Interviewer: If you have a, a house in an L, what do you call the place where they come together? 794: L? Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Well-uh, {NW} {X} Joining The L joining the main house, you see, that's what they call the L. Uh, L joining. Uh. The main house or the bedroom either one. Interviewer: Up on the top of the house though, there's a low place where they come together. 794: Oh that's uh oh um gutter. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Where they put the gutter, yeah. Interviewer: And what's another name for the covering on the house? 794: Well you can put shingles on the houses, that's a for they um used to make it these shingle bills, you see. That's smaller than boards course that, that is uh uh not split, it's kind of sawed open like. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And that's shingles. This is what you call boards, and that's called shingles. And a course now they they put different tops on course they put uh metal roofing on some, what they call sheet iron. And uh Interviewer: They put metal? 794: Yeah metal, metal roofing. {NS: phone rings} You call it sheet iron, and I have sheet iron on this house. Now {NS: phone rings} {NS} Then I have some houses out here that I have aluminum {NS: phone rings} Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Metal on. Interviewer: You have some houses out there? 794: Yes I have a little house out here {NS: phone rings} I'll you go look at what we call a camp house. We got uh, we got uh {NS: phone rings} a old time wood stove, cast iron wood stove in it Interviewer: A-huh. {NS} 794: And a and a little porch out to it and the floor of the porch is out of brick made out of brick. And course in the house why we have it floored. Mm-hmm. It's a hu- little old house. And uh we have us cast iron wood stove in there, wife can cook some time or we bake my potatoes out there, sweet potatoes. Interviewer: {NW} 794: Go out there some time we cook corn bread, collar greens when we have them you know Any kind of vegetable you can cook anything you know, a course that's the only kind of stove people used to have. Course before they got these stoves you see they cooked on fireplaces. And they'd have um a rod of iron run up about that high from there at the {D: hess} of the fireplace across there and it'd have hooks a thing with hooks on up here and then one down here to put the They're um cooking vessels on. Put the water kettle on or the pots on. Called them pots you know to put the greens and all in. Big old iron pots, we have some of those now too. And then we have we have a cast iron, a big old cast iron uh water kettle right there she has flowers in it. And there's a little bird building its nest in there. In that kettle in there now. Interviewer: What kind of bird's building a nest? 794: It's uh little wrens, little wren birds. We have all kinds of birds here, we have the the red bird and we had times we have blackbirds, robins, jay birds blue birds. And uh And eh- some calls them woodchucks, some calls them peckerwood. Some calls them redheads, they're different now they're the kind that pecks on timber, you see. And we have quails, {D: felarks} robins thrashers mockingbirds oh we have I don't know how many different kind of birds we have here. Course now these blackbirds they stay here in the wintertime. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Mostly them and the robins too. And then we have a quail here and a {D: felark} and a dove. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Well we have a lot of different kind of birds Interviewer: What do What would you call a little room off the kitchen? Where you could store canned goods and things. 794: Uh. I believe you'd call it a closet. That is what uh Put your Like you had canned goods or anything like that in closet I believe they'd call it. Interviewer: Say if you had a lot of old worthless things like old broken down furniture that wasn't any good anymore, what might you call that? 794: Well uh I really don't know what you'd call that um uh You mean uh furniture or plow tools or which? Interviewer: Just anything that 794: #1 Anything thataway? # Interviewer: #2 That's getting worn out # and you didn't have much use for it. 794: Well Let me see what would we call that Interviewer: You'd say that's not good anymore, that's just 794: Mm-hmm. I'll have to think a minute that some things slip my memory now and then a Interviewer: Would you call something like that rubbish or plunder or junk or 794: Well you call it junk mostly. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: I I suppose that's junk like that uh that you'd throwed away you see and plow tools or sometimes wagons or uh stalk cutters I have an old time stalk cutter out here. Interviewer: What's that? 794: That's what you cut corn stalks and cotton stalks with, you put horses and mules to it and pull it it had wheels to it and it has uh has a lever. You you can raise it up off of the ground or you can let it down. and uh {X} it'll turn, got blades cross this way and it'll turn them about that far about and turn and cut these corn stalks. or cotton stalks or you can cut small bushes with them, either one. Course now for things like that they have bush hogs, what you call a bush hog you see. to cut goes round and round and pulls over tractors. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And And uh There different kind of plow tools There's middle busters turning plows Georgia stalked double stalked side hairs spring toothed hairs middle busters and training plows. Cotton planters, corn planters, fertilizer distributors. Interviewer: What does a double stalked look like? 794: Well that's uh that's like a Georgia stalk except it has uh two uh peak to it Interviewer: #1 What's a Georgia # 794: #2 Two uh # Two, two beams and uh, and and two feet and and you, and you put a plow you can put a half shell on to shovel and sweep or saw and sweep either one you see. And then we have a middle buster we'd break land with a big heavy middle buster. I have a sixteen inch middle buster out here it takes two pretty good sized horses to pull it where you're breaking it in. Then I have ten inch middle buster here that I can cultivate land with. I can take the middle buster off of it And I can put uh, a half shovel on it or a shovel and a sweep and I can set it any way that I want to. To throw the dirt back over to it or throw the dirt forest either way. But I'm the only one that I know of that's got a plow stalk that like that I bought that the year twenty-two from the hardware here at Winnfield. Interviewer: What do you call the animals that you can plow with? 794: Horses mules Interviewer: What would you call two of those hitched up together? 794: Which? Interviewer: Two of those mules hitched up together? 794: ye- uh Well uh well uh Oh if you had mules hooked up together course they're they're male and female you see horse mules, mare mules. And the same way about horses eh- like a horse, gelded horse are married together any way you want to thataway. Interviewer: So if you had two working together you'd #1 say you have a # Interviewer: #2 double # 794: double team double team. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: They call that the double team. A pair. You'd call them a pair, a pair of horses a pair of mules. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And you put them to plow you call them a a double plow that's a middle buster. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And course a double stalk, one horse can pull that. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: You put two hay {D: shillers} on and go down and throw two thirds at a time this way and throw them back this way and bed your land or plow the middles out either one well. Interviewer: What do you call the horse that walks in the front? If you have two horses. 794: Well um That'd be one and one middle. And one and the other one and that's one side on the other, the other on the other side of the row. And that'd be in the middle you see it you'd plow with a with a plow that is for like a middle buster. like being ground up. Thataway. And uh The same thing about a uh stalk cutter. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Yeah yeah you put a pair of them with a stalk cutter One'll walk in one middle you might say on the right side of the row one in the middle on the left side of the row. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: That is one on each side of the row. Interviewer: A room that could be used to store odds and ins in. 794: Do which? Interviewer: A room you could use to put things in that uh you didn't really need. 794: Well We'd call it a store room. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Just call it the store room. Interviewer: What about a junk room or lumber room? 794: Well you can call it junk, you can call it junk room where you go put stuff that ain't no good you see you call that a junk room or uh Where you put stuff is that's valuable call that a store room. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. A woman would say if her house was in a big mess she'd say she had to If her house was dirty and messy she'd say she had to do what? 794: Sweep it. Sweep the floors, or clean it up, dust it. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Du- Gotta dust it or sweep the floors. Interviewer: What would she sweep with? 794: A broom. Interviewer: Say if the broom was in the corner and the door was open so that the door was kind of hiding the broom, you'd say the broom was where? 794: Well you'd say the broom is in the corner or over next to the door or at the side of the wall either one. Interviewer: Or if the door is open so that the door is hiding 794: Oh it's behind the door {NW} Behind the door {NW} Interviewer: And on a two story house to get from the first floor to the second floor what would you have? 794: Upstairs Interviewer: How would you get upstairs? 794: You'd have uh steps steps to walk up. Stair steps, what ya called stair steps. Interviewer: Would you call what you happen to point to the ground stair steps? 794: Door steps. Interviewer: And if you wanted to hang up a picture you'd take a nail and a 794: Nail right it in the wall Interviewer: With a 794: with a hammer. Interviewer: You'd say I took the 794: hammer and drive the nails in the wall to hang the picture. Interviewer: If the nail didn't get in far enough you'd say it's got to be 794: drive it. Drive it further, or deeper. Interviewer: It's, somebody has, it's got to be what in further. 794: Yeah further it's got to drove deeper in the wall. Interviewer: Huh? 794: Deeper in the wall. Interviewer: A-huh. Someone talking about driving a car. If someone doesn't know how to drive, you'd say he has never 794: Never learned to drive. Interviewer: He has never what a car? 794: Never operated a car, or never learned to drive it, that's what the old way, learned to drive or now they mostly call that a not learned to operate, or can't operate a car. Interviewer: And you'd say that was the first time he'd ever 794: Operated one or ever drove one. Interviewer: A huh. 794: The first time he'd ever drove one. Interviewer: And if there was a log across the road you say um there's a log across the road that someone had 794: Cut it out. Interviewer: And had what it off? 794: Cut it out of the road. Interviewer: And had done 794: drug it out. Cut into it and drug it out of the road. Interviewer: And years ago on Monday when we would get all the dirty clothes together and they'd do the 794: Wash. {X} Wash the clothes. {C: laughing} Interviewer: What would they do on Tuesday? 794: This is? Interviewer: What would they do the next day after they had washed? 794: Well uh the- the- they'd starch them Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: and iron them. Starch and iron. Interviewer: What would they call the big thing they'd have out in the yard to boil the clothes in? 794: A wash pot. Interviewer: Would you ever call that a kettle? 794: We uh no, no. Didn't call that a kettle. That thing you boil water in is a kettle you see. That's for to make coffee or anything like that. Interviewer: #1 Like that. # 794: #2 Like this, yeah. # But uh this is uh like that there But where they put your clothes in To boil the water and put your clothes in and put your clothes in there and boil them that's what they call a wash pot. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: That's a big large round pot you see. Larger than a than a tub is. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Course the difference size tub you see number one and two and three and then course what we have what we call a foot tub you see people used to wash their feet in. Interviewer: Nowadays if you had to if your clothes were dirty you could send them to the 794: Laundry. Interviewer: Did people used to say laundry back then? Would they ever say I have to do my laundry? 794: Yeah. Have to do my laundry. Or send them to the laundry. Interviewer: Did they used to say that? 794: Yeah. Interviewer: And on some houses you have boards that lap over the outside like this 794: Yeah Interviewer: That's called? 794: Oh uh well some called it a ship lap and some call it a drop edge but uh the boards where you drop over the bottom part over the top part you see you start in a little slant this way and then you put your other on that what they call the drop over. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about siding or weather board? 794: Well the weather boarding that's uh what they call a gable end. That's a above that logs share that mean walls. And and and that they've put that up there weatherboard or some call it a weatherboard and some call it a gable end. Interviewer: There's, that's up above the 794: Yeah that's up above the main logs at the end of the house. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Yeah they call that the the gable. Gable end. Interviewer: If the door was open and you didn't want it to be, you'd ask somebody to? 794: Shut it or close it. Interviewer: Okay. And a little building that you could use for storing wood? What would you call a little building you could store wood in? 794: Well some call it the wood shed. And some call it the wood house. Interviewer: Which would you call it? 794: Well I have it, the way I had it is woodsheds, I have a wood shed on each side of my car house yonder. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And then I'd have a wood shed at one end of my car house. The opposite end from where I drive my car or truck in at. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Is a shed different from a house? 794: No it's connected to the house. A shed is connected to the house you see, just like a porch is to a dwelling house. Interviewer: Before they had bathrooms inside what did they call the buildings that they had outside? 794: Well They didn't have many buildings cause you take baths in outside thataway They generally would go in the kitchen Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And heat the water on the stove you see and they'd have to take them in a wash tub didn't even have bathtubs then Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And they finally got to where they build a made bathtubs out of zinc zinc bathtubs, and of course they'd uh they'd build them uh a bathroom an- an- an- they'd put them in there you see and some would have to carry the water out dip it out and pour it out but they finally got to where they'd drill holes in the the walls you see and take a pipe that runs out there just like they do there kinda like they do the bathing rooms now, bathrooms Interviewer: What would they have for the toilets? Where would, where would the toilets be? 794: Well Uh they'd they'd be out away from the house they'd build uh- some little uh toilet out away from the house Interviewer: What would they call it? 794: Well they'd call that the uh toilet I believe. Interviewer: Any other names? 794: I believe that's all they called it, outdoor toilet Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Outdoor toilet. Interviewer: Do y'all have one of those? 794: Yeah I have one back out here now I had build year thirty thirty-three I believe. And we still have it here. What we did dig a bigger hole Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Course there, there's old time toilets that didn't have no hole built they just had a place up you know where, where you'd have to clean them out or either let the rain come and wash them out if you had any place where the water could run to wash them but the one we have now they build them in thirty-three. They dig a big hole And then they'd take uh hard Cyprus lumber and they'd build a box to go down in this hole against the wall Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And then build you a floor in it except where uh, your toilet you sit on you see and that ho- that went down into the hole there it and uh so and from on from that well they got to building bathrooms you see. And toilets, they call them. Interviewer: What different buildings would be on a farm? What different kinds of animals would you have and where would they be kept? 794: Well you'd have uh horses mules cows hogs goat, sheep and the poultry you'd have chicken ducks geese turkeys guineas and all such a like that. Interviewer: Where would you keep all these animals? Where would each of them #1 stay? # 794: #2 Well um # Oh we generally just let them mostly out just around the place course with uh where you had a garden you had to have uh a high fence around it to keep the chickens from flying over it you see and uh some of the chicken you'd take take a pair of scissors and cut the the feathers off under the wings to where they couldn't fly. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Course some people they'd take them and pull the feathers out but they'd grow back you know but that there a whole lot of misery about that punished them a whole lot. and a course you'd have uh your hogs, you'd have a pasture to put them in and have a pasture to put your horses in, your cows, your goats, your sheep before we had them we mostly always had open range just like in here and you let your cows and your hogs, your goats, sheep everything that way run out in the woods. Course we and uh Interviewer: Do they still have open range here? 794: No, no we have stock law here now. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: No, no cattle, hogs goats, sheep or nothing in the woods here now We have a cattle ranch here. Interviewer: What would the different buildings be on a farm? What different buildings do you have out here? 794: Well we had what we called a smokehouse, that's to put meat in Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And then a potato house to put potatoes in and then we had uh a house build to put fruit in, people used to put their fruit in in in jars you see, fruit jars they'd cook and put in fruit jars and they'd put out in a building that way that's what they called a fruit house. And then the barn's where they keep the horses and the cows and then a most people didn't have a uh oh uh stalls to put the cows in. They'd just build a shed for them Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: But they'd mostly build stalls for to keep their horses and mules in have to keep them separate you see since for some time they'd fight each other Interviewer: Hmm, the mules and the #1 cows? # 794: #2 yeah uh uh, the mules and the horses # fight a course they wouldn't keep the cows with the mules or the horses one but you keep the horses and mules together but you keep the cows separate Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And then you keep the goats separate. And then you keep the sheep separate from them. Interviewer: What did y'all have goats for? 794: Well Uh, for several different purposes. Uh one thing to keep the undergrowth eat down around your place and another thing for the fertilize. Barnyard fertilize. And then a lot of people likes goat to eat to butcher them you see. And a course these sheep they'd butcher them sometimes course they'd use keep to use them for fertilize and then they'd sheer them you see that's wool make wool clothes and things like out of them. But I never did use keep any sheep here I kept goats here and uh some goats was milk goats. Different fine blade goats you know uh Toggenburg milk goats and the Nubian Interviewer: Did you have those? 794: Huh? Interviewer: Did you have those? 794: Yeah I- I- I didn't have the Nubian I had the Toggenburg Oh I had some fine milk goats here you know most the goats about quarter half a gallon of milk as much as they give but I had one here give five quarts of milk a day. Milk her twice a day, feed her good you know. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: She was a large goat. And then I had uh kind a goats here that you just butchered you see Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: What they called a Nubian they uh Saanen goat and then there's some kind of a goat they call just a common little old woods goat that they're small though. uh they'd rest about fifteen to thirty pounds a piece. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: But these that I had here these um Saanen goats they'd grow up to seventy-five to eighty and ninety pounds Interviewer: How big were the Nubian goats? 794: A Nubian goat is is a milk goat, they're a pretty good size goat too. They're about like the Toggenburg goat is. Interviewer: Where would you store corn? 794: Uh in a crib. Interviewer: Was that part of the barn or? 794: That's part of the barn, yeah, we called that the crib. Interviewer: Where was grain stored? 794: Grain? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Well That that is stored in the crib. Interviewer: Did you ever hear of a grainery or a granery? 794: No. Interviewer: And if you cut the hay off a piece of land and enough grew back so you could cut it again the same year? 794: Yeah.{NW: phone rings} Interviewer: You'd call that the? 794: Yeah, well you'd call it the second cutting, call it the second cutting. Interviewer: When you cut the hay and you let it dry, you rake it up in little piles, did you ever hear a name for those little piles? 794: Yeah, you'd leg it up and pile it, you can haul it in thataway {NS} or you can bale it, you see, what they call baling you have balers that presses it together and uh you put wire around it or grass strings around it to hold the bales they'd put about they they they'd bale it they'd put enough in there to make a little piece about that wide they'd call that a pad. And uh then they put about seven seven pads Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: to the bale. Interviewer: What, what did they used to do before they would bale it? 794: Well they'd just cut it and rake it up and haul it and put it in their barns just loose hay thataway. Interviewer: What did they call the little piles that they'd have raked up? 794: Well I believe they'd I believe they'd call them piles, piles of hay little piles of hay that's what they called it. Interviewer: How could they leave the hay outside? 794: Well they couldn't, couldn't leave it out only just uh there they'd cut it you see they'd leave it out long enough for the sun to shine on it and cure it Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And uh where it uh wouldn't uh wouldn't uh go to bad you see uh mildew or something when you haul it in If you haul it in too green they'll that'll be they'll go through a heat and it forms a poisoning and it won't do for stock to eat it. You'll have to leave it out in the sun and cure it and where you just haul it in loose hay thataway or um where you bale it up put it in bales. and people used to cut uh they raise uh peas. And they'd cut them and and they'd let them cure and haul that in throw it up sometimes they'd have a crib put in and have lofts put in overhead thataway. Interviewer: They'd put it up in the? 794: in the, in the loft like yeah. And uh they used to cut sorghum, save it thataway of course a lot of people they'd make uh syrup out of sorghum cane you see just like they would sugarcane and uh they raise uh some of what they'd call was larger than sorghum it wasn't as sweet a cane as sorghum it was called {D:say grain}. Interviewer: {D:say grain}? 794: Yeah they they they'd cut the tops out of that it had seed on it piece about that large and that's fine feed and then they'd cut the stalks of it for uh for feed and uh what planted in rich land it grew large uh stalks they'd pull the fogger off from that the blades you see and save that for eat well they'd do corn the same way when the corn got uh the ears on it got matured enough they'd shuck them again to turn brown and uh finally got cured enough they'd go in there with their hands and they'd strip that down and tie it up in little what they call a hands and they'd take these, about three of these little hands and when it cured and and put them together and uh put a piece of wire around it and tie it {D: and called it a bundle} Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: {X} Interviewer: What would they do with the bundles then? 794: Huh? Interviewer: What would they do with the bundles? 794: Well they they'd haul them into the barn and feed them to the stock. Interviewer: Were they ever piled up together? 794: Yeah, well um Yeah when they when they hauled in the barn they would course when they when they um uh bundled it up, tied it up in the field thataway like they'd have uh uh four rows they'd throw it over here and then get over here and four throw four over here. They'd call that the heap row. And then they'd take the wagon and go between these you see and #1 haul it in and put it there in the bottom. # Interviewer: #2 the, the heap row was # where they had? 794: Where they had their fire you see, call that the heap row. Interviewer: Um, you could take maybe a pole and, and set it in the ground and put the hay all around 794: Yeah, yeah you could do that some people did that they they shock it, what they call shock it. They they they'd shock it in the field and uh but uh we never did shock very much we always had plenty of barns to uh to put uh our hay and stuff in the feed and we scarcely ever did shock any in the field at all. Interviewer: But what did the shock look like? How would you shock that? 794: Well it's just uh, just a bunch of uh hay a {X} just piled up I would take a pole would take a pole a long pole about eight, six or eight foot high or long and would stand it up this way and we'd nail pieces across thisaway and across thisaway. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And we'd put the fogger on that you see, so the air could get through it. If it wasn't cured good Interviewer: Mm-hmm, you'd put the fogger on that? 794: A-huh. Interviewer: Would you put hay? 794: Yeah I'd put hay thataway too sometimes. But uh not very much we mostly we'd uh let the hay cure and haul it in and put that in the barn. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: But uh Friday we'd leave it out thataway sometime well we would hay uh- if uh in case we didn't have time to haul it in. Interviewer: Where would you keep hogs? 794: Hogs? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Well We'd keep uh some in a pasture, we'd keep some in the pen. Interviewer: What kind of pen? 794: A well uh it'd be a rail pen, built out of rail, timber, sawed out of split rails like they used to build f- fences with Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: and uh some they'd uh if they has a big hog a hog that's bad that tries to tear out they'd take poles and notch them down at the corners and take and uh a notch them down and cut a little gap and slip them over each other thataway and they'd build up high enough where they couldn't climb over the fence. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: and uh some would build them a little shed in the corner of it so if they it uh they'd have a place to sleep in there during the bad weather, rainy weather, and cold weather and all. Interviewer: What about uh cows, where could you shut a cow up to milk her or separate her from the calf? 794: Well uh some of them {NW} we'd milk them right out in the pen cows in general. Interviewer: What kind of pen? 794: Just a, just a we call them a cow pen, it's kind of a lot like Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And some they would put them in a stall to milk them and uh before we'd feed them we'd have to put them in the stalls you see Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: For couldn't put a whole bunch together thataway. And we'd have separate stalls like they generally do at the dairies and uh feed them thataway and milk them in there but just they uh the common cow is what we call a woods cow where they didn't give very much milk at uh we just milked those out in in the pens that way course we had sheds you see in the wintertime you see milk them and then had troughs there we'd put feed in them maybe feed uh put it inside a shed you have a long trough maybe you could milk the highest three like on the same shed you see. And let them eat out of the same trough and put one feed here and one here and on thataway see, separate Interviewer: Where would you keep the chickens? 794: Well we we'd build little houses to keep them in call it chicken house. Interviewer: A-huh. What about for the mother hen and the biddies? 794: Well we'd have to build {D: coogs} chicken {D: coogs} for the little biddies the thing that had the little biddies we'd build what we call {D: coogs} for them chicken {D: coogs} Interviewer: #1 where # 794: #2 and keep # keep them in there till they got large enough to run around out with the large chickens, you see. Interviewer: How would you build a {D: coog}? 794: Well You'd um you'd take a building kinda like the shape of a top of a house thisaway and take a piece and build it up thisaway and of course you'd fix each end to it you see it's kind of like the shape of a house and a gable end of the house thataway Interviewer: Pointed. 794: But we didn't have flooring in them, just put them on the ground you see. Interviewer: And they'd have to stay in there? 794: Yeah they'd have to stay in there. And uh Course now up in the day time pretty weather They'd let them out you see so they could eat grass and scratch around but in bad weather kept them in these {D: coogs} all the time Interviewer: If you wanted to make a hen start laying, what could you put in her nest to fool her? 794: Well you'd fit um different kind of, of feed course way back them days they'd feed them uh corn and uh cornbread scraps from the table different kinds of scrap meat uh bread and all you know. Interviewer: What could you put in a nest though #1 to make her start? # 794: #2 Well they'd they'd # Back them days they put pine straw in there Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Take pine straw and make them a nest out of it and put it in a box or something. And make a nest out of pine straw. Interviewer: Did you ever see a, an egg put in the nest, to get her to? 794: Yeah, put a egg in there. to make the old hen sometime go in there to set and to hatch these little chickens uh- of course uh some chickens, some old hens, they'd steal a nest off in the woods. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And build their nest there {NS} And raise a bunch of chickens And uh I would, would build uh put boxes in the chicken houses for them to lay in and and they they they'd sit in there. and raise their chickens Interviewer: If you had a real good set of dishes, your dishes might be made out of? 794: China. Interviewer: What would you call an egg made out of that? 794: A egg you mean? Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Well I really don't know I never did see none that egg made out of it. Interviewer: Well, you could call it a {X} 794: {X} Interviewer: Huh. 794: Well uh dishes you see are mostly made out of what you call China. Interviewer: A-huh. Well an egg made out of that, it wouldn't be a plastic #1 egg, it'd be a # 794: #2 No, uh-uh, no. # No uh I don't know if if that egg shell I don't know where you'd make anything out of that or not {X} Interviewer: No, no I mean an artificial egg, made out of China. 794: Well, I really don't know what that artificial egg is made out of. Unless it's some kind of a plastic. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: I suppose that's what just like these plastic jugs is that they have milk in now. Interviewer: Did you ever see one made out of China? 794: No I never did. Never did. Interviewer: What would you call a hen on a nest of eggs? 794: Setting hen. Interviewer: A-huh. {NW} And when you're eating chicken, the bone like this? 794: Pulley bone. Interviewer: Any stories about that? 794: Well uh the only thing I ever heard about it Uh uh- if you eat the pulley bone and uh the one that's sitting next to you as you take to hold this pulley bone on the table and let the other one reach and get one part of it and you hold the other one and you break that {X} And and the one that gets the shortest part Let me see how that was na- I kinda forgotten that now Oh yeah Yeah the one that got the shortest part that's the first one, that's the one that got married first That's the way it was {NW} Interviewer: Um 794: There's a whole lot of both sides I forgot, I used to know every one of them but I forgotten some of them. {NS} Interviewer: The fenced in place around the barn where the animals can walk around? 794: Well uh yes out in the lot, in the lot like Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And uh course we've had uh sheds built around our barn We used to keep the right smartest stock and we'd always um keep a good stall shone with warm places and dry places for stead and we uh would build a barn like this room here and one here and we'd have a halls to them and then we'd build uh sheds all around it Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: and some of those sheds we'd we'd weatherboard up for stalls like and some of them we'd leave open {X} and dry when it rains. Interviewer: What would you call a place where they have a lot of milk cows? 794: Dairy. Interviewer: A-huh. Did you ever hear the word dairy used to mean anything else, besides a commercial farm? 794: No uh they used to have dairies here at Winnfield this side of Winnfield Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: A doctor there of the name of Fitz, Doctor Fitz, he had a dairy there and um they'd have uh large sheds and then they'd have uh stalls for to put the cows in to milk them, to feed them and milk them Interviewer: Where did y'all keep milk and butter, to keep it from turning bad? 794: Well back those days we had to uh to put it in a tub of water and put it in vessels, you see, and we set that down in a tub of water. And uh we'd draw the water out of the well course we had just uh a rope and a pulley you see to draw it out then with and we put the milk in there and let it stay there 'til this water began to get kinda warm milk warm or something like that, we'd pour that out and put fresh water in it to keep it cool all the time we didn't have ice them days, to put it in and uh, that's the way, the only way they had to keep the milk and the butter and all thataway. Interviewer: Where would you keep potatoes and turnips during the winter, how would you keep them? 794: Uh potatoes, well we'd put the potatoes in the bank what we call a potato bank. Build up soil like the shape of a chicken {D: coog} and we'd have a shed over it Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And uh the turnips we'd keep them in the ground. We wouldn't pull them up only if we used them, you see. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And we still do that here. Interviewer: When do 794: Turnips and mustard and stuff like that, and onions Interviewer: A-huh. 794: we keep them in the ground in the winter, one kind you do, and then the other kind you take them up and put them in sheds you see Interviewer: A-huh. If you were growing um, if you raised a lot of cotton, you'd say this year we had a good 794: Cotton crop. Interviewer: And the cotton would grow out in the 794: In the fields. Interviewer: What's something smaller than a field? 794: Well uh Just patches like they'd call them or a potato patch or a small corn patch or of course you could make it a small cotton co- patch either one. Interviewer: How big is a patch? 794: Well that's from you might say from a half to uh up to three acres, Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: something like that. Interviewer: What sort of um, work do, when you're raising cotton, you go out there and you have to thin the cotton out? 794: Yeah you chop it out, it's what you call chopping, chop your cotton out you see you plant it with a planter and uh real thick and and you chop it out the distance you want for the part some folks chops it out uh one whole width or two whole width apart and some chopped it out further than that Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Now I used to raise right smart cotton. But I chopped my cotton out two foot apart. One stalk in a place, sometime two but mostly one And had my, my uh rows with the cotton planted on from uh three to three and a half foot apart. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And I finally got to putting it four foot apart. and uh and putting my rows, what we call a drill four foot apart. And I made more cotton and and uh then I'd top my cotton Hello there Pepper, come on come on {NW} come on he he's a pet dog but he's, he's a funny kind of a dog, sometimes you mush him up he thinks you're scolding him and he'll go the other way and he wouldn't come back at all, and sometimes he'll come right up and wrap on you and play with you like everything Uh Interviewer: What kind? 794: He- He's what you call a Chesterfield. His daddy is a Chesterfield and of course he's a Feist, a full blooded Feist, but his daddy is a Chesterfield all a simpler dog but they're kind of a peculiar dog. Interviewer: What does a Chesterfield look like? 794: Well uh something like him. And some of them's larger. I never did see one of them. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: There's a nephew of mine, or a nephew of uh that married one of my nieces, he give me that dog lived down near Alexander. And he brought that dog to me and told me says, Father, this dog is what they call a Chesterfield dog, says they're an awful smart dog and they're good for most anything. He's for squirrel, rabbits or armadillos Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Or most anything thing thataway or coon or possum. Interviewer: Is a Feist a breed of dog or? 794: A-huh, yeah. yeah it's uh see there's different breeds of dogs. There's Feist dogs There's curry dogs, there's hound dogs, there's bull dogs. Interviewer: What's a curry dog? 794: Well that's a, what you call a stock dog, a regular stock a dog for to handle cattle and hogs sheep and most anything thataway with. You can train them you see You can train them to go in the woods and you can train them to pen stock with Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Or you can train them to catch them with Interviewer: Does it have any, is there any particular size or does it look? 794: Well uh uh stock dog need to be a pretty good size so if they catch a cow or a hog that they're large enough to hold them. You see until you get a hold of them yourself Interviewer: What would you call just a worthless dog, that wasn't any good? 794: Well There's uh several different kind of dogs that sometimes are not any good. And you can take some curry dogs not any good. Some that you can't train them for anything. Some that's got no willpower to do anything, you see and you can take a Feist, some Feist is a thataway and most any any kind of stock dog is thataway. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What kinds of grass grows up in the cotton field? 794: A well boll weevils Caterpillars Interviewer: Well what kinds of grass? 794: Grass Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Oh crab grass. Mostly crab grass course now there's some people's had Bermuda grass in there but they don't want this Bermuda grass but it- it- it gets in there anyway some time. And land's hard to cultivate with Bermuda grass or Johnson grass, either one. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: But in, in the hills this way it's mostly crab grass. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: But uh you can get rid of that. Uh well you you plow that under turn it under well it don't come out you see. But the Johnson grass or the Bermuda grass will. The only way you can kill that is to plow right up and let the sun shine on that and kill it or uh or put some some kind of stuff in there to kill it you see Interviewer: What different kinds of fences did people used to have? 794: Rail fence. Had rail fence. There they'd uh build a fence kinda like this Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Lay the rails across then thisaway and on thataway, crooked like Interviewer: What would, when you lay down the first layer. 794: That's uh the fence rail. uh uh the uh ground rail. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: #1 the ground rail. # Interviewer: #2 Any other name for that? # 794: Uh yeah. Worm rail. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Call it the worm rail. Interviewer: Would you ever call it a worm fence? 794: No we never called it the worm fence, just called it the worm rail of the fence. Interviewer: When you want to make it taller, or at the ends of it you drive two rails down in the ground and cross them up at the top? 794: Yeah cross them at the top and then and then put a rail in a in this cross up at the top yeah well we used to do that when we'd have horses ready to jump or tear down the fence or cows either one. We, we'd uh build that fence about twelve rails high Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And then we'd put these uh rail a rail at two rails at each corner across the corners thataway and then put a rail up in that. Interviewer: What's that called? 794: Well um They uh they call that the um cross rail, cross {X} cross rail Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: fence. Interviewer: Do you ever hear it called a stake and rider? 794: Yeah. Stake and lighter yeah. Interviewer: Huh? 794: Yeah. Yeah you'd put your stakes you see and then you Well a stake and a lighter that's uh that lighter that's a kind of a of a timber it is oh uh tha- tha- that there is uh like pine you see, rich and all. But uh this stake fence it's just called it a stake, the corner stakes you see above the top rail of the fence. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What kinds of fence would you have around your yard? 794: We'd have picket fence. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: Picket. Drove out of a timber you see just like boards is except they'd be longer and be narrow. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And they're pickets. And then we'd have {D:ladden} and nail the pickets to it, set the posts you see. Like those posts out there and then we'd put a {D:ladden} at the bottom about oh four five, three or four inches above the ground and then we'd put one at the top of the post uh close to the top oh about six to eight inches below the top generally we'd make the uh the pickets a little higher than the posts you see for a picket fence. {NS} I rolled out a many one. I used to have a first fence I had around here was a picket fence here and then I had a plank fence. Interviewer: What's a plank fence? 794: That's uh planks sawed just like a oh uh goes on the flooring of a house or any kind of building except you can you want them wider than this course now the other way they used to have the flooring in a house was twelve inches wide. This here floor this has the double flooring. The bottom floor it's twelve inches wide. And uh it- it- it- it's across thisaway. It runs across thisaway long plank, one by twelve and some of them's rich lightered. you can just almost see the rows and running out to put them in the sunshine you know sunshine on them let the resin run out of them. That that's pure heart like what they call lightered heart. Interviewer: This white fence, did it run horizontally like this? 794: Yeah, yeah it run across that way you you you set your post set your post and then you nailed your plank from one post to the other one and you let it come halfway this post you see and so that that the next panel You can nail it half to the post to nail it on. {NS} Interviewer: What kinds of wire fences would people have nowadays? 794: Well some has barbed wire and some has regular fence wire. Uh, some has this they used to have this Elwood wire but they don't have that now. Interviewer: What's Elwood wire? 794: uh it's a kind of heavy wiring and and close bars together Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: For uh at the bottom part of it might say up to about thirty about twenty-four to thirty inches rabbit couldn't go through. And on up larger the bars were wider apart. Interviewer: What would you, go ahead. 794: And then they generally put a barbed wire on top of that to keep the stock from going over that you see. Interviewer: What would you call a fence or wall made out of loose stone or rock? 794: Well I don't know, I never did see a fence built thataway. {X} Out of rock. I never did see a fence built out of rock. The only thing that I've ever seen a fence built out of is a is rails and lumber and pickets and wire. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What would you carry water in? 794: Well we used to carry it in an old stone jug. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And uh we finally got to carrying glass jugs and then they got to making thermos jugs. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And we carried it in thermos jugs you see put your water in there and some ice in there and that'll keep your your water cold all all through the day you see. Interviewer: What would you draw the water in from the well? 794: In a bucket. Interviewer: What was it made out of? 794: Well way back yonder we used to have a wooden buckets, we'd make them out of cedar timber wooden water buckets. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And then they got to making uh galvanized buckets. and then they got to making it out of aluminum. Interviewer: What would you milk in? 794: Well uh at mostly uh way back yonder mostly uh what kind of a tin bucket like what we call these big old lard buckets you used to put lard in Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: They'd hold about five quarts. of milk you see. And they they was ten buckets. Interviewer: What would you carry food to the hogs in? 794: Well we'd call it the slop bucket. Interviewer: And something you'd fry eggs in? 794: A skillet. Interviewer: Any other name for that? 794: Frying pan. Interviewer: What's the difference? 794: Well A skillet is a cast iron Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And a frying pan is lighter material you see, thiner it's not thick like uh a skillet and not made out of cast iron like a skillet is it's a different material you see. Interviewer: A-huh. Did you ever see something like a skillet that had little legs on it? 794: Yeah. Yeah, they called them a dutch oven. Interviewer: What about a spider? 794: A spider? Interviewer: Did you ever hear that? 794: I don't believe I have. Interviewer: If you cut some flowers and wanted to keep them in the house, {NS} what could you put them in? 794: You'd have to ask her about that {NW} aux: Well what would she put them in, mind it? Interviewer: #1 Something that you # 794: #2 Oh a flower vase. # Interviewer: A-huh. 794: A flower vase, yeah. Interviewer: And if you were setting the table, next to each plate for everybody to eat with, you'd give everybody a? 794: Knife and a fork. Interviewer: And a? 794: And a plate. Interviewer: And if you had coffee, you might 794: Cup. Or a saucer. Interviewer: And a 794: And a spoon. Interviewer: And nowadays if you serve steak and it wasn't very tender, you'd have to put out steak 794: and hack it. with with a cleave, take a cleave and hack it. Interviewer: And if you had three people eating, you'd put out three forks and three spoons and 794: And three knives. Interviewer: And if the dishes were dirty, you'd say I have to go 794: Wash them. Interviewer: And after she washes the dishes 794: Dry them or scald them. Interviewer: To get the suds off she 794: Yeah. Interviewer: She ri- 794: You'd rinse them. Interviewer: What do you call the call the cloth or rag you use when you're washing them? 794: Call what? Interviewer: The cloth or rag you 794: Oh, dish rag {NW}, dish rag. Interviewer: What about when you dry them? 794: Drying rag. Interviewer: And to bathe your face with? 794: Towel. Interviewer: And to dry yourself 794: Uh Oh um {X} A bath towel uh bath towel yeah. Interviewer: And 794: And a wash rag. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Call it a wash rag and a bath towel. Interviewer: If you wanted to pour something from a big container into something that had a narrow mouth, to keep it from spilling out you'd pour it through a? 794: Funnel. Interviewer: And if you were driving horses and you wanted them to go faster you'd hit them with a? 794: A whoop or a switch. A switch or a whoop. Interviewer: Okay. And when you're driving them, you hold the? 794: Lines. Interviewer: What about when you're riding on them? 794: Uh you have uh bridle reins. You you have reins on your bridle. Interviewer: Your feet are in the 794: Is which? Interviewer: Your feet are in? 794: Oh, in your stirrups. Stirrups, yeah. And to make them go fast, if the horse is lazy or slow you use spurs Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And uh Interviewer: Did you ride much? 794: Oh I rode in many when there's with spurs and uh I broke a lot of horses to ride, had them to pitch with me and uh I never did have one to throw me though, I used to be a good rider Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And uh I never did have one to throw me uh uh pitching I've had them fall and stump over direct over me unexpected to me and had one fall through a bridge one time and Interviewer: Mm. 794: threw me over his head but I never did have one to throw me pitching but I've had them pitch with me 'til my nose would bleed it'd pitch so hard with me. Interviewer: Before you 794: And I broke them to plow. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Broke them to work the wagon. Broke them to work the buggy. and broke them to skid logs poles anything I went and broke them to work the cane mills grind cane to cook the juice to make syrup Interviewer: Before you can hitch one to a buggy or wagon, what do you have to do to it? 794: You have to curry him off, take a curry comb and curry him and take a brush and brush him to get the dirt off of him. Interviewer: A-huh. And then you 794: You'd put the collar on, put the bridle on him put the collar on him and put the harness on then fasten the hames Interviewer: A-huh. 794: Fasten the belly band, what they call the belly band. and uh then the wagon, where you work a pair of them while you have strops go from the britching to under the belly here to uh to a pole strop. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: And they fasten the flank strop to the pole strop and you fasten this pole strop to the thing to to the breast hook on uh on the end of a wagon tongue Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And then you have and then you have the breast change to hold it up you see And and this here pole strop and flank strop is when you're going down a hill pull back on your lines and make your horse pull back sit down kinda like to to hold the wagon and keep them from going so fast I done all that {NW} Interviewer: What do you have the traces fastened onto? 794: Well, well you have them fastened on the hames and then uh and and then you have a back band Interviewer: A-huh. 794: That you fastened on and what you call a belly band. Interviewer: What's a bar of wood that you fasten them onto? 794: Uh a dou- a singletree and a doubletree Interviewer: A-huh. And before you can hitch a horse to a buggy, you back him in between the? 794: Back him into the, the shafts. Or you hook him into it. You back him up into the shaft. Now some horses you can learn them to step over the shafts but there not many of them do that, most of them step on them and break them. Interviewer: A-huh. 794: But you generally {NW} back them into the shafts eh- eh- if they're not bad about stepping onto them but if one don't want to back into the shaft and don't like the shaft uh you have to have someone to hold your shafts up or prop your shafts up 'til you back your horse up right where you want them and then take let these shafts down on each side of him and pull him up a a little piece to put this ah- pieces that's on his back to hold uh shafts up in, and then back him up and fasten your traces. And then your lines and all all that. Interviewer: With the wheels of the wagon, the thing that runs across and holds one wheel to the other is called the? 794: That's the axle. Interviewer: And you have the hub of the wheel and then the spokes come out and what do they fit in? 794: Uh uh they fit in the uh uh the hub Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: #1 The hub of a wheel. # Interviewer: #2 Well coming out from the hub. # 794: Well that's, that's the spokes and that goes into the felloe. And and then uh you take the uh the thimble Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 794: And you heat that and you put that down on this and you prize it down in there and then when it uh you get it on there you pour water on it to keep it from burning this wood. Course it's the best to pour linseed oil on it to begin with and uh but there's not many people do that it's too expensive. But uh After you build this one in the summer time dry weather your wagon gets kinda dry you can take uh linseed oil and boil it and and pour it on these wheels and all and that'll tighten the uh spokes into the hub and into the felloe. Interviewer: What goes over the felloe? 794: That's uh oh uh the tire, what they call the tire.