Interviewer:  A long time ago, to cut the hay they'd let it dry and then they'd rake it up in little piles and then they'd
863:  Yes.
Interviewer:  They'd call those piles a
863:  And they, there's a term for it, and I really just can't think of it right now.
Interviewer:  You ever hear of a shock or doodle or heap or cock of hay? Anything like that?
863:  Well, of course a shock I've heard of but that's a corn shock.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  {NW}
Interviewer:  And, if you cut the hay off of a piece of land and enough grows back you can cut it again the same year, you'd call that the?
863:  Second cutting.
Interviewer:  And, a building that could be used for storing corn would be a?
863:  Corn crib.
Interviewer:  Was that part of the barn or separate?
863:  Oh no, it was always a separate building. Well, it could have been. The corn crib could've been, you- for instance, uh, and I have seen it this way, where you have a barn with a whole lotta stalls in it #1 Mm-hmm. #
Interviewer:  #2 for #
863:  the different horses, or what have you, and they would use one stall and call it the corn crib. Yes, I've seen it that way. We did have a corn crib and it was a different building; however, I'll tell you it was half of a building and one half of it was the corn crib and the other half you kept tools in. So it was a dual-purpose building.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What about a building used for storing grain? You'd call that the?
863:  Well, you know, we don't store grain, uh, on the farm except that in which we're going to use to feed the, the cattle or the poultry. So, I, I #1 really don't know what we would've called that. #
863:  #2 {NW} # Excuse me please. {X}
Interviewer:  Um, do you ever hear of a granary or a granary? {C: granary pronunciations differ}
863:  Well, I've read the term but, uh, I don't think you'll find that's very commonly used down here. Now, we, what we have down here, the main grain we raise down here, is rice. And those you put in dryers.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  So that even, uh, uh, um somebody's individual property, sometimes they will buy one of these metal buildings that they use to store the dry rice but they have to
Interviewer:  #1 Mm-hmm. #
863:  #2 dry it # first, otherwise, it'll spoil.
Interviewer:  They call the whole building-thing the dryer?
863:  Dryer.
Interviewer:  And, the animals that you milk would be?
863:  Cows.
Interviewer:  Where would they be kept?
863:  They would probably be kept in the barn.
Interviewer:  What about a fenced-in place around the barn? Where the animals could walk around?
863:  Well, the lot I guess, the cow lot. Um, for horses, of course, I've heard it called something different, so, there was always the barn lot. You see, that was
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  uh, right around the barn where you herded them into and then into the barn when you, uh, were going to milk them and then you let 'em back out.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And you had a pasture, then, which was right, and there were different pastures,
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  you know, they were all fenced in, and you would put 'em in one pasture and then another. But the barn lot or the cow lot.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  It would really be called the barn lot.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of a, sort of a makeshift, fenced in place out in the pasture where you could shut the cows up for milking?
863:  I've heard of it, I don't think we ever used one. But, you know, they will have makeshift ones when they're, uh, rounding up cattle.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Big cattle to ship to market or sometimes they have to make a temporary corral
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  out there to get cattle to inoculate them or do something else.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of something called the milk gap or a cow pen?
863:  N- cow pen yes but milk gap no.
Interviewer:  What was a cow pen like?
863:  Well the cow pen would've probably been that same barn lot that I talked #1 about #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  for us. Now, for other, other people it would've been different but I'm only talking about our practices
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  because they're the only ones I really know.
Interviewer:  And, if you had a lot of milk cows and a commercial place for them that had
863:  Dairy.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear the word dairy used to refer to anything else besides a commercial farm like that?
863:  Yes. Sometimes people called, uh, the milk room, in an old fashioned house, the dairy.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  They used to have, sometimes, either a room or a milk building, a milk shed, where they, uh, stored the milk and usually this would have, maybe, a well or something cool down in it.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Uh, often, milk was kept down where you had your well but, uh, we used to have a milk room. My aunt still has one and it was the only brick part of the building, other than the foundations and the fireplaces.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And that was, kept it cooler. And the milk, uh, used to be put in big crocks and, uh, before you had refrigeration and allow it to stand and then the cream would form on the #1 top and then it would #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  be skimmed and then it would be bottled and put in the refrigerator, or, what was then, called the icebox.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. This
863:  To me there's no difference between icebox and refrigerator now, but I know what it was then because
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  we had both.
Interviewer:  This milk room, it, at your family's house, was that built onto the house
863:  Yes
Interviewer:  then?
863:  it was. #1 And #
Interviewer:  #2 And #
863:  uh, the milk was brought up from the farm each morning. #1 I haven't, #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  I used to pasteurize my own right here, when my children were small. And this has been long time past the time when #1 other people #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  were getting milk but we had the farms and we had the cows and so they came in each day and brought milk and then vegetables and things like that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Um, a place where people could, could store potatoes and turnips during the winter? They'd call that?
863:  That would've been called a root cellar but we never had one. But I know, uh, that they had root cellars.
Interviewer:  And, say if you raise a lot of corn you'd say you raised a big?
863:  Crop.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay, and you'd say cotton would grow out in a?
863:  Field.
Interviewer:  What about something smaller than a field?
863:  Well, not for cotton you're talking about?
Interviewer:  No, just
863:  Something like your own garden plot.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  That would be, or just the garden or the vegetable garden.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of a patch?
863:  Yes. After all that was what Peter Rabbit was in was
Interviewer:  {NW}
863:  mr McGregor's garden, I think it was a patch wasn't it?
Interviewer:  Would D:{you}
863:  But we didn't call it that. No, actually, patch used to be referred to as a cotton patch
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  sometimes too. But, uh, it wasn't a term that I ever used outside of hearing it in Uncle Remus or something like that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And if you wanted to break up the ground for planting you'd break it up with a?
863:  Are you talking about the old times or now? Nowadays you'll disc it {NW} with a tractor but in the old days you would've probably broken it up with, um, spade or a shovel.
Interviewer:  Or something that would have horses?
863:  Oh, a plow, yes.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear different names for different kinds of old-fashioned plows?
863:  Yes, they, they were shaped differently and were used for different things, for instance, there was a particular one that you used was called a root plow which would be one of the first ones you'd use in trying to plow up a new field and get the roots of the trees out of it. #1 That was #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  a root plow. And then they would, they would have different ones, now, I've never plowed and I really have only seen these not, uh, in general knowledge or my own knowledge but, uh, you know, from their use but in the museum. We #1 have some #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  in our French Trading Post Museum and one of the ones we have is a root plow.
Interviewer:  What about something that would break up the ground finer than a plow? Had little teeth in it?
863:  harrow?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Were there different kinds of those?
863:  Probably but I really wouldn't know.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of a, um, tool called a, a lizard?
863:  Yes but I don't know what it is or what it was. And only this because, uh, I have a list of tools. I got a little booklet on tools that people used and looked it over and then put it in the museum library.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And you ran across lizard in that?
863:  I think I ran across lizard in that. There were, there were a lot of those terms, I don't, I don't have that book here, it's in the museum. #1 {D:You're always acquiring} #
Interviewer:  #2 I'd be interested in #
863:  books. I really would like to know what it was but, uh, I remember reading all these terms and I #1 know #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  that that was one of them. But I have not the faintest idea of what it was because I really wasn't that interested.
Interviewer:  I'd like to see that book if, is, is that #1 at the museum? #
863:  #2 It's at the museum, # uh-huh.
Interviewer:  Huh, so that's a
863:  I think it was in that book.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  I have quite a number of books on old terminology. I'll go look and see if I have some here in a minute.
Interviewer:  When you're, uh, growing cotton, you have to get out and
863:  Go ahead.
Interviewer:  thin the cotton out with a hoe, what do you say you're doing to it?
863:  Oh, there was a term besides thinning but I don't remember what it was.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear chopped cotton or?
863:  Yes. But chopping cotton, well, that was partly thinning, but also, chopping weeds.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  You see, chopping cotton was also chopping weeds. I think it, I think both
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  the term covered both. See if I don't have this dictionary, oh I believe it's upstairs.
Interviewer:  Um, what different kinds of grass would grow up in the cotton field?
863:  Probably Johnson grass. Maybe Crab grass but we would've all called, called nearly anything that grew up in the cotton field a weed.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Because it wasn't supposed to be there.
Interviewer:  And what different kinds of fences did people have around here, or would they have nowadays?
863:  Well, nowadays, most everyone will have a cyclone fence or a hurricane fence and those are the same thing just chain link.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  But um, you might also have a picked fence and of course a lot of people had, um, split-rail fences
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  in early Texas, before you had a barbwire, and bobbed-wire is what we call it instead of barbed wire.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  A bob wire fence.
Interviewer:  Say if you were going to set up a fence like that you'd have to dig holes for the?
863:  You'd have a post hole digger.
Interviewer:  #1 And you dig #
863:  #2 And you # put a post in it and then you'd string your wire.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  With a stretcher.
Interviewer:  And, talking about the posts, you'd talk about several, you'd have more than one, you'd have several?
863:  Posts, yeah.
Interviewer:  And, this picked fence, was that nailed together or woven together?
863:  No, it would have been nailed.
Interviewer:  And what would you call a fence or wall made out of loose stone or rock?
863:  Rock wall.
Interviewer:  And, when you have chickens, um, a place you could put the mother hen and the baby chicks? It's a little thing you could set them in?
863:  Oh, um, but I don't remember what it was called other than the cage. You used to have, um, they used to have little wire cages that they put one mother in sometimes but most of them were just run #1 wild in the #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  chicken yard.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of a coop or a cook?
863:  Oh yes. But uh, not from my own personal knowledge really. I know what a chicken coop is but uh, coops were used for more than just putting the mother and the young one in. We used to call it, it a coop. When you had a whole lot of chickens that were there for sale and, you know, they used to sit in a coop on the side of the store alive and you picked out your chicken and took it home. And you either wrung its neck or you chopped its head off.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  And I never could wring one's neck.
Interviewer:  What would you call a, a hen on a nest of eggs?
863:  Brooding hen. Brooding hen or broody hen #1 with a #
Interviewer:  #2 And, #
863:  Y, you know.
Interviewer:  say if, um, well if you had a good set of dishes, your dishes would be made out of?
863:  China.
Interviewer:  And an egg made out of that would be a?
863:  China egg.
Interviewer:  And, when you're
863:  Or a glass egg, you know, #1 I #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  think sometimes they called 'em glass but they were china.
Interviewer:  When you eat chicken, there's a bone like this
863:  Wishbone.
Interviewer:  Huh?
863:  Wishbone, also called a pulley bone.
Interviewer:  Which would you probably call it?
863:  Well, I call it the wishbone. But I, we called it the pulley bone too because that's what you did, you know, children, there were four of us growing up, and we were always fighting for the wishbone, see who got to pull and get their wish.
Interviewer:  Which end would you wanna get?
863:  Oh the long end, you get your wish.
Interviewer:  And, something you could carry water in would be a?
863:  Pail, bucket.
Interviewer:  What's the difference between a bucket and a pail?
863:  None, as far as I can tell.
Interviewer:  Which term would you be more likely to use?
863:  I think I would use them interchangeably.
Interviewer:  And what you could carry
863:  You know Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  But uh, I rather suspect that a pail, uh, the word would be used in connection with something that you, think of a milk pail.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  So if you fetch the pail to get some milk, you know, but ordinarily what I pick up with a handle on it is a bucket.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  'Course the bucket was what went down in the well.
Interviewer:  And something you'd carry food to the hogs in would be a?
863:  Probably the slop bucket. {NW}
Interviewer:  And, say if you cut some flowers and wanted to keep them in the house, you'd put them in a?
863:  Vase.
Interviewer:  And, if you were setting the table next to each plate you would give everybody a? The eating utensils would be a?
863:  Knife, and a fork, and a spoon. Or the silverware.
Interviewer:  Okay, and nowadays if you served steak and it wasn't very tender, you'd put out steak?
863:  Knives.
Interviewer:  And, if the dishes were dirty you'd say I have to?
863:  Wash the dishes.
Interviewer:  And after she washes the dishes?
863:  She dries them.
Interviewer:  Or to get the suds off she?
863:  Rinses 'em.
Interviewer:  And the cloth or rag you use when you're washing them?
863:  Dish wa- dish rag really. Sometimes dishcloth but mostly dishrag.
Interviewer:  What about when you're drying them?
863:  That's the dishcloth really.
Interviewer:  And to bathe your face with, you have a?
863:  Washrag.
Interviewer:  And to dry yourself?
863:  Towel.
Interviewer:  And, you mentioned, um, syrup the people used to make. Any other name for syrup or something similar?
863:  We just called it syrup, a lot of people called it molasses but to me molasses is a particular kind of syrup. Just the #1 same #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  way that you can have corn syrup, and you can have cane syrup, and you can have maple syrup. But syrup was the term
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  for all that good sticky stuff except for honey which was different.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear, um, syrup and molasses called long-sweetening and short-sweetening?
863:  No.
Interviewer:  And, something that you, if you want {B} molasses, what would it come in?
863:  Nowadays, of course, it comes in a jar mostly #1 but #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  uh, we used to get ours up from the farm in a pail.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  You know, a great big, round tin can so big, with a handle and we called it a #1 pail. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  That was a syrup pail.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear the expression, a stand of molasses, or a stand of lard?
863:  No, don't believe I have.
Interviewer:  And, if you wanted to pour something from a big container into something with a narrow mouth, you'd pour it through a?
863:  Funnel.
Interviewer:  And if you were driving horses and wanted them to go faster, you'd hit 'em with a?
863:  Probably a whip.
Interviewer:  And, nowadays to carry clothes out to hang them on the line, you'd carry them out in a?
863:  Clothes basket.
Interviewer:  And, if the lamp wasn't burning, nowadays you'd screw in a new?
863:  Bulb.
Interviewer:  What kind of bulb?
863:  Light bulb.
Interviewer:  And, say if you were, um, a long time ago people would carry corn to the mill to be ground, what would they call the amount that they would take at one time?
863:  I really don't know.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear the expression, a turn of corn?
863:  No, I don't believe I have.
Interviewer:  And, if you went out and got as much wood as you could carry, you'd
863:  Armload.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And on a wagon that didn't have a full load of wood, you'd say he had a?
863:  Half load. #1 I guess, #
Interviewer:  #2 Do you ever hear #
863:  I don't know.
Interviewer:  What about jag of wood? Do you ever hear that?
863:  No, I've never heard that term.
Interviewer:  And if someone had a load of wood on his wagon and he was driving along, you'd say he was? What wood, he was?
863:  Delivering?
Interviewer:  Okay, do you ever hear, um, hauling wood or drawing #1 wood? #
863:  #2 Oh yes. # He hauls wood, he hauls water, you know, whenever you used to, to carry a load and
Interviewer:  {NW}
863:  they used to say you hauled this, hauled that.
Interviewer:  Would you say that now, or does it ?
863:  Well, it's so seldom done
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  But yes, people used to haul a load of this or haul a load of that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Say if there was a log across the road, you'd say I tied a chain around it and we? What it our of the road?
863:  Pull or haul, I guess.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Either one, or drag.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  Drag, really. That's what you would have to do to a log, you'd drag it.
Interviewer:  Okay, so you'd say we tied a chain around it and we?
863:  We, we dragged it out of the
Interviewer:  And you'd say we have, what many logs out of the road? We have?
863:  I guess dragged. But, around here the average person who is doing it would say drug.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  I wouldn't say it but I would realize that they would.
Interviewer:  And, something that, um, flour used to come in, say if you bought one hundred pounds or so?
863:  It used to be in a sack.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. What if it was bigger? Something
863:  Well, you could get it in a barrel #1 but I, #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  it's been a long time since I've seen anyone get flour in a barrel.
Interviewer:  The things that run around the barrel that hold the wood in place?
863:  Staves or the, are you talking about the hoops?
Interviewer:  Okay, and something smaller than a barrel that nails used to come in?
863:  Keg.
Interviewer:  And, on a water barrel or a beer keg or something, the thing that you turn?
863:  Spigot.
Interviewer:  What about out in your yard? What you turn?
863:  Faucet.
Interviewer:  And at the sink?
863:  Faucet.
Interviewer:  And, if you open a bottle and wanted to close it back up, you could stick in a?
863:  You mean a, besides a top? A cork?
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  Mm-kay.
Interviewer:  What, would you still call it a cork, if it was made out of glass or plastic or something?
863:  No, stopper.
Interviewer:  And, this is a musical instrument that people would?
863:  Harmonica.
Interviewer:  Any other names for that?
863:  Oh, I've heard it called a Jew's harp and a few other things. #1 But uh, #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  uh, oh yes some real good ones like uh, uh, Juice, no, yeah, juice harp and uh, something else, um,
Interviewer:  A juice harp and harmonica were the same?
863:  For some people.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And then uh, some people considered the Jew's harp to be where you had the string that you p- or that you pulled very tight, you know, and just played #1 all by your #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  self, I mean
Interviewer:  Which, would you make that distinction or?
863:  Well, I never really called it either one, I've just heard it called that, I never would of called it any of 'em, I just would know what someone #1 was #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  talking about generally when they called it that. It's always been a harmonica to me.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Say if you had a wagon and two horses, the long wooden piece between the horses?
863:  Oh, shaft.
Interviewer:  Okay, what about, do you ever hear of a tongue or pole or
863:  Yes, I've heard of a tongue and it probably really oughta be called a tongue, I'm speaking from ignorance because I, I've heard all these terms but I #1 don't use #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  them ordinarily so I don't always summon them up very well.
Interviewer:  And with a buggy, you'd have
863:  Traces and uh, {NW} buggy used to have two pieces that came down on each side, and it really wasn't called a tongue.
Interviewer:  #1 Mm-hmm. #
863:  #2 I think # they were between the shafts is what you'd call those.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, on a wheel, the thing, on the wheels, the thing that runs across to connect two wheels?
863:  The axle.
Interviewer:  Hmm?
863:  Axle.
Interviewer:  And, on a wagon wheel, the inside would be the hub, then the spokes come out and they fit into the?
863:  The rim?
Interviewer:  What's the rim made out of?
863:  Well, they used to be made out of wood and then covered with an iron rim on the outside of that,
Interviewer:  Mm.
863:  see?
Interviewer:  And, if you have a horse hitched to a wagon, there's a bar of wood that the trace is fastened onto? Would be the? Or?
863:  I'm not sure {NW} I, I'll look it up in the wish book. No, I'm really not sure.
Interviewer:  It's um,
863:  Oh, you're talking about the, um,
Interviewer:  No, no
863:  The yoke. That goes over, that looks like a yoke.
Interviewer:  The traces hook onto this, sometimes they'd use it if they'd butcher hogs, they'd use this to hang the hogs up.
863:  I've forgotten the name.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of singletree or
863:  Yes, I've heard of a singletree.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. What about when you have two horses? Each one would have a singletree and then you'd have?
863:  I don't know, a doubletree, I, I really don't know.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  I've heard these terms and when you call them out I will recognize #1 that I've #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  heard them and not even yet be able to tell you exactly what part #1 of the #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  buggy. I've never had to hitch up a buggy.
Interviewer:  {NW} And, if you wanted to chop a log up, X shaped frame like this, you could set the long in?
863:  Cradle.
Interviewer:  What w- what did that look like exactly? Did
863:  Well, they used to have, there were two X's and they usually had one long piece that went together, hold 'em up. Hold them together, you know, themselves and then you could put the log across them inside to #1 chop it. #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  Really, I think they would be more often used for sawing than for chopping, with #1 chopping #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  could be on the ground.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What about when, if, something that carpenters use if you wanted to just saw a board? An A shaped frame? You know? Something more like that?
863:  Oh, you mean like horse, saw horses?
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  Mm-kay.
Interviewer:  And, you'd straighten your hair using a comb and a?
863:  Brush.
Interviewer:  And if you were gonna use that, you'd say you were going to?
863:  Brush your hair.
Interviewer:  And something you put in a pistol?
863:  You mean a bullet?
Interviewer:  Or another?
863:  Or a she- well a shell in a shotgun but a bullet in a pistol.
Interviewer:  What about in an ink pen? You know, you have a little cylinder of ink? You'd call that a?
863:  Refill.
Interviewer:  #1 Or a? #
863:  #2 {NW} # {NW} I really don't know, it, it would be just a cylinder of ink but I don't know that I'd call it that, its just a, uh, they call the, um, pens, the um, cartridge pens. #1 Mm-hmm. #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-kay. # And
863:  I don't, when I put something, I know its a cartridge but, uh, and if your asking for a certain kind of a cartridge, you know, like the size or what was in it, I might speak of it that way but most of the time I would probably say bullet
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  or shell.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Depending on which kind of gun I was loading. A twenty-two I'd put a bullet into.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Maybe a cartridge. {NW} But uh, and then a shotgun I'd put a shell in- #1 -to, #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  you see.
Interviewer:  #1 And #
863:  #2 That's # common usage.
Interviewer:  Something that you'd sharpen a straight razor on would be a called a mother?
863:  Strap.
Interviewer:  And a small knife would be sharpened on a?
863:  Probably on a, on a, uh, little um, stone, you know, a whetstone.
Interviewer:  What about a bigger tool like an axe? The thing that would turn around you know?
863:  Um, alright I know perfectly well what it is cause we've had one. The grinders. The scissor grinders use 'em and I can't think. You want to tell me the word?
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear it called the grind rock or grindstone?
863:  Grindstone.
Interviewer:  Hmm?
863:  Grindstone.
Interviewer:  And something that children play on, you could take a board and fix over a tr-
863:  Seesaw.
Interviewer:  And if you saw some children playing on that, you'd say they were?
863:  Playing on the seesaw or seesawing.
Interviewer:  And do you ever hear taking a board and fixing it down at both ends, and children would jump up and down in the middle? Kind of like a trampoline?
863:  Yes, but I don't know that I've ever heard of a particular name for it unless it'd be a springboard but springboard mostly is only at one end. #1 And you #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm #
863:  can, its like a diving board.
Interviewer:  What about joggling board? Do you ever #1 hear that? #
863:  #2 I've never # heard it.
Interviewer:  And, you could take a board and anchor it down in the middle and then spin around and around? You'd call that a?
863:  Merry-go-round, perhaps?
Interviewer:  #1 Mm-kay. #
863:  #2 I # really don't know.
Interviewer:  #1 Any special names for? #
863:  #2 I don't know that # I would ever know what I'd call a one board like that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  It'd be very like a merry-go-round.
Interviewer:  And, you could tie a long rope to a tree limb and put a seat on it and make a?
863:  Swing.
Interviewer:  And something you could carry coal in?
863:  Shuttle.
Interviewer:  Okay. What did that look like?
863:  Well, it was a, usually the ones I think of is a coal bucket or a shuttle where, um, where metal and, and had sort of a spout
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  effect on one side.
Interviewer:  And
863:  And they had a handle and you could dump the coal out.
Interviewer:  The, on an old-fashioned stove, the thing that runs from the stove to the chimney?
863:  That would be the flue.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  Or the stovepipe.
Interviewer:  Is there a difference?
863:  The flue, I think, was actually the, the chimney that went out, or the part that went out through the wall and outside but, uh, the stovepipe was, I really think the, your difference was very slight or, or a matter of, of evolution. {NW}
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, if you wanted to move bricks or something heavy, you could move it in a?
863:  Wheelbarrow?
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And, the thing people drive nowadays, you'd call a?
863:  You mean a car?
Interviewer:  Any other names?
863:  Automobile.
Interviewer:  And, if something was squeaking, to lubricate it you'd say you had to?
863:  Well, I think that that would be to oil or grease depending on what it was.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay, and you'd say yesterday he, what, his car?
863:  Had his car greased.
Interviewer:  Or yesterday he?
863:  Greased the car but
Interviewer:  And if grease got all over your hands?
863:  You would be greasy.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And, something, uh, inside the tire of the car, you have the inner?
863:  Inner tube.
Interviewer:  And, what did people used to burn in lamps?
863:  Oil, kerosene.
Interviewer:  And, do you ever, um, see anyone make a lamp, using a rag and a bottle and some kerosene?
863:  No. I don't think I've ever seen anyone make a lamp but I presume it could be done.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of one called a flambeau?
863:  No, a flambeau is a torch as #1 far as I'm #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  concerned. One that would be made, in, uh, New Orleans during, uh, Mardi Gras, they always use a flambeau but this is a torch on a long stick and its made with rags and kerosene and it #1 burns #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  while they run down but, uh, wasn't a bottle. {NW}
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Do you ever hear, um, anything called a flambeau, around Beaumont? Did
863:  No.
Interviewer:  And
863:  I'm too late in time.
Interviewer:  {NW}
863:  You'll have to get one of the older people to tell you that.
Interviewer:  Say if you had just built a boat, and you were going to put it in the water, you'd say you were going to?
863:  Launch it, probably.
Interviewer:  What different kinds of boats did people used to have? Say to go fishing or?
863:  Well, beside a rowboat
Interviewer:  {NW}
863:  or a canoe or a skiff, uh, in this part of the country you might have had a pirogue.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Which, of course, is, is strictly a cajun term, it really isn't our term, I, I've always heard, heard it though because I lived in this part of the country. But most of the time I'd say rowboat or skiff or, uh, I have heard motorboat.
Interviewer:  #1 Mm-hmm. #
863:  #2 You know # when you put a motorboat on it then you'd always call it the outdoor motorboat or, what have you. Then of course, there are the larger boats. #1 Wanna #
Interviewer:  #2 Would a #
863:  go into larger boats?
Interviewer:  How would a pirogue be different from a canoe?
863:  Originally, I think a pirogue is supposed to be a hollowed-out log.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  But, any fishing boat that I would call a skiff or a rowboat they would probably call a pirogue now.
Interviewer:  #1 Mm-hmm. #
863:  #2 A # pirogue, actually, is supposed to be sort of a long and, and, uh, narrow
Interviewer:  What would #1 be the difference? #
863:  #2 rounded-bottom boat. #
Interviewer:  Uh, long and narrow what?
863:  Sorta rounded-bottom boat but
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  they call, it, the terminology has evolved along
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  with what they are able to afford nowadays. I think they call any boat a pirogue or a bateau sometime.
Interviewer:  What's the difference between a skiff and a rowboat?
863:  As far as I'm concerned, probably, not any.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And #1 say #
863:  #2 I # would use them interchangeably, there's #1 probably a #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  difference but I would use them interchangeably.
Interviewer:  If a child is just learning to dress himself, the mother brings him the clothes and tells him, here?
863:  Get dressed.
Interviewer:  Or here, what?
863:  Dress yourself.
Interviewer:  Your clothes, here?
863:  Put on your clothes.
Interviewer:  Would you say here is your clothes or here are your #1 clothes? #
863:  #2 Here are # your clothes.
Interviewer:  Huh?
863:  I would say are.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  But then, I've been through schools and was raised that way anyway.
Interviewer:  And, say if a child was going to a dentist and he was scared, the dentist would say, well you don't need to be scared I
863:  I won't hurt you?
Interviewer:  Do you ever use the word ain't?
863:  Oh yes. All the time, knowing each time I used it, it was incorrect.
Interviewer:  How, give me some examples of how you'd use it.
863:  Oh, in joking or playing, you know. That ain't so.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  I mean, you know, its casual and joking and funny.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  And I, and I realized of course that at least fifty percent of my other local citizens, we use it without realizing necessarily that it was incorrect.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  It's quite widely used down here.
Interviewer:  And,
863:  So much so as I think that it is now being accepted in some of the slang dictionaries as imperfectly proper.
Interviewer:  Say if, um, I ask you, was that you I saw in town yesterday, you might say no it?
863:  No, it wasn't. {NW}
Interviewer:  No, it wasn't.
863:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  What?
863:  Was not I but I'd probably say no it wasn't me. {NW}
Interviewer:  And, if #1 a woman #
863:  #2 You know, # knowing that it's #1 wrong again #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  but, not worrying #1 about it. #
Interviewer:  #2 Yeah, well, # I'm just interested, you know, in what, what you would probably say, you know?
863:  I'd probably say no it wasn't me. {NW}
Interviewer:  And, if a woman wanted to buy a dress of a certain color she'd take along a little square of cloth to use as a?
863:  Sample.
Interviewer:  And if she sees a dress she likes a lot, she'd say the dress was very?
863:  If I saw a dress I'd like I'd say, oh I like that dress.
Interviewer:  Or
863:  Or it, I could say it was attractive or it was, uh, something I wanted, I don't know.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  I don't know what you're looking for really.
Interviewer:  And, something a woman could wear over her dress in the kitchen?
863:  An apron. Or a smock? My mother-in-law always wore a smock. And it wasn't an apron, it really was a smock.
Interviewer:  Like an artist's smock?
863:  Mm-hmm. She made them herself by the dozens and she always had one on all the time. Because it had long sleeves and
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  As she got older, she was always cold.
Interviewer:  To s-
863:  But I would use an apron.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. To sign you name in ink you'd use a?
863:  Pen.
Interviewer:  And to hold a baby's diaper in place?
863:  Use a pin. But there's a, there is a difference in pronunciation but no one down here would ever make it. It would be a pen and a pin but down here it'd be just a pin.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Soup that you buy comes in a can made out of?
863:  Tin.
Interviewer:  And a dime is worth?
863:  Ten cents. See you say almost the same thing. There should be a difference in the, in the "E" but, but down here you won't ever get it. Everybody will pronounce the "e" and the "i" exactly alike.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh, they just call 'em
863:  And I know it's different but I don't bother.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh, and what would a man wear to church on Sunday.
863:  A suit.
Interviewer:  If he just bought it, it'd be a brand?
863:  New suit.
Interviewer:  What were the pieces of a three piece suit?
863:  The shirt, I mean, the coat and the, or jacket. But really, coat was always what we called it, and the vest and the pants.
Interviewer:  {NW} Any other names of
863:  Sometime trousers. #1 but uh, #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  pants mostly down here.
Interviewer:  What about something a farmer would wear? It'd come up?
863:  Overalls.
Interviewer:  #1 And #
863:  #2 Or # coveralls but overalls, mostly down here.
Interviewer:  And, if you went outside without your coat, and you were cold and you wanted it, you'd tell someone, would you run inside and what me my coat?
863:  Bring me my coat or hand me my coat. Mostly bring me my coat.
Interviewer:  So you'd say so he went inside and he?
863:  Brought me my coat.
Interviewer:  And he'd say here I have?
863:  Brought you your coat. I wouldn't have said brung. {NW} Though, I would have heard it. {NW}
Interviewer:  You'd say, um, that coat won't fit this year but last year it?
863:  It did fit, mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Last year it what?
863:  Or it fitted me.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And, if you stuff a lot of things in your pockets it makes them?
863:  Bulge.
Interviewer:  And, you'd say that shirt used to fit me but then I washed it and it?
863:  Shrunk.
Interviewer:  And every shirt I've washed has?
863:  Shrunk.
Interviewer:  And I hope this year it doesn't?
863:  Shrink.
Interviewer:  And, if a woman likes to put on good clothes you'd say she likes to?
863:  Dress up.
Interviewer:  Would you say that about a man?
863:  Yes.
Interviewer:  What about if she likes to stand in front of the mirror and?
863:  Primp.
Interviewer:  Would you say that about a man?
863:  No.
Interviewer:  What would you say about a
863:  I'd say he was egotistical.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Any other?
863:  Vain, perhaps, you know. No, a man doesn't primp. I think that's strictly a ladies' word.
Interviewer:  {NW} What would you call a, a, a man who's vain? Do you ever hear of any special?
863:  Oh yes. They, they'd, um, call him a Beau Brummell perhaps, although that's quite an old term now. Uh,
Interviewer:  Where did that, I've heard that, that sounds vaguely familiar but?
863:  Oh, Beau Brummell was a great, uh, fop, I guess you would call it, and uh, his uh, in the time of one of the King Charles' #1 I think #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  and uh, he was a court favorite and he also was a very, um, meticulous about his clothes and liked to start new fashions #1 and, and #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  particularly, the ruffles and all this sort of thing so that someone who is what, around here would be called a natty dresser
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  would also be called a Beau Brummell.
Interviewer:  What about the term jellybean? Do you ever hear that?
863:  Only in relation to candy.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  Well, yes, and a jellybean and a cream puff and some of those would be the same thing but those would be someone who, uh, was soft in the center, you know, didn't have a lot of character or a lot of backbone. That would be what a jellybean would be to me. Just
Interviewer:  And it'd be derogatory?
863:  Yes, it would.
Interviewer:  Something that, um, people used to carry there coins in would be a?
863:  Used to carry them in?
Interviewer:  Yeah, little coin
863:  A coin purse.
Interviewer:  And, something a women could wear around her neck with things strung up together?
863:  Beads.
Interviewer:  You'd call that a?
863:  Or a necklace.
Interviewer:  Or a what of beads?
863:  String of beads.
Interviewer:  And something you'd wear around around your wrist?
863:  Bracelet.
Interviewer:  And, something men used to wear to hold their pants up?
863:  Suspenders.
Interviewer:  Any old-fashioned names? For that?
863:  Oh, I know I've heard some, but uh, I never used 'em but I, I guess because I know so few people that wear suspenders. I think the only time my husband ever wears them is with his evening clothes, you know they have some that come with the, #1 the uh, #
Interviewer:  #2 They still #
863:  tux pants. Yes, they still wear suspenders with tux pants. That's the only time he wears them.
Interviewer:  {NW} Um, what you hold over you when it rains?
863:  Umbrella.
Interviewer:  And, the last thing you put on a bed, the
863:  Bedspread.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. Any, um, things that people used to make to, similar to a bedspread?
863:  Like a coverlet?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What was a coverlet exactly?
863:  A coverlet was generally woven.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And of course if it was quilted then it was called a quilt but it might also be called a coverlet if it were used on top, you know, in other words, if the, instead of just as, as something like a blanket to keep you warmer.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  But uh, a spread, might be woven but uh, I really think maybe it's perhaps a more modern term but I always call everything a bedspread. Now,
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  when I go over to the French Trading Post or a nice eighteen forty-five museum, I talk about the coverlet.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Because it's an old-fashioned word and it goes with those nice old double woven coverlets that they have there.
Interviewer:  At the head of the bed, you put your head on a?
863:  Pillow.
Interviewer:  Do you remember anything about twice as long as a pillow?
863:  No.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of a bolster?
863:  Oh yes. And bolsters might even be one very long one or they might be rolled up. #1 Mostly, #
Interviewer:  #2 {NS} #
863:  I think of 'em in terms of rolled up, you know, very tight, long, round thing and the bolster is behind.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Or might be put on instead of pillows #1 and #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  some are made so that they're an open case that you can stuff the pillows in and they make one long, round bolster.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. You say, the bolster didn't go part way across the bed, it went?
863:  No it went all the way across.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear people say clean across or plumb across, or?
863:  Oh yes. That's a good, go clean across town or go,
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  alright, he threw it plumb across the river or street or something but I don't believe I'd have used it but yes I've heard it #1 many times. #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. # #1 And #
863:  #2 It's really in # common usage.
Interviewer:  Say if you had a lot of company and didn't have enough beds for everyone, for the children to sleep on, you could make a?
863:  In the old days, they would have made pallets. Nowadays we get, you know, a roll-away, something,
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  or we borrow one. {NW} But they would have made pallets on the floor and a pallet, uh, sometimes, they had a roll-away bed in the old days, you know, that came out from under the bed but the pallet would be, generally, made up of something like quilts.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, you'd say, we expect a big crop in that field because the soil is very?
863:  Rich?
Interviewer:  Or?
863:  Or fertile.
Interviewer:  What different kinds of land are there around here?
863:  Well, you have the swamp land that, uh, lot of which has been drained and turned into production of rice.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And then you have, uh, you know we have a lot of different kinds of soils in this part of the country and just north of here, you're going to get into a hilly and sandier country.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And then south of here, you're going to get into real swamps. And uh, then you're going to have your forest land, and then you have what's good pasture land. In fact, even the Spaniards, when they gave the grants, would say it had so many, uh, they really didn't call it acres, but uh, varas, and what have you. of uh, of uh, woodland, and so many of arable ground and so many of swamp ground and so, we have what we call prairies here and that's largely your cattle area. Some of which has now been turned into rice farming and then, then you'll have, really, farmland.
Interviewer:  What would you
863:  Black land.
Interviewer:  What would you call land that's um, used just for raising hay?
863:  Just for raising hay? Probably just pasture land.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Do you ever hear that called a meadow?
863:  Oh yes. Oh yes.
Interviewer:  What would be the difference between a meadow and a prairie?
863:  Well, a prairie is a little bit different from the meadow I think. Uh, I think of a meadow as being something that has been put under production by the efforts of man. The prairie just grows there and always has. The prairie is more natural grasses and perhaps, no, no work has been done #1 on #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} #
863:  most of the prairie.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, the land next to a river or stream? Kind of low? {X}
863:  Bottom land.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay, and, a sort of a swampy area next to the sea with saltwater?
863:  We call this a sea rim marsh down here.
Interviewer:  You call it a what?
863:  Sea rim marsh.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  We call it the marsh.
Interviewer:  And, if you were draining a swamp, what would you call the things that you dig to drain the water off?
863:  Ditches? Canals?
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. Whats the diff-?
863:  Depending on the size? {NW}
Interviewer:  Which is bigger?
863:  The canal would be larger and probably, uh, done by machinery.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And, Nowadays. They would've been done done but a ditch could be very small. You could have a pretty good sized ditch
863:  #1 too. #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. # What if you, had a heavy rain and the water came out a little?
863:  You mean erosion? Like a gully?
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. How big would a gully be?
863:  Well you can have some pretty good size gullies.
Interviewer:  What if, what would you call it if it's real big and got maybe a little stream at the bottom?
863:  Something that's been made for a long, long time? You mean like out in West Texas? You won't get those down here. You won't get any canyons, we're too flat but you'll have a canyon out there. Spanish word for it, arroyo.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, what different, um, names of different kinds of soil, would you get around here?
863:  Well, we get, uh, we have clay, we have sand, we have what's called black gumbo out here.
Interviewer:  What's that like?
863:  Uh, it's just a heavy black soil that, uh, when it's dry it gets very, very hard and cracks open and when it's wet swells up a lot.
Interviewer:  Is it good for, is it fertile or?
863:  {NW} It's good for things that like heavy black gumbo.
Interviewer:  {NW}
863:  It's not good for things like root crops.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  Uh, it's, no I don't think it's terribly fertile.
Interviewer:  Is it good for cotton? or?
863:  No, I think the cotton's a little bit better a little bit further, farther north where there's more sand.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Do you ever hear of a kind of a soil called loam or loom?
863:  Well, loam yes, is any good soil. Loam is, uh, is really what I would call the same thing as topsoil.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, a small rise in land would be a?
863:  Hill.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. Any other names?
863:  Not around here.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. To open the door, you'd take hold of the door?
863:  Knob.
Interviewer:  Do you ever use the word knob in reference to land?
863:  No.
Interviewer:  And, something with a whole
863:  We really don't have, I'll tell you the reason for that is I, I know that there are knobs, and what have you, elsewhere but you realize how flat this is. And I'm talking to you, really, about my local experience I, I, for instance when I say arroyo, I'm really talking more in terms of West Texas and #1 canyons #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  because we don't have any canyons here. {NW} This is too flat.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Something, a whole lot bigger than a hill, which
863:  You mean, as a mountain?
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And, the rocky side of the mountain that drops off real sharp?
863:  Probably the cliff.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. Talking about several of those, your talking about several?
863:  Well, of course, there are a lot of other terms but
Interviewer:  Or the #1 plural #
863:  #2 again # these are not anything that we use, uh, locally so much, you just know them because you read them.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  But you might have an escarpment or something like that.
Interviewer:  Or just the plural of that.
863:  Cliffs.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And, up in the mountains, um, where the road goes across in a low place, not the valley, and you still
863:  Call a pass.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And, gunfighters on television, for every man that they've killed, they'd cut a little?
863:  Notch.
Interviewer:  And, if you had some water flowing along you'd call that a little?
863:  Well, here you might call it, uh, a creek, you might call it a bayou.
Interviewer:  {NW} What's the difference?
863:  Bayou is a term that comes from Louisiana but, for instance, we have a fairly nice sized river
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  down here which we call Taylor's Bayou.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And, this little trickle of water that goes back behind my house is called Hillebrandt's Bayou. Anywhere else in the country it'd be called a creek.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. What about, um, say if you had some water that's flowing along and it dropped off?
863:  Waterfall.
Interviewer:  Huh?
863:  Waterfall.
Interviewer:  And a place where boats stop and freight's unloaded?
863:  Uh, you mean, like a port or a wharf, or something like this?
Interviewer:  What's the difference?
863:  Well a port is, is, a city perhaps, or a town or a, or a stop along the way. Uh, riverboat landing or something, depending on the size of it, and, of course, a wharf would be the actual wooden structure or, perhaps nowadays, a cement structure.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What are some names
863:  Wharf or a dock, you see, would be about the same thing.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Wharf, probably, uh, having a building attached to it, maybe.
Interviewer:  #1 What are the #
863:  #2 Not necessarily. #
Interviewer:  names of some of the, um, creeks and rivers and things, or bayous around here?
863:  Well, the Neches River is the large river that flows through Beaumont, it
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  uh, goes into Sabine Lake and the Sabine River also comes down there. You have Village Creek, which is north of here, uh, you have, uh, Pine Allen Bayou, which is the same thing as Village Creek and only a little bit south. I mean it's not the same body of water, you understand, but there's no difference as far as looking at 'em between one and the other but one is called Pine Allen Bayou and the other one is called Village Creek. Then we have Taylor's Bayou and Hillebrandt's Bayou and those are your main bayous that come into this part of the country.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Course, if you want to go in a little farther, you have the Trinity River over at Liberty.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. {NW} And, what different kinds of roads are there around here?
863:  Nowadays?
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Beside interstate highways and, and US highways and state highways and county roads, farm-to-market roads, streets.
Interviewer:  What would they be made out of? What?
863:  They're nearly all, no, they're not nearly all either. Some of 'em of course are cement or #1 concrete #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  and others are just asphalt or various kinds of mixes that they use now. Some are shale.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Still, not very many.
Interviewer:  What do you call the, um, the rocks they put on roads?
863:  Gravel.
Interviewer:  And, if you don't even have gravel on the road it'd be just a?
863:  Probably shale.
Interviewer:  Or if you didn't have anything on it?
863:  Be dirt road.
Interviewer:  And a little road that goes off the main road would be a?
863:  It'd still be a road here. We don't really call them lanes or anything like that. It's just a road. Everything's a road.
Interviewer:  What do you think of a lane as?
863:  A country lane, I think, is just a country road. But it's just not a term we use in this part of the country much.
Interviewer:  When you think of a lane, do, you think of something that's got trees or a fence on both sides or it could just be out in the open?
863:  Probably. Probably has trees and fence.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And a road that goes up to a person's house would be a?
863:  Still be the road. Could be a driveway but out in the country, you don't call it a driveway you just call it the road.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, something along the side of the street for people to walk on.
863:  Sidewalk.
Interviewer:  And, there's a strip of grass between the sidewalk and the street.
863:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear a name for that?
863:  Mm-mm. No, just grass.
Interviewer:  And say if you were walking along the road and an animal jumped out and scared you, you'd say I picked up a? Something hard, I picked up a?
863:  Rock and threw it at him.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. Anything else you'd say besides threw it at him?
863:  Uh, I'd probably say I ran.
Interviewer:  {NW} And, if you went to someone's house and knocked on the door and nobody answered, you'd say?
863:  Nobody's home.
Interviewer:  And, if someone's walking in your direction, you'd say he's coming straight?
863:  Toward me.
Interviewer:  And if you went into town and happened to see someone you hadn't counted on seeing, you'd say you happen to run?
863:  Into so and so. Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And, if a child is given the same name that her aunt has, you'd say they named the child?
863:  After her aunt.
Interviewer:  And,
863:  Possibly for her but after #1 is, #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} #
863:  is more commonly used.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  I think that's what I would say first. We named her after Aunt Amy or something like this.
Interviewer:  And, something that people drink for breakfast?
863:  Coffee?
Interviewer:  And if you wanted some coffee and there wasn't any ready, you'd say, well I guess I have to go?
863:  Make a cup of coffee.
Interviewer:  And tell me about putting milk in your coffee. You'd say some people like it?
863:  With sugar and cream or with milk. Some like it without. They, I've heard it now called, light coffee, white coffee, all kinds of things but I've never used that. This is something that if you're gonna offer it, if you're gonna get it out of one of those little machines, those vending machines now, you want coffee light, if you want it with #1 milk #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  but this is not a term I ever heard before I ran into the vending machine.
Interviewer:  What would you call it if you didn't put milk or
863:  Black.
Interviewer:  Any other names?
863:  No, just black.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear the expression, drinking coffee barefooted?
863:  No. I haven't.
Interviewer:  And, talking about distance, you'd say well I don't know exactly how far it is but it's just a?
863:  It's just a little ways.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  Mm-kay.
Interviewer:  And if you had been traveling and still had about five hundred miles to go, you'd say you still have a?
863:  A long way to go.
Interviewer:  And if something was very common and you didn't have to look for it in a special place, you'd say you would find that just about?
863:  Anywhere.
Interviewer:  And if someone slipped and fell this way?
863:  Backwards.
Interviewer:  And this way?
863:  Forwards.
Interviewer:  And, say if you've been fishing and I asked you, did you catch any, you might say no?
863:  Didn't catch a thing.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. Or no what a one?
863:  Or a single one.
Interviewer:  Do you ever say nary a one?
863:  No.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear that, or?
863:  Oh yes. But I, I almost consider it, uh, {NW} an affectation in this part. I, I, I would say it is a joke or something like that, nary a one, but this, again would be, um, not anything that I would say ordinarily.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And I really don't think most people down here would say nary. Though, they would've heard it. I, I suspect that that's more a colloquialism, perhaps in your old Elizabethan parts of the country.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  You been through Tennessee?
Interviewer:  Not, too much in the mountains, mm-mm.
863:  That's where you get some of your speech that's not very far from Elizabethan.
Interviewer:  And, say if you were plowing, um, the trenches that are cut by the plow?
863:  Furrows.
Interviewer:  And, do you ever, if you're plowing with two horses, do you ever hear a special name for the one that walks in the furrow?
863:  No, I've never plowed.
Interviewer:  {NW} And, when you're driving horses, you guide 'em with the?
863:  With reins.
Interviewer:  And when you're riding on it?
863:  Still reins.
Interviewer:  And your feet are in the?
863:  Stirrups. Oh.
Interviewer:  And, {NW} say if, um, before you can hitch a horse to a buggy or wagon, you have to?
863:  You have to catch him. {NW}
Interviewer:  Then you have to?
863:  Then you have to, uh, bridle him, or you have to, um, oh what would I want to say. Anyway, you'd have to hitch him up.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  That what you were after?
Interviewer:  The, the gear that you put on him, you call that the? If you are gonna hitch him to a wagon or something, you put the?
863:  In harness. {NW} #1 You'd have #
Interviewer:  #2 And, #
863:  to harness him, yeah.
Interviewer:  If you got rid of all the brush and trees on your land, you'd say you?
863:  Cleared it.
Interviewer:  And, wheat is tied up into a?
863:  Oh, we don't grow wheat down here but it's in sheaves, I think.
Interviewer:  And then they're piled up into a?
863:  Wind rows maybe before, actually, they're not done that way anymore, you know, they're harvested with a combine. {NW} So if you are doing something that's out of my area and before my time.
Interviewer:  {NW} What about fodder? That'd be tied into a?
863:  Well, fodder is some of what's left over that you use for the cattle to eat #1 and the #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  horses. And that would be, uh, fodder can be made up of different things, it could be part of the refuse or what's left over from the sugar cane or it can be part of what's left over straw or, or rice or any #1 of this #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  sort of thing. Any thing they'll eat.
Interviewer:  How would they, they'd tie it up into a?
863:  Well you bale hay, but I'm not sure, you know, solid silage, I guess would be considered fodder too and #1 that's #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  not baled or tied up in any way. It's put in a silo.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. Talking about how much wheat would be raised to an acre. You might say we raised forty?
863:  We don't raise wheat #1 down #
Interviewer:  #2 Well, #
863:  here but uh, but I think they did in bushels.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And, what do you have to do with the oats to separate the grain from the rest of it?
863:  You mean back, like in battle times? {NW} Thresh
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  the wheat from the
Interviewer:  Say if there was something that we had to do today?
863:  Winnowing {X} Winnowing is the part that you, but that's strictly coming out of the Bible, I don't do this, and nobody else does either because nowadays you harvest it with that combine. #1 {NW] #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. # If there's something that we had to do today, just the two of us, you could say will have to do it or you could say?
863:  Mm-hmm. We'll have to do so and so, yeah.
Interviewer:  Or if you didn't use the word we, you could say you and?
863:  You and I will have to do it. I probably would not say you and me would have to do something. I would say, uh, I would use me incorrectly sometimes at the end of the sentence, you know like, uh, like I used it a little while ago but I would not use it as the
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  subject pronoun if, if you and me are going to town.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  That way, I would say you and I are going to town but {NW} I know that a large number of people here #1 would #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh #
863:  say you and me are going to town or let's you and me do so and so.
Interviewer:  What if you were talking #1 about #
863:  #2 I # probably wouldn't do it.
Interviewer:  a man and your {NS} say husband and yourself are doing something, you'd say?
863:  Still say we.
Interviewer:  Or if you didn't say we?
863:  My husband and I, Will and I.
Interviewer:  Or if you don't call his name, would you say he and I or me and him or what?
863:  {NW} I would say he and I but I don't think I would actually say he and I are going to town. I'd say Will and I are going to town or we, or we're going to town or something like #1 that but #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  but I don't say he and I are going to town. I'd, that's awkward.
Interviewer:  And, you'd say, um, he don't want just you or just me for this job he wants
863:  He wants us or both of us.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And if you knock at the door and they recognize your voice they, they ask who's there and you know they'll recognize your voice, you'd say?
863:  I'd probably say it's just me.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay.
863:  {NW}
Interviewer:  And
863:  Even though I know I should say it is I. {D: For you my mother)
Interviewer:  {NW}
863:  and every English teacher I ever had.
Interviewer:  Say there's a man at the door and I ask you, is that John at the door? You would say, yeah that was?
863:  That was John or I would probably say that, I don't think I would say that was him. {NW} I think I'd probably just say, yeah that was John or
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. It'd be
863:  Or that's who it was or something. I really don't think I would say, it sounds awkward to me so I don't think I'd say it.
Interviewer:  What if it was a woman? You'd say that was?
863:  Yeah I might've said that was her.
Interviewer:  And then
863:  Well I guess I would have said that was him. Yeah that was him. I might've.
Interviewer:  If there was two people you'd say that was?
863:  Them.
Interviewer:  And, talking about how tall you are, you'd say he's not as tall as?
863:  As I am.
Interviewer:  Or I'm not as tall?
863:  As he is.
Interviewer:  And he can do that better?
863:  Than I can.
Interviewer:  And, if you've been out to
863:  But I might say better than me, if I'm just joking along and being very, very comfortable. I, I, what I'll say quickly without any thought and, and depending on, you know, sometimes I'd speak to the person that, uh, I'm speaking to in their own language, in effect. And, I find myself pronouncing things very well when I'm talking with theatrical people. You #1 see? #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} #
863:  And when I'm just sitting around talking to somebody I can be a little bit like, #1 like this, #
Interviewer:  #2 {NW} #
863:  you know? I can get as unintelligible as anyone else.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Say if, um, you'd been to New Mexico and hadn't gone anymore west that that, you'd say New Mexico is?
863:  Far west as I've been, huh.
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. Or another way of saying that? New Mexico is? Would you say it's all the further west I've been or the farthest or?
863:  The farthest.
Interviewer:  And, if something belongs to me, you'd say it's?
863:  It's mine.
Interviewer:  Or? I'd ask you, I'd say this isn't mine, is this?
863:  I'd say no it's mine.
Interviewer:  Or I'd ask you, is this?
863:  Yours. Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  And if it belongs to both of us, it's?
863:  Ours.
Interviewer:  And to them it's?
863:  Theirs.
Interviewer:  And to him?
863:  His.
Interviewer:  And to her?
863:  Hers.
Interviewer:  And, if there was a group of people at your house and they were getting ready to leave, you'd, you'd say well I hope?
863:  You'll come back. {NW}
Interviewer:  Would you say you to a whole group or?
863:  Oh I might say you all.
Interviewer:  How do you use you all?
863:  You all is the plural of you. Y'all come back.
Interviewer:  Do you ever use, um,
863:  #1 In fact, I used #
Interviewer:  #2 you all or? #
863:  to, um, I've just come back from Hawaii and I absolutely broke them up saying Aloha you all.
Interviewer:  {NW}
863:  But I did that for fun.
Interviewer:  Would you ever use you all or y'all for just one person?
863:  No. I wouldn't. And I really never heard it used that way. I've heard comedians make jokes about it but I've never heard anyone say it to one person, unless they were saying, I could say I wish you all would come see us again, meaning you and whoever else I associate with you. #1 If I knew #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  you, say, and your mother or your
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  friend or something like this but I would never refer to you as you all.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What if there was a group at your house and you were asking about their coats, you know, everybody's coats, you'd say where are?
863:  Are y'all's coats, yeah. {X}
Interviewer:  And,
863:  Easy. {NW}
Interviewer:  If there was a, had been a party that you hadn't been able to go to and you were asking about the people that had gone. You'd ask someone?
863:  Who all was there?
Interviewer:  And if there was a group of children that obviously belonged to more than one family, you'd ask about them?
863:  Whose family's or whose children are these. I'd just say #1 whose. #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  Mm-hmm.
Interviewer:  Would you ever say who all?
863:  I don't believe so. That's not one I use.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  You all all the time but, uh, whose would just be whose
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  for me.
Interviewer:  And if you were asking about all of the speaker's remarks, you know, everything he said, you'd ask somebody?
863:  What did he say or what all did he say. I don't think I'd say what all.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  I might though, I might. That sounds natural enough.
Interviewer:  And you say if no one else will look out for them, you say they've got to look out for?
863:  Themselves.
Interviewer:  And if no one else will do it for him, he better do it?
863:  For himself.
Interviewer:  And, something made out of flour and baked in a loaf?
863:  Bread.
Interviewer:  What different kinds of bread?
863:  Well in a loaf, it's mostly just bread but I mean you could get whole wheat bread or wheat germ bread or white bread.
Interviewer:  What do you put in white bread to make it rise?
863:  Yeast.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Have you ever heard of light bread?
863:  Yes. And I think it's almost the same thing as white bread.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Some people would just call it?
863:  Yes, I've heard it called that. I don't call it light bread. I always call it white bread.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And you'd say there's two kinds of bread, there's homemade bread and then there's?
863:  Store bought.
Interviewer:  And,
863:  Or bakery. But I think I'd call it store bought.
Interviewer:  Talking about how much flour might be in a sack, you'd say a sack might contain five or ten?
863:  Probably twenty-five pounds.
Interviewer:  And, something, um, made out of flour, it's fried in deep fat and has a whole in the center?
863:  Doughnut?
Interviewer:  Any other names for doughnuts?
863:  Dunkers. Oh I, clunkers, I don't know. Doughnuts is just what I call 'em.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And something that you'd make out of batter and fry to eat for breakfast?
863:  You mean like, pancakes?
Interviewer:  Mm-kay. And what
863:  Or hotcakes. Either one, interchangeably.
Interviewer:  What different things are made out of cornmeal?
863:  Cornbread. Down here, and I don't make it but, you know, we have the colored help. They make, uh, they make a sort of a cornbread thing which they call kush kush. And I'm sure you've run into kush kush before if you've been through Louisiana.
Interviewer:  What's that like exactly?
863:  But it would be the, it's, uh, well they just make the cornbread in a skillet.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  And then they, they'll usually eat it with, say, syrup or milk, or something like that. And uh, then of course, we all made hush puppies.
Interviewer:  What about, um, this may be very similar to the kush kush but something that you could just take cornmeal and salt and water. It'd make something you'd eat with a spoon.
863:  Mm-hmm. You mean like a cornmeal mush?
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. That was different from the kush kush?
863:  Yeah, kush kush, uh, is almost baked on top of the stove without being put in a, in a, well some people may have called that mush but I believe everybody call that mush.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  That, that you made, you know, it's, it's almost a difference in consistency, the same ingredients.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. And, do you ever hear of anything called a corn dodger?
863:  Yes, and I think it'd probably be just a, same thing as a hush puppy. It'd be a fried, uh, corn and corn pone I've heard #1 too. #
Interviewer:  #2 Mm-hmm. #
863:  and then, 'course, you can bake and make spoon bread.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. But something similar to a hush puppy, they'd call a?
863:  That's what I'd call a corn dodger.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And, the inside part of the egg is called the?
863:  The yoke.
Interviewer:  What color is that?
863:  The yoke is the yellow, and the whites are the whites {NW} or
Interviewer:  #1 And, #
863:  #2 clear. #
Interviewer:  if you cooked them in hot water, you call them?
863:  Well, either hard boiled or poached.
Interviewer:  Poached. What?
863:  Poached egg.
Interviewer:  And, the kind of, um, animal that barks would be a?
863:  Dog.
Interviewer:  And if you wanted your dog to attack another dog you'd tell him?
863:  Sic him.
Interviewer:  And what would you call a mixed breed dog?
863:  Mongrel.
Interviewer:  What about a, a small noisy dog?
863:  You mean, beside a mongrel? Oh, there's another good term, let me think what it is. But uh, most small noisy dogs are just terriers or something to that effect.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear of a feist?
863:  No. I know what feisty is, it means one that's, you know, full of fight but I've never heard it called that.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm. What about a worthless dog?
863:  Just a mongrel I guess.
Interviewer:  And if you had a mean dog, you'd tell someone you better be careful that dog will?
863:  Will bite.
Interviewer:  And yesterday
863:  Or you call him a vicious dog, you know. He bit someone yesterday so be careful.
Interviewer:  And the person had to go to the doctor after he got?
863:  Bitten.
Interviewer:  Do you ever say dog bit? So and so was dog bit?
863:  No but I've said so and so was snake bit.
Interviewer:  What does snake bit mean?
863:  Beat and bitten by a snake.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  But being snake bit, you know, means that they are, they're scared of something now, you know? I mean if I had been snake bit it means that now I'm scared of snakes or and #1 you use #
Interviewer:  #2 Uh-huh. #
863:  that as a, it's a, it's a, the reason you pick it up is not because you don't know the grammar but because it's a particular term
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  that, uh, he's snake bit, that means he's been bitten before and he's scared.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. Does it sort of mean accident prone?
863:  No.
Interviewer:  It just
863:  No, mostly just, uh, scared and cautious, you know,
Interviewer:  I could say someone's burned or something.
863:  Yeah that's right. The burned child.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh.
863:  Same thing.
Interviewer:  And, the kind of animal that people use to plow with?
863:  You mean, beside the horse and the mule? The ox?
Interviewer:  Talk about the mule.
863:  #1 Yes. #
Interviewer:  #2 If you had # two of those hitched together? You'd call that a?
863:  Oh, there's a term for a pair of mules but I've forgotten what it is. And we had mules but, you know, I'm not good on this farm terminology.
Interviewer:  {NW} And, the animals that you milk would be a?
863:  They'd be cows.
Interviewer:  And the male would be a?
863:  Bull.
Interviewer:  Was that word nice to use when you were growing up?
863:  Well I grew up in a, in a ranching family, and bulls were very valuable animals, they were not a bad word. Uh there is certain combinations of the word bull with other things that are quite bad. You know what they are.
Interviewer:  And, the little one when it's first born is called a?
863:  Calf.
Interviewer:  And the female?
863:  Are heifers.
Interviewer:  And the male?
863:  Well they're bull calves.
Interviewer:  And if you had a cow that was expecting a calf, you'd say she was going to?
863:  Calve.
Interviewer:  Any other ways of saying that?
863:  No, I don't think so.
Interviewer:  Do you ever hear drop a calf or find a calf or come in?
863:  Well, not find, uh, come in I may have heard I'm, I'm really not sure but yes I've heard dropping calves.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  Just the, but mostly though, the, it's. it seems to me that the horses drop a colt.
Interviewer:  Mm-hmm.
863:  You know, the mare drops a colt, more than the, than the cow drops a calf. I guess cows drop calves.
Interviewer:  Uh-huh. And the male horse is called a?
863:  Stallion.
Interviewer:  That word was alright to use too?
863:  Oh yeah, there are some nice little ladies that don't think you ought to speak of things like {NS}