewing several years ago The New Orleans sample just needed some more. #1 So that's the reason I've come to do the interviews here. # 657X: #2 {NW} # There was a a girl who lived in um #1 in Daphne Alabama which is right across from Mobile. # 657X: #2 {NS} # And uh she was from Scotland #1 and I # Interviewer: #2 hmm # 657X: told her I said for goodness sake never never lose your Scotch burr because it's so charming. It it it was was delightful to hear her speak. And I said I hope you never lose it and if you could only transfer it to your kids it would be Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: It would be so nice. But the mi- great misfortune of New Orleans is that we have practically given up French. #1 {D: It is} time to restore it but # 657X: #2 {NS} # it's nothing like the natural French that I learned at home that all the friends I all the people I went out with you see the great The sad thing about it is that for many years uh the creoles live within a close area Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 657X: #2 in # #1 in the city. # 657X: #2 {NS} # And their associations socially and business and so on was uh close. And as the city spread out and they began to move to other parts of town. They lost the contact. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: The church I used to go to uh downtown was uh uh used for the the cross section of creole society there uh on uh Sundays. But it's all gone. Interviewer: mm-hmm Interviewer2: What church did you go to? 657X: I went to Saint Augustine. on uh on um #1 {X} # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: But one day I wanted to go to mass on a Saturday in order to have Sunday free and I went there. And I was the only white face in the place. Interviewer: Oh mm-hmm mm-hmm 657X: It's gone entirely black. Interviewer: #1 mm # 657X: #2 And it was a # beautiful church. and was designed by one of the great architects of New Orleans uh {C: name of the architect} {D: designed th- th- this} {X} Interviewer2: What French do you think influenced uh the development of the language here? Other than the {X} French and German. 657X: Well th- the Spanish left very little impact on us. Um because uh you find there are few for instance Spanish tombs in Saint Louis cemetery. But uh the the uh French the French impact was complete. And {NW} the the uh I don't know I would say that they there was an influence from the Interviewer: #1 blacks or the {X} languages # 657X: #2 {NS} # Interviewer: #1 because they have a a dialect all their own. # 657X: #2 {NS} # Now when my grandmother {X} {D: uh was running her house} she could speak this black patois (C: French}. Interviewer: mm 657X: And she could also talk to the Cajuns but she was educated in French. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: And in the family we always spoke French. My father and mother all their conversations were French. At my father's uh family as I told you these those old ladies spoke a French that was just beautiful it was French academy. And uh that's where we learned our French from people who spoke the real French. Now you have some few people here there's a family of {X} {B} that still still uses French as the family language. Interviewer: mm mm-hmm 657X: And uh but very few very few you find people with essentially French names who haven't uh no a word of it. Interviewer: mm 657X: And yet they tell me that my grandfather spoke French. That's no credit to you at all. {NW} Interviewer: {X} It's 657X: #1 I'm very I'm very happy that uh # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 657X: my grandmother was a captain. When she said something it went. Well that was the matriarchal uh society. The uh the uh women of the family operated the house the men worked on the outside they would uh they brought in the money and they did the work. But the house was run strictly by the women. Interviewer: mm-hmm 657X: It was I think a matriarchal society {D: in that day} which is good. Interviewer: mm-hmm Well again thank you #1 very much # 657X: #2 {X} # Interviewer: #1 Now we must go # 657X: #2 {D: Yeah} # Interviewer: #1 catch our flight. # 657X: #2 I could talk all night. #