Interviewer: your name? 893: {B} Interviewer: How do you spell that? 893: {B} Interviewer: Uh-huh. Are you married? 893: Yes. Interviewer: What was your maiden name? 893: {B} Interviewer: {NW} and your address? 893: {B} Interviewer: and the name of this community? 893: {NS} that's uh in Laredo Texas Interviewer: Okay and the county? 893: Webb Interviewer: and where were you born? 893: here in Laredo {NS} Interviewer: and your occupation? 893: Senior aid Interviewer: mm-hmm What do you do here exactly? Do you type or? 893: No, I don't type I uh uh help with a office work that is uh taking applications and uh filing and uh making out the time cards for the other enrollees #1 and uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: well things like that that have to be done here in the office that uh don't require any typing Interviewer: uh-huh what's what's the name of this program? 893: that's the senior community service aides Interviewer: uh-huh what different things does this project do? 893: well it's a a project for uh senior citizens that is uh people that are fifty-five years or older Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and the purpose of the program is to be able to uh uh place them in a permanent job Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: where they can uh where they won't be a a public uh you know where they don't have to go to public assistance or anything #1 like that # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: where where they can do for themselves Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: earn their own money to support their families or support themselves without any public assistance Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and the purpose is to uh train them while they are in the project and then place them in uh uh permanent uh I mean within a a particular well not particular but {NW} I I get all mixed up with my English and Spanish {NW} I think I think on one and uh try to say it in the other language {NW} um my goodness well with some business firm with some other uh other uh place that won't uh that won't be the project cause the project isn't anything permanent Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 and # that is the the purpose or the goal so that uh when there is no more any more project while the the person will still be #1 earning # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # do you um do you deal mainly with with Mexican people? #1 {X} # 893: #2 well yes # yes uh uh all of us are uh are Mexicans Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: there's only one enrollee Mr Harris but he was born in Mexico #1 he's he's Anglo # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: he was born in Mexico Interviewer: mm-hmm uh how old are you? 893: fifty-eight Interviewer: and your religion? 893: I'm a protestant Interviewer: well that's unusual here 893: {NW} yes it is Interviewer: um tell me about your education the name of the first school you went to 893: Well I didn't have a very much education what I had what little I have learned mostly I've learned the hard way Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: I went to school here in Laredo and in San Diego Texas Interviewer: What was the name of the school? 893: um Mary Collins or uh something I don't remember really it's been so long ago Interviewer: uh-huh and here in Laredo? 893: and here in Laredo I went to uh to Central school and uh urban Interviewer: #1 urban school? # 893: #2 urban # yes ma'am Interviewer: U-R-B-A-N? 893: U-R-B-A-H-N Interviewer: uh-huh how long you go to Central School? 893: Well uh I couldn't tell you exactly how much time I I spent in in uh schools because I would go for uh say one or two years here and then I would go San Diego and attend school over there #1 and uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: there was that um I think their Central school and all together I went only about three years Interviewer: mm-hmm what about urban school? 893: urban I just finished my sixth grade there Interviewer: uh-huh why San Diego? you went to Mary Collins #1 school # 893: #2 I think # Interviewer: #1 school # 893: #2 that was uh # I think that that was the name I am not sure Interviewer: What kind of school was that? #1 was it # 893: #2 that's an # elementary yes public #1 uh-huh # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # How how far away is San Diego? 893: About eighty-five miles Interviewer: Was your family living there? 893: Well I had an aunt living there in fact uh uh her daughters or my cousins uh still live there Interviewer: uh-huh 893: they are teaching two of them are teachers Interviewer: mm-hmm how how long did you go to the school in San Diego? 893: Well I would say about uh {NS} about four years I yes all in all I would think it was four years and just like I told you before see maybe I would start school here {NW} then I would go and finish over there or I would start there and come finish here Interviewer: #1 that's the way it was you know it was # (no speaker): #2 what {NW} 893: in in going in between so that's why I attended school here and #1 and over there # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # why why were you moving to 893: Well because uh you see uh my father died before I was born then my mother died when I was two years old and I was raised by my grandmother Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh that aunt that lived in San Diego was her daughter Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh well okay so you know she wanted to go spend time with her daughter or the daughter wanted for her to #1 go spend some time with her # Interviewer: #2 Oh I see # 893: and that's the way it was Interviewer: so so you traveled around 893: that's right {NW} Interviewer: oh have you ever lived outside of Laredo? do your 893: Well not very long Interviewer: uh-huh 893: no I would I wouldn't consider living out of Laredo I mean Interviewer: uh-huh 893: I I wouldn't say you know that I have lived out of Laredo because it was for such a short time Interviewer: uh-huh what about you were telling me yesterday you had had stayed in 893: #1 in uh Chicago? for a year yes # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: from April fifty-three to April fifty-four Interviewer: mm-hmm what were you doing up there? 893: I was working in a factory Interviewer: uh-huh is is there any other place that that you stayed for a few months? 893: well in uh Missouri around the Ozark mountains Interviewer: uh-huh 893: that's I lived there for about eight months Interviewer: what was what was the name of the city? 893: uh Rolla Rolla Missouri R-O double L-A Interviewer: what were you doing there? 893: I was uh living with uh my other husband cause this is my this is this is not the one I married the first time Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 {NW} # I was living he was in the in the service and he was stationed in uh Fort Leonard Wood Interviewer: uh-huh {NS} those the only other places besides Laredo 893: #1 no so # Interviewer: #2 lived in? # mm-hmm um have you been very active in in church or in clubs or 893: well I attend church although I am not active in their in all of their activities because of uh well now because of my age and because of lack of time #1 and # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: what have you maybe it's laziness I don't know {NW} Interviewer: have have you done much traveling um do you 893: no not much I've worked for the Laredo Theaters for about uh oh ten or twelve years and whenever I would uh have my vacations I'd go for a few days to Monterrey or #1 someplace # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: but uh no not not what you would call a extensive traveling Interviewer: mm-hmm Monterrey Mexico? 893: yes ma'am Interviewer: uh-huh uh what were you doing? you worked for the theaters? 893: yes ma'am Interviewer: doing? 893: well I was uh I did a little bit of everything because my um actual job was uh managing the concession stand Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: but then oh our manager decided to close up for the win- for winters Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: because there there was wasn't enough uh patronage so uh and he would change me around to the other theaters in town #1 and that's how I # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: I uh learned how to the duties of a door girl of a ticket uh girl of a uh purchasing merchandise and #1 things like that so # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 does it {X} # 893: thing that's right Interviewer: uh what other work have you done? besides working for the theater? 893: well uh way back in about nineteen fifty fifty-one that's when uh my other husband took off and left me with five small children Interviewer: mm 893: and I had to make a living for them Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and I used to work at a a packing shed where they would uh pack and grade vegetables Interviewer: mm-hmm here in Laredo? 893: #1 here in Laredo yes ma'am # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: with the Cropmen brothers Interviewer: mm-hmm anything else besides that? 893: no ma'am Interviewer: um tell me about your parents where they were born and 893: well my father as I said before uh I was uh my father died before I was born and my mother died when I was two so all I I can tell you is what I I've been told Interviewer: mm-hmm what what did you hear about them? 893: well uh nothing much just that uh my mother was uh a kind of person that uh whenever she did something it had to be just so it had to be right exactly the way it was supposed to be not the you know like sometimes we say uh Interviewer: well I'm gonna sew this dress just to take a stitch or two it so it won't come apart no she had to do it 893: very specially {NW} everything that she did was was had to be #1 perfect almost # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # you said uh yesterday she she wasn't born here in Laredo 893: no she was born I think I'm not sure whether it was uh {C: Spanish: Guerrero} or {C: Spanish: Oromir} but it's a little town in in the state of {C: Spanish: Tamaulipas} Interviewer: in the state of where? 893: {C: Spanish: Tamaulipas} Interviewer: #1 how how do you # 893: #2 T-A # M-A uh U-L-I-P-A-S Interviewer: and she moved here when 893: when she was about seven months old Interviewer: what about your father? where do you think he was born? 893: he was born in Corpus Interviewer: Corpus Christi? 893: Corpus Christi Texas yes ma'am Interviewer: did you uh ever hear anyone say how much education they had? would you know if they #1 could read or write # 893: #2 no I # I I couldn't tell you I'm sorry Interviewer: uh-huh what about the work that they did? 893: My mother was uh well since she was the baby of the family she never had to go out and work Interviewer: uh-huh 893: and uh well after she got married well in in during those times where it was not uh usual for a a housewife to #1 to work # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: So she just took care of us #1 she was just a housewife # Interviewer: #2 what about # uh-huh what about your father? 893: well I I don't know really I couldn't tell you Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: {NW} Interviewer: you never heard anyone say what work he did? 893: uh no ma'am I I never did we never did bring up uh you know that #1 subject at home # Interviewer: #2 yeah uh-huh # I guess you didn't um which you lived with your grandparents? 893: with my grandmother Interviewer: which? 893: yes Interviewer: #1 which grandparents? # 893: #2 my on my # mother's side maternal grandmother Interviewer: uh-huh tell me something about her where she was born and 893: oh well she was born in uh in {C: Spanish: Saltillo} {C: Spanish: Saltillo Coahuila} that's in Mexico Interviewer: {NW} 893: S-A-L-T-I double L-O uh C-O-A-H-U-I-L-A #1 C-O-A-H-U-I-L-A # Interviewer: #2 U # #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 {C: Spanish: Coahuila} # Interviewer: #1 # 893: #2 # Interviewer: what about her education? 893: no she uh she didn't have much education because uh well we've all always been very poor #1 and uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: uh well she worked hard uh before and after she was married that's what she used to tell me and uh she uh she decided that her children were not going to have it as hard as #1 as she did # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm # 893: and uh that aunt that I told you about that we would go stay with in San Diego she uh went to a Holding Institute she graduated from Holding Institute Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: she became a teacher and then uh my uh uncle who was her brother Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: uh was a paymaster for the Pullman Company #1 the the # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: you know rail road uh I don't know whether it still exists or not Interviewer: uh-huh 893: and my other uncle was a carpenter {NW} and then uh {D: mother} well she had five #1 there were two boys and three girls # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm 893: and uh my other aunt no she she never worked Interviewer: mm-hmm what sort of work did your grandmother do? 893: well just housework you know that was about the only thing that she knew uh what to do because uh {NW} Interviewer: #1 she couldn't have been # 893: #2 during # uh during that time you know when she was growing up while they there were not the advantages or facilities that there are now even when I was used to go to school we we never had this opportunities of uh going to college with a government loan or anything like that it was it was kinda hard Interviewer: was um what about your grandfather do you do you remember him? #1 or # 893: #2 no I don't # I really don't remember him Interviewer: #1 did did he die # 893: #2 no he died # when I was about four years old Interviewer: did would you know when he was born or 893: no I I'm sorry no I couldn't tell you I know it was some part of Mexico but uh I couldn't tell you the exact Interviewer: #1 well it it was Mexico? # 893: #2 uh uh town # yes it was Mexico yes Interviewer: um would you guess about his education would you say probably 893: well it was just a fair Interviewer: uh-huh what sort of work did he do? 893: he was a shoemaker Interviewer: where um what about going farther back? on your mother's side of the family do you know can can can you trace your ancestry? #1 back to Mexico? # 893: #2 mm # Interviewer: #1 # 893: #2 # No I got to know my great grandmother Interviewer: uh-huh 893: she died when she was eighty years old and I was about eight years old at the time Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: she was a very hard-working lady she was short and she was very good-looking not because she was my great grandmother but and uh she was very jolly Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: so was my grandmother in fact she died uh saying a joke because she she died of a heart attack Interviewer: uh-huh 893: and she was talking to some neighbors and uh they were laughing about the jokes and she you know that she made up or {NS} Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: what have you and uh she was always uh #1 in a good mood most of the time but not always most of the time she was # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # this is your your 893: #1 my my uh grandmother and my great grandmother both # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm uh-huh # where where was your great grandmother from? from Mexico? 893: from Mexico Interviewer: did let's see your um did I guess your your mother was an American citizen I suppose 893: #1 my mother no she was born in in {C: Spanish: Ciudad Guerrero} like I said but she was uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 she came to the United States or here to Laredo when she was seven months old # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # well what about your um your grandparents? did they live in the United States? 893: oh yes Interviewer: #1 were they were they citizens? # 893: #2 they they uh # uh no they were not citizens they never became united uh U-S citizens but they lived here for a long time Interviewer: uh-huh what about your great grandmother? did she moved into Laredo? 893: yes yes all of us uh uh have lived here for oh for years Interviewer: uh-huh 893: but I think uh well I think my great grandmother came with my grandmother when and my grandfather when uh when they came to to Laredo Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 so all of them # together Interviewer: I guess you have a lot of relatives still in Mexico though 893: well no uh to tell you the truth I only have a cousin who lives in Mexico city but other then that all of my my uh relatives are here in uh #1 somewhere in San Antonio California San Diego Texas uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 I have a cousin in Michigan and uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 we're all scattered over here in the United States # Interviewer: #2 oh # do you visit Mexico ever much? 893: uh no not anymore not anymore that uh ever since I quit uh working for the theaters I don't I don't have any vacations that my my trips to Mexico have have ended. Interviewer: but what about just going across the bridge? do you go 893: No not too often I don't go very often because I don't have any means of transportation and uh the only thing that uh I like to go years ago was because uh #1 things were cheaper there # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: uh at that time but not anymore things like the groceries and and things like that buy there are just about as as high as they are here Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: so it won't it'd just uh wouldn't pay to to go all the way over there and come loaded down with uh with big bags of groceries when you can buy them for the same price over here Interviewer: uh-huh um what about your grandparents on your father's side? #1 did did you know them # 893: #2 I # no I never knew them uh-uh Interviewer: did you know anything about them? where they were born? 893: #1 no I uh # Interviewer: #2 were they from Corpus Christi? # 893: I couldn't tell you no I'm sorry Interviewer: #1 you didn't know anything # 893: #2 no I didn't # #1 I never because uh well I uh I don't know things # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: you know that kinda thing that uh #1 when the son dies when they don't care about uh # Interviewer: #2 yeah # 893: whatever family he's left behind or anything {NS} so I never really uh got to know #1 any of them # Interviewer: #2 that's really unfortunate # 893: yes it is {NW} Interviewer: um was was your father uh Mexican? 893: #1 yes # Interviewer: #2 do you # 893: #1 yes uh-huh # Interviewer: #2 {X} # He was from Corpus Christi but was #1 {X} # 893: #2 yes he was he # yes of Mexican descent uh-huh Interviewer: uh-huh 893: he was a U-S citizen but uh of Mexican descent Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: yes I've I've gone through a lot of hardships now I can say in my in my uh my later years I mean now that I'm I'm old or uh I I'm having it a little bit better thank God {NW} Interviewer: that's you did have your parents died 893: mm-hmm Interviewer: that's young um what about um you've been married twice? 893: yes Interviewer: um tell me about your your first husband where was he born? 893: well he always said that he would had been born in New York actually I I couldn't swear to that {NW} Interviewer: um was he Mexican? 893: no he was Anglo Interviewer: uh-huh um you were separated or divorced or #1 something # 893: #2 yes # we were divorced uh he left when in nineteen fifty-one Interviewer: uh-huh how old was he then? 893: then? Interviewer: uh-huh 893: at that time? he was about forty-five years old he's uh about seventy two now I think Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: yeah I guess no seventy one because he was born in nineteen three Interviewer: um what was his religion? 893: he didn't have any he didn't like any religion of any kind Interviewer: uh-huh what about his education? 893: no he didn't have much education he joined the uh the service when he was uh pretty young #1 and # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: that's where he he acquired his education with them Interviewer: #1 he was always in the service? # 893: #2 and then # yes he was in the service for about twenty-three years Interviewer: in the army or? 893: #1 in the army # Interviewer: #2 mm # 893: #1 # Interviewer: #2 # um what about your your present husband? he's 893: he's uh a United States citizen but of Mexican descent also Interviewer: uh-huh how old is he? 893: he's uh fifty-five I'm older than he is #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 oh # what about his religion? 893: he's a uh well he claims he's a Catholic although he goes to uh to my church more often than he does uh Catholic church Interviewer: how how did you happen to be Catholic I mean to be protestant if you don't mind my asking you 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 it just seems # every everybody here seems to be Catholic 893: #1 um-hum # Interviewer: #2 I'm really # 893: #1 well # Interviewer: #2 surprised # 893: ever since I was a little girl my grandmother used to take me to the Methodist church services Interviewer: uh-huh 893: and I liked their hymns and I liked their sermons and I liked uh well everything you know that uh pertains to the protestant uh religion and I whenever I was in San Diego we used to go my cousins and I used to go the Catholic church Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: because there wasn't any protestant church at the time there Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh I learned a few uh uh well how to uh recite the rosary and uh you know prayers and uh good things that I learned from the Catholic church but then at that time the the mass was said in uh in Latin #1 and I didn't understand Latin # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 so then uh uh later I started going to to the protestant church again and uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: I enjoy it a whole lot more because I know what what is being said I know what goes on Interviewer: is it conducted in Spanish? 893: yes Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 uh-huh # Interviewer: do you go to the Methodist church or 893: no I go to the Baptist Interviewer: uh-huh 893: I go to the Baptist church Interviewer: um what about your husband's education? 893: well no he didn't have a chance to to be educated because uh his parents uh well at that time you know the the people thought that uh education was not very important Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh being that he's such a big man he was an overgrown uh overgrown child Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 while they # he was put to work Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and he started working when he was very young Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: so he didn't have any opportunity to to be educated Interviewer: mm-hmm is he able to read and write? 893: #1 oh yes he reads and writes and he # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: #1 understands uh English everything that you you'll speak to him in English he understands every word # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: but he cannot carry on a conversation Interviewer: mm-hmm what about um the work he does? what 893: he's uh a heavy equipment operator #1 with uh Webb County # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # is he very active in church or clubs or 893: uh no Interviewer: #1 does he drive # 893: #2 no # #1 no he's more of a homebody than than anything else # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # where are his parents from? do you {D: when they came to the United States or} 893: mm no I I couldn't tell you anything uh on his his uh about his family Interviewer: #1 are they all Mexican? # 893: #2 no I don't know # they are of Mexican descent yes yes uh-huh but uh I couldn't tell you whether they are uh {NS} #1 citizens United States citizens or or whatever # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # what was your uh mother's maiden name? 893: {B} Interviewer: uh-huh do you know about your great grandmother's? 893: her Interviewer: #1 maiden name no # 893: #2 maiden name # Interviewer: your grandmother's maiden 893: my grandmother's maiden name was {B} Interviewer: when did you learn English? which 893: when I was about seven years old uh we were staying with uh my aunt in San Diego and uh she thought well as I told you yesterday during my time when we started school when at the age of eight years and uh she thought that I would I would be better off if I started uh speaking English before I actually went to school so Interviewer: uh-huh 893: I was sent to uh well it was not a a private school in fact it uh this lady was a teacher and she was related to us Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh she was a distant cousin or something Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh you know uh she would teach me she taught me how to read and write and {NW} spell and little things like that like as if I were attending Kindergarten Interviewer: in English? 893: in English yes ma'am Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 mm-hmm # Interviewer: how comfortable do you feel in English? which language do you like best? 893: well I like both but uh as I mentioned before I get all tangled up with {NW} with both of them because at times I think of something that I want to say and I think about it in English and I want to say it in Spanish or vice versa Interviewer: uh-huh 893: but I enjoy speaking both in fact uh I taught myself how to read Spanish Interviewer: #1 oh really? # 893: #2 and write Spanish # uh-huh my grandmother used to buy a um a newspaper that was called La Prensa from San Antonio she used to buy it on weekends on on uh Sundays and I used to get that paper and look it over and I wanted to find out what was what was on that paper Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: so I started putting my letters together and uh I uh well I made myself uh #1 uh understandable in when I write Spanish # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: #1 you know people know what I'm I'm trying to say or # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: or whatever Interviewer: when you're talking to your um to your friends do you speak only Spanish usually or do you speak a combination? 893: a combination of both Interviewer: This {D: Tex-Mex} 893: that's right uh-huh Interviewer: when you go to Mexico are are you able to speak just Spanish? {D: pretty you} 893: oh well yes there are a few uh a few persons who uh well now I don't know there maybe a whole lot more but then when I used to go there there were a quite a few persons who who know how to speak English Interviewer: mm-hmm so then you'd speak just a mixture? 893: #1 no I would # Interviewer: #2 Spanish and English # 893: I would use I would speak Spanish all the time Interviewer: uh-huh you're you're able to do that #1 {X} # 893: #2 yes uh-huh # yes Interviewer: what about um your husband he's more comfortable in Spanish? 893: oh yes uh-huh Interviewer: what about your um your grandmother I guess she was 893: well she didn't know how to speak English Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 no # uh-uh she understood a few words but uh I mean she she couldn't uh speak it Interviewer: mm-hmm #1 she # (no speaker): #2 what are 893: pardon Interviewer: go ahead 893: she could speak I mean she could read and write Spanish Interviewer: uh-huh 893: very well but uh no not not English I guess she never had the time Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: #1 to learn or the patience or whatever # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # what about most people? your age or most people living in your neighborhood you know that are your age which are they about like you? able to speak both English 893: #1 both and # Interviewer: #2 and Spanish # 893: Spanish yes in fact most of the enrollees that uh that are that belong to this uh project most of them are able to speak both languages Interviewer: as as well as you are? {X} are they as comfortable in English as? 893: yes I think they are yes I I've never carried on a conversation in English Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 with them but # but I guess it's alright with them {NW} Interviewer: what about the older generation they're more Spanish than than English 893: than English well uh I have these cousins that I was telling you about who live in San Diego one of them is a counselor and the other one is a teacher and she #1 majored in in Spanish cause she loves the Spanish language # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm 893: she went to Mexico when oh when she was a young girl when she was just came out of school #1 she # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: went to Mexico and she just fell in love with the correct Spanish language so she she took it up and uh she majored in it and she speaks uh very very good Spanish I mean the perfect Spanish Interviewer: mm-hmm people don't speak the correct Spanish here? 893: no not here uh-uh we use uh well words that are not uh well that are not the the correct ones in Spanish although it's you know it's generally used generally spoken that way Interviewer: uh-huh 893: but not the what you would call the the perfect Spanish Interviewer: uh-huh if if you went to Mexico City now um would people and you're talking to people there would they sort of laugh at you and say she's from 893: #1 uh no they they would know yes they would know that I'm that I was from that I'm from Texas # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: #1 yes they they they know the difference the same as # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: #1 from uh with uh us with people that come from Mexico # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: #1 they they take them right away by their uh appearance or by their # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: accent or the some of them have a kind of a singsong #1 uh dialect or whatever you call it to their to their uh speaking # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # yeah that's what some of us was telling me this morning 893: mm-hmm Interviewer: but but I think they'd treat you though would they would they just say you sound different or would they say 893: #1 no I guess # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: #1 I guess they would just go along and uh just ask me you know if if I # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: lived here in Texas or where I was Interviewer: #1 but would they accept you? # 893: #2 from # oh yes uh-huh yes there's no discrimination in Mexico Interviewer: uh-huh is there any discrimination here? 893: well not here in Laredo but uh in other parts of uh of Texas and uh farther #1 north I believe there there there is # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # what about in San Diego? 893: #1 oh no San Diego is just a little little town and uh everybody knows everybody else and uh # Interviewer: #2 do you mm-hmm # mm-hmm 893: their people over there are friendly and uh very easy to get along with Interviewer: is that on the border 893: San Diego no it's a Interviewer: #1 you said that {X} uh-huh # 893: #2 Do you know where about eighty-five miles from here yeah uh-huh # #1 you know where Freer is don't you? # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: well it's right next to Freer Interviewer: oh I see so it's it's not it's closer to this county than it's 893: yes it's uh #1 well I believe it's Duval county and and # Interviewer: #2 Duval county # 893: #1 and then Webb I don't know how it works but it's not too far away # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm um how do what about the younger generation are they more how's their lang- what's their language like? do they it is better in English and worse in Spanish or? 893: #1 well uh no now now that uh it's compulsory that they take Spanish # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: I have a granddaughter who's uh thirteen years old Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and she sometimes corrects me and my Spanish and she loves Spanish she goes to Holding Institute also Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 and uh # Being that in Holding most of the students are from some parts of Mexico Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh she gets along very well with 'em and she has uh learned better Spanish than #1 than I ever spoke # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # Where is Holding Institute? 893: it's uh oh on the north side of side of uh of town Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm oh so it's {X} # 893: #2 it's uh yes it's here in Laredo uh-huh # uh you know where Woolco department store is don't you? Interviewer: I think so 893: well it's farther down from Woolco Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and then you take uh little roll to your left there's it's a very good school Interviewer: #1 do a lot of students from Mexico go to school in the United States? # 893: #2 oh yes mm-hmm # yes a lot of uh a lot of the uh students from Mexico in fact attend uh um Holding Institute and they're a type of Christians so it's a Catholic school and uh {C: Spanish:San Augustin} that's another Catholic school and uh yes we have a quite a bit of uh of uh students from Mexico come to to uh Laredo to to study Interviewer: mm do you think um Laredo and the Mexican Laredo are are they pretty much the the same? to me it seems like it was sort of like one community you know I mean it seemed like people here had friends just across the border 893: #1 oh yes mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 people go back and forth does it it does it seem that way to you? # 893: #1 yes # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: yes uh-huh and in fact I have a a daughter who's married to uh a boy who's who's uh well he is a a citizen a United States citizen except he was born in Mexico Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and um he has an aunt who lives across the river in the other Laredo Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: #1 and uh once in awhile we go visit her uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 two or three times a month or so maybe # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: not quite so often at times but uh yes people just as much as uh they come from from Nuevo Laredo here just as much as people from here go over there maybe to uh #1 you know some people just like to go have dinner over there because of their # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: well they their meals are are very very rich and very tasty {NS} and uh Interviewer: you sound like their 893: yes I sure do #1 I I like Mexican food very much # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # they don't have as good Mexican food here? 893: well the places that I've uh I've visited sometimes and I've asked for Mexican food well no uh-uh I think I prefer it a whole lot better at home {NW} Interviewer: um you you said you've moved around um to San Diego a lot when you were a child what uh when you were living here in Laredo did did you move much in Laredo? or 893: #1 no no ever since I uh # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: I came out of school that was uh I mean well I I had to quit school in nineteen twenty-nine #1 and ever since then I # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: I'd stay put Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: with the exception of uh that time that I'd tell you that I went to Chicago in fifty-three and then uh and uh to Missouri in forty-one Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: #1 and then to Chicago in fifty-three that was the only # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: the only time that I've been away from here and I don't think that I'll be able to live anywhere else but here Interviewer: {NW} um I'd like to get an idea of what the house that you grew up in looks like just sort of a floor plan you know where the sketch of you know this room is here and then there was you know do you think you could sort of make a 893: #1 I am very poor of drawing # Interviewer: #2 just a # #1 well just {NW} you don't have to give me a drawing # 893: #2 {NW} I I'll uh # I'll I'll tell you how it was and then you go ahead and draw it cause I'm very poor at drawing really Interviewer: okay #1 I'm not very good either # 893: #2 {NW} # it was just um a small a three room house and uh well the secretary and myself were talking earlier about that that uh nowadays you know anybody is able to uh to afford a #1 a telephone uh uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 a sewing machine or a washing machine and uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: things like that that uh uh during my uh youth only rich people could afford them Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: see I never thought that I'd at one time I'd be able to to have a telephone or own a car or anything like that but uh that's what I say that now in my later years well yes I'm I have been doing a whole lot better thank God Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 {NW} # #1 now that uh now that I need it the most because # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 when I was young my life could take all the hardships you know # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: and uh now I don't think I could Interviewer: #1 you hear so many # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: rich people living in Laredo does it what's how do people feel about that? is there much resentment 893: well no no well uh from my point of view #1 is that that yes I would like to live in a better place than than # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: than what I do and I would like to have a a better car naturally and I would like to have uh better uh clothing and everything but #1 uh no I don't resent other people that uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: that have a whole lot more than than I do in fact my uh cousins the ones that live in San Diego they are very well off #1 all of them # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: and I I don't uh I don't resent their being that we grew up together #1 you know and # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: being that we belong to the to the same uh family and everything well I don't resent their having a whole lot more than than I do because well I I figure that uh #1 God gives each us what we deserve or what we're able to cope with and uh # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: I'm very well satisfied and I thank God for everything that uh that he that he had given me because it's through him through his through his mercy that uh #1 that I am able to have what little I have # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 and I enjoy it in fact uh now I'm # Interviewer: #2 mm # 893: #1 I'm uh trying to redo my my kitchen # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 and I feel very proud because uh I am able to do it myself and not paying somebody else you know to do it for me # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm mm-hmm # #1 now you are just beginning to enjoy life # 893: #2 {NW} yes that's true # Interviewer: um what you say you had lived in a three room house? 893: #1 yes uh-huh # Interviewer: #2 like what shape was it square or? # 893: uh no uh let me see let me think for a moment I know the the the roof well at that that time you know it was it it came to a point Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and then there was a a front room and then the the front room and the kitchen and then on this other side there was another room Interviewer: so it was it was shaped like how big was was the front room a square room? 893: yes uh-huh yes {NS} #1 that's the front room # Interviewer: #2 so that's the front room then # 893: right next to it was the kitchen Interviewer: like what size how? 893: well about half as big as as the front room Interviewer: #1 like that and then how far down? # 893: #2 uh-huh # well Interviewer: #1 down {X} here uh-huh # 893: #2 about the same yes uh-huh # and there was another room here on this side Interviewer: how big? 893: #1 about uh as big as this yes # Interviewer: #2 as big as {X} # how far over does it go? 893: right on there over here uh parallel to this uh about Interviewer: #1 is that about right? # 893: #2 yes uh-huh # Interviewer: #1 should it be a little bigger? a little smaller? # 893: #2 and uh no no I guess that that's about the right size {NW} # Interviewer: okay what's the name for this room? 893: the front room Interviewer: uh-huh {NS} and this is? 893: the kitchen {NS} Interviewer: what about this? 893: and this is that's was just a well it's a bedroom Interviewer: mm-hmm was this front room used as a bedroom too? 893: yes uh-huh {NS} Interviewer: how where was the front door? {NS} 893: uh the front door was facing uh east Interviewer: which? 893: {NS} it's over here Interviewer: uh-huh {NS} then you stepped out the front door and would you be in the yard or did you 893: no we would be out on the porch it had a it had a front porch Interviewer: #1 how far? # 893: #2 and um # #1 oh oh let's see # Interviewer: #2 how far around the house did it go? # 893: {NS} it was about uh the width of the of this room Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 and # say about uh Interviewer: to there? 893: five or six uh feet uh wide I guess Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: it's been so long ago {NS} Interviewer: did you have a a back porch too? 893: no we didn't Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 uh-uh # here the kitchen had another ano- another door and when we went uh out this door then we would be out in the yard Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: #1 and this room had another had a door also that uh that went to the # Interviewer: #2 {NS} # 893: to the yard {NS} Interviewer: mm-hmm {NS} what about the house that you live in now? 893: the house I live in now well it's uh it has uh two bedrooms a front room a kitchen and a bathroom Interviewer: mm-hmm could you make a sketch of it or #1 you tell me # 893: #2 you do it for me {NW} # well uh you go this way there's a there's a this is a front room Interviewer: uh-huh 893: and this is the kitchen Interviewer: what you say just draw straight 893: #1 to well no # Interviewer: #2 yes well # 893: that's that's the front room let me see I'll I'll help you a little bit {NS} this the front room where my kitchen is longer than my front room but it's about as wide Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and then over here I have a another bed room {NS} that's a that's quite long because it comes this way Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: see? {NS} this way and then it's parallel to this to this wall here Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: well over here I have another little a another little room next to this long one now this this doesn't belong there {NW} I have another living room here another bedroom right here Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and then on this side is the the bathroom Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 so this is the front room # and this is the kitchen these two these two are bedrooms and this is the Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 the bathroom # Interviewer: {NS} 893: #1 kitchen yes ma'am # Interviewer: #2 this is the kitchen? # this is the front room? 893: the front room yes ma'am Interviewer: do you also use it for a bedroom? 893: #1 no uh-uh it's just a # Interviewer: #2 it's just # 893: front room well once in awhile when my daughter comes from Dallas I have a what ya call a hide-a-bed Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and uh but it's #1 about once a year that we that we use it as a bedroom but otherwise it's just a # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: a the front room that's all Interviewer: uh-huh what about a porch? do you have a porch? 893: yes yes I have a porch right along here {NS} right along here Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: and this uh this bedroom sticks out a little bit #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: {NS} Interviewer: did you ever hear a another name for front room? 893: {C: Spanish: sala} Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 {C: Spanish: sala} that's a {C: Spanish: sala} # or a living room Interviewer: uh-huh 893: #1 like uh like uh # Interviewer: #2 which room do you which one do you usually # 893: like the moron who was dying and he went to the to the living room {NW} Interviewer: um what about a a little room off the kitchen where you can store cannabis and extra dishes and things 893: well I have uh a homemade uh pantry Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: underneath uh my sink Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: where I store my uh my groceries and my uh pots and pans and uh what have you and then I have some cabinets up on the Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 on the walls to store my dishes # Interviewer: mm-hmm what do you call pantry in Spanish? is there 893: pantry? Interviewer: #1 is there a Spanish name? # 893: #2 uh # yes there is {C: Spanish: despensa} Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 {C: Spanish: despensa} {NW} # Interviewer: um do you ever have live in a house that had a fireplace in it? 893: no I've always liked a fireplace I've always wanted one but uh no I I have never been able to to acquire that Interviewer: uh-huh 893: maybe later on {NW} if I get to live long enough Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: um you know what on the fireplace the thing that the smoke goes up through you call that the 893: {C: Spanish: humo} Interviewer: #1 or {X} # 893: #2 or no the fireplace you mean # Interviewer: uh-huh 893: {C: Spanish: chimenea} Interviewer: but what about the English word? 893: um the {NS} fireplace or uh mantel Interviewer: uh-huh 893: mm-hmm Interviewer: what what is the mantel? 893: the mantel I believe is is what goes uh on top of the of the fireplace Interviewer: the thing that you set things on? 893: yes uh-huh Interviewer: there's a a part on the floor on the fireplace you know 893: #1 mm-hmm yes uh-huh uh-huh mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 they're made of brick or rocks come out a little bit # what would you call that? {NS} 893: uh no I have no idea Interviewer: #1 uh-huh have you ever heard it called hearth or hearth? # (no speaker): #2 what it's called {NW} 893: #1 oh yes a hearth that's right H-E-A-R-T-H that's right a hearth # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # #1 is it {X} to your {X} uh-huh well {X} # 893: #2 yes uh-huh I would call it that well I couldn't think of it at the moment # Interviewer: um {NS} what about the things that you lay the wood across on inside the fireplace 893: oh yes the uh oh yeah yeah yeah {NS} the um I know that it has something to do with the iron {NS} Interviewer: did you ever hear 893: #1 and yeah andirons andirons uh-huh # Interviewer: #2 andirons or long irons or {X} irons uh-huh # and say if um at night you would take a big piece of wood and set that toward the back of the fireplace make it burn all night long do you have a name for that? {NS} 893: fire it up I don't know maybe if you make me a a uh Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 {X} # Interviewer: a back stick or back log 893: #1 a back log no I've heard of uh of logs but not a back log being that I never had a fireplace exactly what # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: I'm not able to tell you much about that Interviewer: #1 well I would ask ask you some of these things anyway if you know tell me if you heard of them or if you use a word or something # 893: #2 mm-hmm mm-hmm # Interviewer: um if you were gonna start a fire what kind of wood would you use? 893: drift wood or chips or um dry wood Interviewer: mm-hmm did you ever hear of kindling or lighter 893: yes uh-huh kindling lighter fluid Interviewer: uh-huh 893: yes uh-huh Interviewer: what is kindling 893: kindling I believe is uh those uh uh dry tips or uh or uh you know just uh pieces of uh bark or whatever Interviewer: #1 just small planks # 893: #2 that's it yes uh-huh # Interviewer: mm-hmm and the black stuff that forms in the chimney 893: soot Interviewer: mm-kay and what do you have to show to {D:light} the fireplace 893: flashes Interviewer: and how about things that you have in the house that the thing I'm sitting in is called a 893: chair Interviewer: what about something that longer that two or three people can sit on 893: a sofa Interviewer: uh-huh any other names for that 893: a divan Interviewer: #1 is that the same # 893: #2 a divan # a sofa or a couch Interviewer: uh-huh is that all the same thing? 893: yeah I think so yes Interviewer: which would it be called in Spanish? 893: {C: Spanish:sofa} Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 {C: Spanish: divan} # {C: Spanish: confidente} Interviewer: {C: Spanish:con-} 893: {C: Spanish: confidente} Interviewer: is that the same thing? 893: yes some people call it that Interviewer: uh-huh what sort of things would you have in your bedroom to keep your clothes in? 893: a closet Interviewer: mm-hmm is that built in? 893: yes mm-hmm what about something like that that's not built in? a wardrobe or a um yes it's called a wardrobe it's a piece of furniture that uh with uh doors that that you can {NW} #1 you can either hang your clothes there open up and put 'em in drawers or # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: uh now what else {NS} Interviewer: what about something just with drawers in it? 893: a chiffonier or uh Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: uh Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 chest of drawers or some # Interviewer: what does a chiffonier look like? 893: it's a just a if uh you know a it's a piece of uh furniture that has four or five drawers it all depends on the size Interviewer: mm-hmm is is that a Spanish name too? 893: #1 chiffonier # Interviewer: #2 chiffonier # 893: no no I've always you know I've always uh heard it as a chiffonier or a Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 chest of drawers # Interviewer: it's a name of the word 893: uh-huh Interviewer: um something that you can have in windows to on rollers that you 893: #1 shades # Interviewer: #2 pull down # uh-huh and the covering on the house the top of the house 893: roof Interviewer: and things along the edge of the roof to carry the water off 893: the either the #1 the rain spout or something like that no? # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # mm-hmm what about when you um I don't I don't haven't noticed this design around here but if you have a house in an L do you know what that is? it's it's where you build onto the house 893: oh yes Interviewer: there's a low place #1 there on the roof where the two roofs come together # 893: #2 mm # Interviewer: did you ever hear a name for that? 893: no I don't think I have Interviewer: oh 893: #1 maybe if you # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: maybe if you mentioned it I might have heard about it and didn't know what it what it was Interviewer: Did you ever hear of a {D: bally} or an ally of a roof? 893: #1 no no I never have uh-uh # Interviewer: #2 no {X} # um say you have a lot of old worthless things like old broken furniture that wasn't any good anymore do you say 893: they were antiques Interviewer: or it's no good at all you say it's just 893: rubbish Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 or # trash or Interviewer: #1 uh-huh # (no speaker): #2 discarded uh 893: uh Interviewer: #1 items or # (no speaker): #2 uh-huh Interviewer: where would you store things like that that you don't know what to do with? if you don't wanna throw it away but you don't have any use for it 893: in a shed Interviewer: okay do you ever hear people talk about a junk room or a lumber room or store room 893: yes uh-huh Interviewer: #1 what what'd they # (no speaker): #2 well they they 893: a store room you can you can store whatever you doesn't uh #1 you don't have any space in the house for for certain things or # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 thing that you don't want to get rid of because of sentimental reasons or what have you # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 and # a woman would say if her house is in a big mess she'd say I have to 893: clean the house or uh I have to straighten out or uh pick after the the children or something Interviewer: and the thing that you would sweep with would be 893: #1 the broom # (no speaker): #2 Interviewer: and say the broom was in the corner and the door was open so that the door was sort of hiding the broom you'd say the broom was 893: hidden Interviewer: where? 893: behind the door Interviewer: uh-huh and years ago on Monday women would get all their dirty clothes together and #1 do the 893: # (no speaker): #2 do their laundry Interviewer: uh-huh did people used to use the word laundry? 893: #1 yes I've always or the wash you have to do the wash or do the laundry or # (no speaker): #2 Interviewer: Uh-huh. then after you wash the clothes then you have to 893: iron Interviewer: uh-huh and a long time ago um there would be something a a big black thing out in the yard to heat water and to boil the clothes in 893: yes the the big pot Interviewer: uh-huh 893: uh-huh Interviewer: did you ever have to do clothes like that? 893: #1 well yes yes during my uh my childhood years we used to do that yes # (no speaker): #2 Interviewer: how'd they how'd they wash the clothes? 893: well they would uh first they they would be soaked and they would be Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm # 893: #2 scrubbed some # then they would be scrubbed again Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: in uh in with uh well at first it would would be soaked just in plain water Interviewer: mm-hmm 893: to take all the dirt out and then they would uh be washed in in a soap and a #1 and water cold water # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 then they would be put in that pot to boil # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: #1 they would be taken out of there and scrubbed some more # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm # 893: and then rinsed and then hang up to dry Interviewer: I guess by that time you would spend all day 893: all day {NW} Interviewer: um something that you could use to heat up water to make hot tea in? 893: a tea kettle Interviewer: uh-huh did you ever use the word kettle? did you ever call that pot a kettle? 893: um uh yes uh-huh you mean the pot where we used to boil the clothes in? Interviewer: #1 #1 uh-huh we call that a kettle # 893: #2 # 893: #2 yes uh a kettle uh-huh # Interviewer: um to get from the um first floor to the second floor in a two story house you'd have? 893: a stairway or staircase Interviewer: uh-huh what about to get from the porch to the ground? 893: from porch Interviewer: uh-huh Interviewer : Um to get from the porch to the ground you have In a house to get from the porch to the ground 893: Oh the the from the porch to the ground not not to the outside to the, to the pavement or to #1 to the street # Interviewer : #2 well # would you call it a stair stairway? 893: Stairway yes uh well uh stair Interviewer : #1 okay {X} {NS} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer : um do you ever hear names for different kinds of porches? 893: Well just uh front porch, back porch, screen porch. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. what about a porch off the second floor of the house? 893: A terrace? Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: #1 ah # Interviewer : #2 do you ever hear # people talk about a gallery or piazza or veranda? 893: Yes {B} something like that yes. Interviewer : What's a patio like? 893: Patio is a a a part of the of the yard or of the whole yard that has some kind of a {NS} of a brick or uh or stone or covered ground. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And uh some of them have {X} on the sides with uh Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: uh uh plants or ivies or whatever, some of them have uh whatever. some of them have a or what you would call a a thatched roof or uh just a covering. Interviewer : #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 um # on top something like a carport or something like that. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. and if the door was open and you didn't want it to be you'd have somebody to 893: Close the door. Interviewer : Any other word you'd use? 893: Shut the door. Interviewer : Uh-huh. Does that sound 893: That sounds just uh Oh the proper thing or I mean Interviewer : Right. 893: the proper name or the proper word. Interviewer : Uh-huh. You know some house have uh have {X} each other like this? 893: Siding it's called siding Interviewer : For pictures you take a nail and uh 893: Use a hammer Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: A nail and a hammer. Interviewer : I, I took a hammer and I put what, the nail in? 893: I'd uh wait a minute let me think . Interviewer : Or you'd say I got in my car and I {NW} 893: Drove. Interviewer : Okay. You say I have never... 893: Driven. Interviewer : And he doesn't know how to... 893: Drive. Interviewer : And a building that you can have out in the yard for storing wood if you burned your wood in a stove you little plants outside where you keep the wood. 893: Mm-hmm. um I-I I know I know what you mean and I know the word for it but I just can't can't get it {NS} to to pronounce it or to mention it um the woodhouse or uh yes I think that would be be it, the woodhouse or. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Do you have another name for it? {NS} Interviewer : Um what about for tools? Where would you keep tools? 893: In the toolshed. Interviewer : {NW} And before they had bathrooms inside what did they call the outdoor toilets? people have 893: privies Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Any other name? 893: Outdoor toilet or uh Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: outdoor facilities or uh Interviewer : #1 Any jokes? # 893: #2 {X} # That's all. Interviewer : Any joking names? {NS} Or names that sounded kinda bad? 893: {NW} Yes well one or two that don't sound so good so I won't mention them. Interviewer : English names? 893: Yes uh-huh {NW} Interviewer : um what different buildings would there be on a ranch? 893: A barn {NW} pardon me. A barn uh, a silo uh uh a shed to store the the hay or Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: {NS} and uh well I guess the ranch house, that's about all. Interviewer : Do you some What about for the ranch house, what would you call that? 893: The ranch house? Interviewer : For the head quarters what? what's the Spanish for that? #1 {X} # 893: #2 {X} # {Spanish: la casa} Interviewer : hacienda 893: {Spanish: hacienda} that's uh {Spanish: hacienda} is uh It's like uh a big ranch that's the {Spanish: hacienda} well it's uh {Spanish: la hacienda} is uh a big place a big ranch where uh Interviewer : {NS} 893: There's some uh um where they plant you know maybe some of them have orchards other have uh um let's see uh vegetables other plant uh sugar cane Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Different different kinds of {Spanish: haciendas}. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. The hacienda's the whole ranch? 893: Yes uh-huh. Interviewer : How big do you think of a hacienda? 893: Well uh it differs. I mean it varies uh Interviewer : #1 Would you say # 893: #2 call'em uh # or small haciendas others are larger and it all depends on the how rich or how poor the person is . Interviewer : Uh-huh do people still use the word hacienda? 893: Well I believe and in uh Spain or in some other parts of the, of the world they might. But not here I hadn't heard that uh that uh particular name in a long time. Interviewer : Does it sound very wealthy to you? 893: Yes it does uh-huh yes it does. Interviewer : Uh-huh. Um a place for storing corn, that would be a... 893: A corn crib. Interviewer : Uh-huh is that a separate building or is it part of the barn or? 893: #1 Well uh # Interviewer : #2 {X} # 893: I'm gonna put it out it's anyways, it's almost {NS} um. Well in some places I believe that was uh adjacent to the to the house and other places it would be farther away from the, from the house. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. what about a place for storing grain? 893: Grain? {NW} Lemme see. I I don't know really I I'm not very familiar with ranches and {Spanish: haciendas}. {NW} Interviewer : Did you ever. Go ahead. 893: Pardon. No, uh-uh. Interviewer : Did you ever hear of a granary or granary? 893: Oh yes yes uh-huh. Interviewer : #1 what did you hear it called? # 893: #2 {X} # Well uh a granary. That's where uh where grain is stored, no? Interviewer : Mm-hmm. what about the other part of the barn where you can keep hay? 893: mm no uh I don't know I can't think of it just now. Interviewer : Did you ever hear of a waft or a scaffold? 893: Yes yes that's right, uh-huh a hay loft. Interviewer : #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 uh-huh Mm-hmm. # Interviewer : And you know people would would first cut the hay and let it dry then they rake it up and before they were bailed you know you ever {X} a they would break it up in little piles out in the field then they would come along and take their pitch forks and load it on the wagon what what would you call those little piles that you have breaked up? 893: #1 um # Interviewer : #2 Or have you # heard special name for them? 893: Hay stacks. #1 I guess # Interviewer : #2 Mm-hmm. # what does a hay stack look like? How how big is it? 893: A hay stack is something like a I think it's something like a #1 small {D: wigworm} # Interviewer : #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: It's tied in the middle. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. and 893: {NW} Interviewer : If you cut the hay off of a piece of land, then enough grows back so you can cut it again the same year, you call that the... 893: No I couldn't tell you I don't think. Interviewer : Did you ever hear of the second cutting or the aftermath or? 893: Uh no I don't believe I have no. Interviewer : Where would people keep um cows? 893: In the barn. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Or a cow shed. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Where would they turn 'em out to graze? 893: On the pasture. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. What about horses where would they be kept? 893: Uh horses in stables Interviewer : Mm-hmm was that in the barn or a separate building or a? 893: Well uh I believe some people would would have the stables uh next to next to the barn or other people would rather have cows and horses separate. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: {NS} Interviewer : A fenced in place around the barn where different animals could walk around that would be called a... 893: Corral. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. What about a a horse lot or a barnyard or uh cow lot, have you ever heard of those? Or have you heard those terms around here? 893: Uh barnyard yes uh-huh I have. Interviewer : Is that the same as a corral? 893: I believe so yeah mm-hmm. Interviewer : What about a fenced in place out in the pasture? Where you could leave a cow overnight if you wanted to milk her? 893: No I don't think I know {NW} unless you mention it then I'll tell you whether I've heard of it or not . Interviewer : Uh-huh did you ever heard of a milk gap or a cow pen? 893: A cow pen I have, but not a, not a milk gap, cow pen yes. Interviewer : what's a cow pen like? 893: A cow pen is uh something like uh {NW} well it's like a barn where cows are kept in and they have uh like little stalls or something where Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: each cow has uh its own department {NW} Interviewer : How many cows can stay in a cow pin? Is it for beef cattle? 893: Uh well in a it all depends I guess on uh on how many cow pens the person owns. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Or. how many cows they have, or how big or small they want the cow pens I believe I don't know it all depends on on the person's uh own uh a wish or whatever their own decision you know uh. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: How many cows to keep in uh in uh in a cow pin or how big or how small a cow pen they should build. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. What about the animals you get pork from? Those are 893: Pigs. Interviewer : Uh-huh where are they kept? 893: In a pig sty. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Where you Did you um have any experience on the farm? Did 893: no uh-huh only what I've read and uh well in uh in San Diego like I tell you, but years ago not anymore cause it's been uh modernized so much but then during that uh when I was a child and I used to go there uh most people used to have in fact my aunt had a cow in her own backyard. Interviewer : {NS} 893: And then Interviewer : Did you ever help milk her? 893: Uh no uh-uh We uh a lady who used to live across the street from my aunt's used to come every day and uh milk her in the morning and evenings. Interviewer : {NW} Do you did you lunch read? 893: #1 well not uh # Interviewer : #2 or used to # 893: well not too much reading no not lately I haven't well what I read mostly is the newspaper but not uh books or some other kind of literature I I guess I well I don't know maybe it's just that I'm not uh too interested I have never been too interested in reading only when I started to uh teach myself Spanish is when i like to read the newspaper. Interviewer : Which newspapers do you read? 893: Just the Laredo Times and the The Audio from across river. Interviewer : uh-huh you you read both Spanish and English? 893: And English yes mm-hmm. Interviewer : Um what about chickens where would they be kept? 893: In a chicken coop. Interviewer : Mm-hmm, what does that look like? 893: It's uh a place that has uh that's uh fenced in or surrounded by chicken wire and it has a a roof over it. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. And a hen on a nest of eggs would be called a... 893: a sitting hen. Interviewer : Uh-huh and if you wanted to make a hen start laying what would you put in her nest to fool her? 893: An artificial egg. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: I guess Interviewer : Say if you had a real good set of dishes and your dishes would be made out of... 893: China. Interviewer : uh-huh what about an egg made out of that? You'd call it a... 893: A China egg. Interviewer : uh-huh Did you ever hear of the sitting hen called a broody? 893: A broody hen yes uh-huh Interviewer : Is that the same thing? 893: Well uh a broody hen I'm not sure whether it's when uh she's saying to take out her I mean to to have her her baby chicks. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Or if or if the baby chicks are already born and and uh they are with her. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Um you know when you're eating chicken there's a bone like this? 893: The wishbone. {NW} Interviewer : Did you hear any, any sort of superstitions? 893: Oh yes, the the one who gets the biggest or the longest piece of the of the wish bone gets to uh have a wish granted or something like that. Interviewer : Do you believe it? 893: no {NW} Interviewer : um A a farm has a lot of milk cows in it um they sell the milk uh-huh 893: A dairy farm Interviewer : did you ever hear that word dairy used to mean anything else? 893: #1 {X} # Interviewer : #2 {X} # 893: A dairy no I think it's only applied to um I don't know unless I may be wrong but I think it's applied only to uh you know to to place where uh where milk is is uh gotten from or uh. Interviewer : What about um before people had refrigerators where would they keep their milk and butter? 893: In ice boxes I used to have one {NW} I used to have an ice box we were talking about that the the secretary and myself she asked me the same question she says her grandmother has never been able to answer her that question. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: about you know how to how uh meat and butter eggs and uh you know several things were kept before refrigerators came Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: into being and I tell her that uh some people you know uh use even uh tub a big tub with a big a piece of a a ice in the middle and they would put their their things their most uh perishable around that uh that tub or around the piece of ice I was one of the fortunate ones that had an ice box. Interviewer : what about people who didn't have ice boxes who couldn't afford them what what 893: well uh just like I said some of them used uh {X} others would uh would thin out their uh their pieces of uh meat and hang them up to to dry so that the meat wouldn't get spoiled. Interviewer : Did did you ever hear people um putting water down putting their their milk or butter down a well? Lowering it down a well? 893: Oh yes uh-huh. Yes I I came into that experience when I was uh in Missouri. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Yes the lady who used to well she was our land lady Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: sometimes she would uh or uh when I was real young I remember we used to go to a place where they had a small uh well it was not a lake it was what you would call a and it was not a pond because it was bigger than a pound but smaller than a lake and uh when we used to go out on picnics they used to put their watermelons in inside the the water to to get them uh good and cold Interviewer : Mm-hmm. What about keeping potatoes or turnips during the winter? How did people do that? 893: Potatoes or turnips? No I I couldn't tell you. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. {NW} um Say you grew a lot of corn they would be growing in the corn... the place where you grow the 893: The corn field. Interviewer : What about something smaller than a field? 893: A corn patch. Interviewer : uh-huh And what different things grow in the patch? 893: Ooh vegetables and uh flowers. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And um uh herbs. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Say um people were were growing cotton was there much cotton raised around {X}? 893: #1 No... # Interviewer : #2 An example # 893: In Mexico I think in in uh West Texas sometimes and it well uh years before. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: I don't know about now but years before they used to be a place in in uh Lubbock where there're pretty good uh amount of cotton was raised. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Do you know 893: Or grown, whatever. {NW} Interviewer : Do you know anything about, about cotton what sort of work you'd have to do? 893: Well I know that it has to be picked. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And it has to be ginned to take all that uh those seeds from it. Interviewer : Uh-huh 893: And then it's baled. Interviewer : Uh-huh. What about uh when it's still growing um they go up there and plant it do they plant it close together do they go up with a hoe and they dig it out sort of what did they say they're doing? 893: Uh separating or uh. Interviewer : Uh-huh, did you ever hear people say chopping it or scrapping it? 893: well no we call it in Spanish {C: Spanish: desahijando} {C: Spanish: desahijar} {C: Spanish: desahijar} Interviewer : Uh-huh what what 893: That's that's that's what it means to take uh or {C: Spanish: la limpia} {C: Spanish: the limpia} that's to clean. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: To get all of the weeds and things that are not uh that's to let the plant grow you see that wouldn't be uh in the way, it wouldn't be obstructing the growth of the, of the plant. Interviewer : Mm-hmm, what different um grasses or weeds grow in the cotton field? That you wanna get rid of? 893: No I don't believe I know. Interviewer : Well you were gonna did you ever raise flowers? 893: Not very many, no. Interviewer : #1 what sort of # 893: #2 just # Well I just I just call them weeds that's all. {NW} Interviewer : Um what different types of fences did people used to have or that they have now? 893: Well they have the chained linked fence the picket fence the um cyclone fence. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: and uh Interviewer : What about at the ranches? 893: At the ranch? I don't know I don't think I know. {NW} What about the kind of fence that will catch you? Oh barbed wire? Interviewer : Huh? 893: Barbed wire fenced? Interviewer : Uh-huh um how do you set up a fence like that? 893: Well I guess some post have to be uh suh- first some holes have to be dug and then some posts. put in the holes and then just uh start {X} the barbed wire uh um I mean uh put those poles to uh certain distance one from another. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And then just go {X} the barbed wire from one post to the other. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. What about the picket fence how's that put up? 893: That I think the the picket already comes in in rolls. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: with uh pieces of uh of uh lumber or whatever Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: They're all cut in the same size, the same design. Interviewer : Pointed? 893: Pointed yes uh-huh and uh It's about the same procedure as for the barbed wire. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Um did you ever see a a fence that would go like this? 893: Yes uh-huh only I don't, I don't know what it's called {NW} Interviewer : What about a fence or wall made out of loose stones or rock? 893: Um stone wall I guess. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Did they used to have those in this area? 893: Well not very many people. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: No not, not very many in fact I, I think I've just seen one. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: That's around um um well where Laredo Junior College is now that was to be for Macintosh. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. How how are they um Mexican people different from American people? How are their customs different? Did, can you tell did people, When, when you go into Mexico, Did, did the customs seem to be uh 893: Different? Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: I don't think so of you mean, you mean from Anglos Interviewer : #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 cause uh # Americans, well I'm an American, an American citizen, Interviewer : But 893: But I'm of, I'm of Mexican descent Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: You mean Anglos and and Spanish or Mexicans. No no I think they Interviewer : Or or the Mexicans #1 Over there {X} # 893: #2 From Mexico # Interviewer : from the #1 Mexican Americans # 893: #2 from the # Mexican Americans. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Well in some ways some of them have uh different ideas about different things Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: you know and uh the Mexican Americans are more accustomed to to the ways of uh United States ways you know and Mexicans of course to their customs like for example um in Mexico when a girl wants to get married Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: right they think or their their custom is for the boy or the bridegroom to furnish everything that the girl is going to wear Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: and the reception, and well everything, everything. And here uh I heard that uh well not very many but some of them the girls buy their own {X} their own wedding gown, their own and the the bride's parents furnish the, the reception. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And in Mexico it's different. Interviewer : What do the Mexican Americans here do? Do they do it like? 893: Uh they do it uh yes, more or less like the Mexicans or the uh they look for sponsors for some for the banquets, some for the orchestras, some for this, some for that. Interviewer : Everybody pays? 893: Uh yes uh-huh whoever sponsors for example if you were to get married you'd ask me to to to be a a say a {C: Spanish: madrina} that's a sponsor for your wedding cake well I would have to buy you a wedding cake. Interviewer : Huh, so I wouldn't have to pay too much. 893: No not nowadays no here anymore. {NW} Interviewer : What um I was really wondering about um I was over um in Mexico Sunday, you know, I went over there, just walking around. and noticed um well it surprised me the way people would would touch me you know 893: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. Interviewer : Um but when I was sitting eating, eating lunch and an old woman came in said something to me I couldn't understand maybe she was {X} I don't know but she touched me and it's something I'm you know I didn't understand it, you know, just touched me on the arm you know. and I mention it um in here they said um Well some of the people there have a superstition that they're giving me the 893: The evil eye? Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: Yes. Interviewer : What is that like now? 893: Well um that's Interviewer : {NW} 893: Well for example if I look at you and like your eyes Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: and I don't touch your eyes. Why you're liable to, to uh start having a headache and uh vomiting and things like that. Well I don't think it's an evil eye I think that my uh uh well perhaps my eyesight is stronger than yours or whatever you know. And it actually happens, as I've seen it happen uh lots of times. Interviewer : So to keep them from 893: #1 To keep from uh # Interviewer : #2 {X} # 893: Yes, to keep from getting that person ill, why they go and touch you. Interviewer : That's very common around here 893: Yes it is. That's that's uh a whole lot more common in Mexico than it is here. Some, a lot of people here don't believe in that but I do because I've seen it happen. Interviewer : How what give me some examples how how could it happen? 893: #1 well {X} # Interviewer : #2 {X} # 893: Well like for example your hair your nose supposing I would like your hair very much and I don't touch it Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Well sooner or later your hair would start falling off. {NW} See things like that uh-huh but uh I mean uh it's it's uh kind of odd you know it's kind of unbelievable, but uh yes it does happen, happen uh especially in, in babies in young children in young babies you know? When uh uh a child uh you know a person sees a child and and he is the attracted to that uh to that baby or to that child that isn't uh touched, likely the child becomes ill. In fact I think that's what happened to uh to a lady that I knew she had a a little boy he was about three years old and he was a very cute little boy and his grandfather used to take him out every evening you know around town to watch the show windows and things like that Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: and once one night one evening he took him into uh one of the theaters and uh and the lady there just gave him a few uh kernels of popcorn Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: and the child ate those those kernels you know and actu- I mean if anybody had mentioned that to either her or her husband I don't think that they would've they would have believed it, but now that's my own theory my own belief Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: That child as soon as he got home he started feeling ill. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And he started with a high fever and he started vomiting and he started aching and in three days the child was gone. Interviewer : Because the woman gave him popcorn didn't 893: or somebody else who saw him Interviewer : Uh-huh they thought he was cute and they 893: They thought he was cute and had they didn't touch him see? Interviewer : That's really interesting 893: Yes it is Interviewer : Because I did notice it that people seem to touch more 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : You know. 893: Yes. Interviewer : I mean this like this. 893: Yes. Interviewer : But I didn't know 893: And uh I've heard now I have never seen it happen but I've heard uh uh from very reliable sources that uh a person can even break a dish or something if Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: like uh for example if I I like your purse it let's say this was a a a centerpiece or something made out of glass. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: and I would like it and I would just look at it and would say oh that's a beautiful centerpiece, or a beautiful bowl or what have you and I didn't touch it, it would break. I've heard of it I haven't seen that happen but I have seen uh people get ill become ill from from that you know. But not things that have come apart or have broken or things like that, but it has happened. Interviewer : Do people do that on purpose if I'm mad at you 893: No no well mayb- perhaps some uh uh black hearted person could do that you know but mostly it's because uh it's just that #1 it's that {X} accidental {X} # Interviewer : #2 {X} yes uh-huh yes uh-huh # 893: So if you go back to Mexico and somebody touches you now you know why {NW} Interviewer : Then I'll be glad 893: {NW} You oughta be thankful. {NW} Interviewer : #1 Huh that's that's very interesting. # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer : Um something that people used to carry water in? 893: Buckets. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: Or um jugs. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Jars. Interviewer : What was the bucket made of? 893: Well some are made out of wood others are made out of metal. Interviewer : Uh-huh what about a pail? 893: A pail is the same thing as a bucket I think. {NW} Interviewer : And nothing you could use to carry food to the pigs in? 893: Mm. No-uh. When I was in Missouri there uh, our landlady use to have some pigs and she used to say she was gonna slop the pigs that was when she was gonna feed 'em but I never knew uh what the name of #1 the # Interviewer : #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: of the vessel or whatever {NW} she carried it in. Interviewer : Mm-hmm, well they they didn't have that here um what would you use to carr- to um, fry eggs in? 893: A frying pan. Interviewer : And if you had some flowers and you wanted to keep them in the house you'd put them in a... 893: Vase. Interviewer : What if you wanted to plant them in the house, you would plant them in a... 893: In a planter. Interviewer : Uh-huh and if you were setting the table for everybody to eat with, you give everyone a... 893: Napkin. Interviewer : And to eat with? 893: And a fork and a knife and fork or spoon. Interviewer : Uh-huh, and you serve steak and it wasn't very tender, you'd have to put out the steak... 893: Tenderizer. Interviewer : Or a particular cut? Steak... 893: Uh steak knives. Interviewer : And if the dishes were dirty, you'd say I have to... 893: Wash the dishes. Interviewer : And after she washes the dishes, then she... 893: Dries 'em. Interviewer : But in clear water she... 893: Rinses them. Interviewer : And the cloth or rag that you use when you're washing them? 893: Uh dishcloth. Interviewer : What about when you dried them? {NW} 893: When you dry them you use a um a dishcloth or uh or just leave them in a that's what I do I never dry my dishes leave them in that uh or what do you call it? Oh you know what I mean {NW} the drainer Interviewer : Uh-huh. And the piece of cloth or rag that you bathe your face with? 893: A washrag. Interviewer : And to dry yourself with? 893: A towel. Interviewer : And if you wanted to pour something from a big container to something with a narrow mouth to keep it from spilling you pour it 893: In a funnel. Interviewer : Uh-huh. And something that flour used to come in? Big 893: A big sack of Interviewer : Flour? 893: Barrels. Interviewer : Huh? 893: Barrels. Interviewer : Uh-huh And the thing that runs around the barrel that hold the wood in place... 893: It's a well it's not wire it's um Interviewer : Hallows you know what 893: Mm no I don't think I know the proper word {NW} Interviewer : Uh-huh you know in basketball you have a... 893: Oh yes a um yes uh ay ay Interviewer : Call it hoop or hoops? 893: Yeah hoops that's right uh-huh hoops. Like you use for embroidery also Interviewer : #1 Oh that's right. # 893: #2 You use hoops. # Interviewer : um what about something um nails used to come in? 893: Nails? Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Something smaller than a barrel. What can you buy beer in? 893: Cans. Interviewer : Or bigger up. 893: Uh bigger than cans? Interviewer : Uh-huh something that looks like a barrel but it's smaller. 893: uh kegs Interviewer : Uh-huh when you have beer beer kegs, what'd you turn to get the beer out? 893: The spout. Interviewer : What about in the yard what you hook your hose up to? 893: To the water faucet. Interviewer : Uh-huh and the sink? In your kitchen? 893: It's a the faucet yeah or the Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: Yeah or, tap, the tap water or whatever, uh-huh. Interviewer : And something that people would make out of sugarcane... 893: Sugar. Interviewer : Well besides that. 893: Make out of sugarcane? Interviewer : Something sticky that 893: Syrup? Interviewer : Uh-huh what else? 893: Um well syrup and uh sugar. Interviewer : Did you ever hear another name for syrup or something very similar to syrup? 893: Mm I might have, but I can't think of it just now. {NW} Interviewer : What about mol- mola- 893: Molasses. Interviewer : What's the difference? 893: I think molasses is is thicker than than syrup. Interviewer : Uh-huh have you ever heard them called long sweetening and short sweetening? 893: No I haven't, I don't think I have. Interviewer : Uh-huh if you were going to buy molasses at the store {NS} what would it come in? 893: Well some of it comes in cans others come in jars. Interviewer : Mm-hmm, did you ever hear the expression a stand of molasses? Or a stand of lard? 893: No I don't think I have. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. And if you were driving horses and wanted them to go faster, you'd hit them with a... 893: Whip. Interviewer : Uh-huh and an electric lamp isn't burning you screw it in a new... 893: A new uh light bulb. Interviewer : Uh-huh and to carry clothes out to hang them on the line you carry them out in a clothes... 893: Um yes I know it, clothes basket. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. And something that um nowadays if you bought some groceries the grocery would put it in a... 893: Sack. Interviewer : Made out of... 893: Paper. Interviewer : What about something flour used to come in if you didn't buy it in a barrel? 893: Well it used to come in, some would come in paper sacks, heavy, heavy paper. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Others would come in uh in uh sacks made out of uh some kind of material a very thin material. You know it was all What kept it together was I guess was all that starch. As soon as it was washed why it would be it would become very small and uh and very thin. Interviewer : Uh-huh what about the thing that um feed used to come in? Like cow feed? That rough brown cloth. 893: Yes uh uh not canvas uh but um ay ay I burlap burlap bags. Interviewer : Any other name for them? 893: No not that I know. Interviewer : {D: Did you ever heard of towsack or gunny sack or?} 893: A gunny sack yes Interviewer : Uh-huh. Is that the same thing? 893: A gunny sack I think is made out of cloth. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: And a burlap bag is something else I mean it's made out of something coarser. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. And if you were carrying corn to the mill to be ground what would you call the amount of corn you take at one time? 893: I don't know. uh Would it be by the bushel or by the uh Interviewer : Mm-hmm. would you ever the expression turn corn? 893: Turn? Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: No I don't think I have. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. What if someone had as much wood as as they could carry he says he has a... 893: Uh load of wood or uh cord of wood. Interviewer : Or an arm- 893: Or an armload of wood. Interviewer : Uh-huh and a wagon that didn't have a full load you just had a... What of wood? 893: I don't know uh. Interviewer : Do you ever heard the expression a jab of wood? 893: I've heard of a cord of wood. Interviewer : #1 uh-huh # 893: #2 uh-huh # Interviewer : And if you open a bottle and didn't want to close it back up you could stick in a... 893: A stopper. Interviewer : uh-huh made out of? 893: Metal or uh cork. Interviewer : #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 uh # Interviewer : and something that {NW} people would blow on a musical instrument like a 893: Harmonica. Interviewer : Any other name for that? 893: um mouth something uh I can't remember the correct word. We we called it in Spanish {C: Spanish: musica de boca} {C: Spanish: musica} it's music {C: Spanish: de boca} the mouth. Interviewer : Uh-huh 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : What about the one like this? You just you hold it between your teeth and you play it. 893: Hold it between it your teeth? Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: Uh. Interviewer : And you pluck it. Did you ever hear of a Jew's harp? Jew's harp? 893: No I don't think I have. Interviewer : Uh-huh and if you have a wagon and two horses and a long wooden piece between the horses... 893: Mm-hmm. That's uh a yoke or uh no a yoke is for ox n- no perhaps if you mention it {NW} Interviewer : did you ever hear of a pole a tongue or a spear of a wagon? 893: No I don't think I have. Interviewer : Okay. 893: Are you gonna grade me? Interviewer : #1 {NW} # 893: #2 No? # Interviewer : I just I like these things they don't have them in this part of the country 893: #1 Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. # Interviewer : #2 but I won't know it unless I ask you you know so # If if some of the things I ask you about there're just not in this area you know you just you just tell me did you ever see a buggy? 893: #1 Mm-hmm. yeah # Interviewer : #2 you know the wooden piece? # 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer : #2 on each side of the horse you call those the? # 893: No I wouldn't know what you call them I There are some buggies across the river didn't you see any when you were there? Interviewer : Oh yeah 893: They have, they still have some, you know, uh mostly tourists are the ones who who uh ride in them for the fun of it you know just to have something to to tell about I guess over where they come from. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: Cause I very seldom see uh local people uh riding those uh those buggies. No I wouldn't know what you call them. Interviewer : Uh-huh what about the uh wheels um the thing that runs across one wheel to the other that's called a... 893: Um yes yes uh we call it {C: Spanish: eje} in Spanish but uh Interviewer : {C: Spanish:e-} 893: {C: Spanish: eje} {C: Spanish: eje} E-J-E {C: Spanish: eje} uh-huh the axis. Interviewer : uh-huh 893: Is that it? Interviewer : Uh-huh um what about the on the on the wagon wheel you know on the inside you have the hub and then the spokes come out you know and then they fit into the or are you familiar with with what I mean? 893: I know what you're talking about yes but uh I don't think I can give you the the spokes I know what the spokes are and they come into the into the Interviewer : #1 In the center is a hub. # 893: #2 Uh-huh yes uh-huh # Well I don't know I'm not sure whether they come in into the wheel Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Actually or uh is there something else before they 893: #1 and then the wheel # Interviewer : #2 What about, uh-huh # What about the the part of the wheel when it touches the ground, the metal part? 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : Do you have a special name for that? 893: No I don't think I have. Interviewer : Uh-huh and {NS} you know um I don't guess you you grew up around this but maybe you noticed on these buggies there's a you know where the traces are on a horse that the lines you know that come back? and they hook on to this bar of wood on the wagon. Did you ever hear a name for that? #1 singletree or swingletree or whiffletree # 893: #2 no no uh-uh # Interviewer : what about doubletree or? #1 Anything like that? # 893: #2 No uh-uh. # I don't think so Interviewer : Um let's say a man had a load of wood in his wagon and he was driving a log what would you say he was doing? you'd say he was what wood he was 893: Sending wood or uh delivering wood Interviewer : How about drawing wood or hauling wood or 893: Hauling yes. Hauling would be uh probably the, the most appropriate word because I wouldn't know if I saw a man with a with a wagon full of load I wouldn't know whether he was going to deliver it or or sell it or whatever but uh I knew he was hauling it. Interviewer : Uh-huh, say there was a a log across the road you'd say I'd tie a chain to it and I... 893: Pulled it or dragged it or. Interviewer : Okay and you'd say we have what many logs out of this road, we have 893: Dragged. Interviewer : Okay and you have to tie a chain if you want to 893: Want to drag it. Interviewer : Uh-huh. {NW} And if you wanted to break up the ground for planting you break it up with a... 893: Spade or uh Interviewer : #1 Something that # 893: #2 uh # Yes uh-huh I uh ay ay ay I know what, I know what it is we call it {C: Spanish: arado} something that has oh uh some steel bars with points yeah but I can't find the the right word it's uh Like I said we call it {C: Spanish: arado} in Spanish. But I don't think I know the the word in English Interviewer : #1 What about # 893: #2 and if I # do, I I just can't think of it. Interviewer : You know the word plow? 893: Plow yeah that's it yeah that's right plow. Interviewer : Are there different kinds of plows? 893: Oh I don't think so or are there? #1 {NW} # Interviewer : #2 {X} # Are there any that you heard of are there different 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : what about something that that's got little teeth in it and breaks up the ground finer than a plow does it breaks up the {D:piles} of dirt you know. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : What would you call that? it's like a plow only it breaks it up finer 893: Mm-hmm. No uh-huh. Interviewer : Did you ever hear of a harrow {C: pronunciation} or a harrow? 893: No I haven't uh-uh. Interviewer : And say you wanted to, to chop a log you could make it sort of a A-shaped frame #1 like this you know set the log in # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer : #1 to hold it while you chop it # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. # Interviewer : would you have a special name for that? 893: #1 um # Interviewer : #2 or are you familiar with that? # 893: Well I've seen them yes and uh I know what you're talking about but uh I don't know what they're called Interviewer : Uh-huh. What about something that a carpenter uses that um he's going to saw a board he's he's got 893: A saw? Interviewer : Well a frame you can set the do it like that. 893: Oh yes uh-huh a Interviewer : #1 {X} # 893: #2 uh # Scaffold or uh uh Interviewer : What about sawbuck or horse? 893: A horse we call them donkeys in Spanish burros burro is a donkey you know it's what we call it in Spanish. and English it's horse and they come to get me uh-huh It's almost five yes. Interviewer : Is it exactly four? {X} 893: Okay. Interviewer : Um you straighten your hair using a comb and a... 893: Brush. Interviewer : And if you were going to use that you'd say you're going to... 893: Comb my hair or brush my hair. Interviewer : And you sharpen a straight razor using a leather... 893: Stripe. Interviewer : What would you sharpen a small knife on? {NS} 893: On a sharpener. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Do you ever hear of a whiplock or a whetstone or anything like that? 893: Uh yes I have uh-huh but I, I didn't know they uh The right word for it. Interviewer : Uh-huh what did you hear it called? 893: well we call it in Spanish uh {C: Spanish: piedra} something {C: Spanish: piedra} {C: Spanish: piedra pulmis} or {C: Spanish: piedra} something. Interviewer : uh-huh 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : That's that's what you 893: That, uh-huh. Interviewer : What about a big thing that turns around that you sharpen an axe or a big tool on? You see 893: Oh yes uh a grinder uh-huh yes an axe grinder or uh {NS} Interviewer : And something you could put in a pistol. 893: Bullet. Interviewer : Or another name for that. 893: Um {NS} in a pistol Interviewer : #1 a car- # 893: #2 it's a it's a # It's a bullet no? Interviewer : Uh-huh but did you ever hear that called a cart cartridge or? 893: Oh yes a cartridge. #1 uh-huh yes # Interviewer : #2 uh-huh # What's the difference now? Or is there any difference? 893: No I don't think there's any difference unless uh {NS} cartridges are blanks. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And the bullets uh explode and uh and uh {NS} harms. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. And something that children play on you take a board and 893: A see-saw? Interviewer : Uh-huh and if some children were playing on that you'd say they were 893: They were uh see-sawing or they were uh uh there's another name for it uh tee-totaler teetotaler something like that. Interviewer : Mm-hmm, and something you take a board and fix it in the center and it spins around? You call that a... 893: A board? Interviewer : Uh-huh But sort of, you know what a merry-go-round is? 893: Yes, uh-huh. Interviewer : But sort of a homemade merry-go-round. 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer : Just a board on a stump and 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : Would you have a special name for that? 893: Uh, no I don't think I know any name for that um Interviewer : What about um taking a board and fixing it down at both ends and children jumping up and down on it? You call that a... 893: A board. That has what? Interviewer : See you fix it on both ends and children jump on it like a trampoline. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : You'd call it a Did you ever see that? 893: No I don't think I have seen anything like that. {NW} Interviewer : A jiving board or a bouncing board? 893: No, no I haven't. Interviewer : And you tie a long rope to a tree limb and put a seat on it and make a... 893: Swing. Interviewer : And something you can carry coal in would be a... 893: Coal bucket. Interviewer : And the thing that runs from the stove to the chimney. 893: Thing that runs? Interviewer : Yes. The part of the stove that 893: Oh that goes through the chimney uh? {NS} Yes, yes the I um damper or uh #1 something like that. # Interviewer : #2 You ever heard of # Stove pipe or flu- 893: Yes, stove uh stove pipe, that's right. {NW} Interviewer : And if you wanted to move bricks or something heavy, something that you can use to move them in. Has a little wheel in the front. 893: Wheelbarrow. Interviewer : Mm-kay. And The thing that people drive nowadays. 893: Cars. Interviewer : Any other name? 893: Autos. Vehicles. Interviewer : Mm-kay. And if something was squeaking, to lubricate it, you'd say you had to... 893: Oil it. Interviewer : Or 893: Lubricate. Interviewer : But another word for that. 893: Oil, lubricate, grease. Interviewer : Mm-kay. You say yesterday he... 893: He He greased. Interviewer : Uh-huh, and if grease got all over your hands, you'd say your hands 893: Were greasy. Interviewer : And If something was squeaking um you could put a few drops of... 893: Oil. Interviewer : And something people used to burn in lamps? 893: Kerosene. Interviewer : Any other names? 893: Or oil. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. Do you ever see people make a lamp using a rag and a bottle and some kerosene? 893: No we used to have a lamps uh kerosene lamps but they, they were not homemade. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: But they have a it's a globe Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: With a, on a stand or with a stand with the globe all together. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And then uh that's to put the kerosene in. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: And then it'd have another small thing that has a, a little uh wick and then you put the the globe inside, I mean uh yes inside those prongs. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. You had, they had those #1 to use # 893: #2 Yes. # Uh-huh. In fact I still have one at home. Because uh there have been times when we've had storms you know, and the electricity cuts off. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: We don't have any lighting so I bought one of those. {NW} Interviewer : And you ever heard of a flambeau? 893: Flambeau? Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} F-L-A-M-B-E-A-U? Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Yes I have, but I'm not sure what it is. {NW} Interviewer : Where did you hear it? 893: Well I've, I've uh seen it written. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: That is I've uh I read the word. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: But uh I'm not, I'm not sure of the meaning. Interviewer : Well some sometimes people would make a lamp themselves and call it a flambeau. 893: Oh I see. Interviewer : You must do an awful lot of reading. 893: {NW} Well not much. {NW} Interviewer : Did you use to when you were younger? Read a lot? 893: Well, that was one of my favorite subjects in school, reading. Reading and English, grammar and uh spelling. Interviewer : Uh-huh. {X} That you, you must have some of it. {NW} Um. Inside the tire of a car, you have the inner... 893: Tube. Interviewer : And if somebody built a boat, and they were gonna put it in the water, they would say there were going to... 893: Sail. Interviewer : Or what the boat? They were gonna... 893: Um. 893: No, I'm afraid I can't answer you. Interviewer : Do you ever use the word launch? 893: Oh yes. That's right, launch, uh-huh. Interviewer : Uh-huh. What different kinds of boats did they have around here? 893: Oh sail boats. uh fishing boats. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Uh motorboats. Interviewer : Any special old fashioned kind of wooden boat? 893: A wooden boat. Canoe. Interviewer : What about {D: pirogue} or {D: fantogue}? Do you ever hear of those? 893: No I haven't heard about those, uh-uh. Interviewer : And say the child is just learning to dress himself, the mother brings the clothes and says here... 893: Are your clothes. Interviewer : Okay. And to think you were taking a child to the dentist and he was scared, the dentist would say, you don't have to be scared, I'm... what gonna hurt you? I'm... 893: I'm not going to hurt you or I won't hurt you. Interviewer : Uh-huh, do you ever use the word ain't? 893: Well that's not proper I don't think. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: Ain't. Interviewer : You hear it used often? 893: Oh uh not, not very often. No, uh-huh, once in a very long while. I mean, that's, that's a word in the past. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} Interviewer : You used to hear it? 893: Yes I used to hear it when I was in school, yes we used you know, some children didn't know uh {NS} their grammar or their English, instead of saying uh I'm not or uh something like that well they, they used the word ain't. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: But since I uh Well I've always know, that is since I started uh knowing a little bit uh grammar and English. I knew that it was incorrect. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. 893: So uh, I always try to use I am not, you are not, or Interviewer : {X} Have you ever gone to adult school? 893: No I never have. No I quit school in 1929 I haven't been to school ever since. {NS} Interviewer : Um Say if I asked you was that you I saw in town yesterday, you might say, no it's 893: It was not me. Interviewer : Mm-hmm. {NW} And what if a woman wanted to buy a dress of a certain color, she'd take along a little square of cloth to use as a... 893: Sample. Interviewer : And she sees a dress she likes very much, she'd say the dress is very 893: Becoming, or very attractive, very pretty. Interviewer : {X} just 893: Right. {NW} Interviewer : And something she'd wear over her dress in the kitchen... 893: Apron. Interviewer : And to sign your name in ink, you'd use a... 893: Pen. Interviewer : And to hold a baby's diaper in place... 893: Pin. Interviewer : And soup that you buy that comes in a can made out of... 893: Soup and tin. Interviewer : Uh-huh. And a dime is worth... 893: Ten cents. Interviewer : Uh-huh. And What would a man wear to church on a Sunday? 893: Suit. Interviewer : And if he just bought it, it'd be a brand... 893: New suit. Interviewer : You ever heard of a three piece suit? 893: Yes, uh-huh, the vest, a coat, and pants. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer : What's the Spanish word for vest? 893: Um vest is uh I, I can't think of it right now. {NW} Interviewer : Did you ever hear {C: Spanish: chil-chile} 893: {C: Spanish: Chaleco} {C: Spanish: Chaleco} Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: {C: Spanish: Chaleco} uh-huh that's right. Interviewer : Which word sounds which word do you think you'll probably use? 893: {X} {C: Spanish: Chale-} Interviewer : No, you were talking, do you ever uh speak this Tex-Mex? 893: Yes, a lot of times, most of the time. {NW} Interviewer : Which word seems more natural to you to say, {C: Spanish: Chaleco} or vest? {NS} 893: Well if I were {NS} If I were to uh It all depended on who I was talking to. {B}{X} Interviewer : Uh no thank you. 893: Well if I was uh talking to a, a person who didn't uh understand Spanish, I would say vest. But if I were talking to someone uh who spoke Spanish, I would say {C: Spanish: Chaleco} Interviewer : Uh-huh. {NW} So you, you would use 893: Either one. Interviewer : Uh-huh. 893: It all depended on uh circumstances. Interviewer : Uh-huh. {NS} Any other names for pants? 893: {C: Spanish: Pantalones} Interviewer : Uh-huh. What about English? 893: Slacks. Interviewer : Uh-huh. And something that a man would wear if he's working around a barn. Something that 893: Oh yes, overalls. Interviewer : Uh-huh. And if you were outside without your coat and you feel cold and you wanted it, you'd say Would you go inside and... 893: Get my coat? Interviewer : And what it to me? 893: Bring it to me. Interviewer : Okay, so you say and then he... 893: Brought it. Interviewer : And you say here I have 893: Brought it. Interviewer : Okay. And you say that coat won't fit this year, but last year it... 893: It fit. Interviewer : And if you stuff a lot of things in your pocket, it makes them 893: Bulging. Interviewer : Okay. And you'd say, that shirt used to fit me until I washed it and it... 893: Shrank. Interviewer : And every shirt I've washed recently has... 893: Shrunk. Interviewer : And I hope this shirt doesn't... 893: Shrink. {NW} Interviewer : And if a woman likes to put on good clothes, you'd say she likes to... 893: Um She likes to put on good clothes. Sure, she likes to elaborate. Interviewer : Uh-huh. What about um She stands in front of the mirror and {NW} 893: Pregnant {NW} Interviewer : Would you say that about a man? 893: No I would say he was rooming himself. {NS} Interviewer: um you say about a man who wouldn't say that he's he's primping you said he- 893: he was grooming himself. Interviewer: uh huh. What would you call a man who-who likes to dress like? 893: I dunno I I would say he was always immaculate. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Would you ever call him a jelly bean? 893: Jelly bean? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Oh that's that's very my... My youth time. Interviewer: #1 Uh huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Jelly bean. We used to call them uh They used to wear uh uh supporters and high waisted pants with uh with uh wide uh self uh uh I mean wide belt on the pants of the same material. of a pants. And uh flared legs like uh they wear now. Interviewer: #1 And you called them jelly beans # 893: #2 a jelly bean, uh huh. # Interviewer: Was that a compliment? 893: Yes it was. {NW} Interviewer: Any other words like that that people used to use? 893: uh no uh-uh I don't think so No I can't think of any other name Interviewer: Mm-hmm. You said that they wore supporters? 893: #1 Yes, uh-huh # Interviewer: #2 and that's to keep the pants up # 893: #1 Yes, to keep the pants up uh huh. # Interviewer: #2 uh huh. # um Something that you could carry your money in 893: A purse? A purse? Interviewer: Okay. And something a woman wears around her wrist. 893: Watch. Interviewer: #1 or # 893: #2 Or a bracelet # Interviewer: uh-huh. And Say she had a lot of little things strung up together 893: A necklace? Interviewer: Uh-huh. We're talking about beads You'd call it a what beads? 893: String of beads. Interviewer: uh-huh. You ever said pair of beads? 893: Pair of beads? I don't think so. {NW} Interviewer: And What would you call to open {D:unsure about this one} when it rains? 893: An umbrella Interviewer: And the last thing that you put on the bed the the fancy covers #1 You call it # 893: #2 That's a bed spread. # Interviewer: What about the ones that people used to make themselves to put on the bed for warmth? 893: A comforter or a quilt Interviewer: What's the difference? 893: I don't I don't see any difference between a comforter and a quilt cause both of them are quilted and uh both of them unless unless you mean a a quilted bedspread now then there's a difference because a comforter and a quilt are thicker than the than the quilted bedspread. Interviewer: mm-hmm. Did they have those in Mexico? 893: oh yes. mm-hmm. Interviewer: Are they made the same way? 893: Yes. I think uh-huh that they're most of them are handmade. Interviewer: mm-hmm. 893: They're a lot of people who uh who make their own uh their own quilts. They uh uh make them out of they uh they're filled with uh either um wool or uh cotton. Interviewer: What are they called in Mexico? 893: {D: Coicha} Interviewer: #1 Co- # 893: #2 {D: Coicha.} # Interviewer: #1 {D: Coicha.} # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: And at the end of the day that you put your head on a 893: Pillow. Interviewer: Did you ever see anything um about why she calls it a pillow? 893: Yes uh-huh Yes uh pillow that uh Well I don't know nowadays but uh Years back they used to uh we used that pillow to uh cover it and uh make the bed uh but when the bed was made they would cover that long pillow. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: At the at the head of the bed and it made the bed look prettier. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Fancier. # Interviewer: What did they call the long pillow? 893: {NW} uh I don't know I don't remember {NW} that is No, I-I don't have the right word for it no. Interviewer: Do you ever hear it called the {D: bollister?} 893: {D: Bollister}? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: No I don't think I have. Just the long pillow that's all Interviewer: #1 Uh huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: uh Say you raised a lot of corn You'd say we raised a big what of corn? 893: um Ay ay ay. A big quantity? Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Or a big uh... # uh amount Interviewer: #1 or we had a good-- # 893: #2 big big # a good crop Interviewer: uh huh. Um You say we expect to get a good crop from that field because the soil is very 893: Fertile. Interviewer: uh-huh. What different kinds of soil do they have around here? 893: Fertile and uh why I don't know really cause I-I never I have never been one to uh to do any planting {NW} I love plants I mean I like them and I I like uh flowers but Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I don't take the time to be you know to be planting them and taking care of them and What uh I like most are uh are dogs. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: and at the present time I have four four uh chihuahua dogs at at home. And I just love little dogs. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. I don't care much for the uh big ones Interviewer: Uh-huh 893: or cats or anything else like that but especially chihuahua dogs I love them. Interviewer: {D: uncertain?} Evette, you see a lot of chihuahua dogs in Mexico? 893: #1 yes they that they # Interviewer: #2 especially that's where they're from # 893: that's where they come from yes. And there are several sizes ah uh about five or six years ago I don't remember exactly uh I bought one for my for my daughter uh I have a daughter who lives in Dallas and she has a little girl who suffers asthma. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: and the doctor recommended for her to get her a chihuahua dog because they claim that something in its hair something in its in its body that they expel is good for asthma. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: So I bought her one and that little thing was already about six months old and she was just a tiny little ball. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: She never grew much but she was stolen from her. Interviewer: Mm. Is a chihuahua dog Are they good for asthma? 893: Well that's what they claim. That's what the doctor I I had heard about it before and then the doctor told my daughter to uh try and get uh uh chihuahua dog for the and for the dog to be as close to the little girl as possible. #1 because # Interviewer: #2 to sleep in the middle? # 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 # 893: They're They're clean Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: They're very clean dogs Interviewer: Yeah, I've heard something about that 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What you're talking about I don't know that I heard people say that that works but I never met anyone who had 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: you know tried it. 893: Mm-hmm. Yes and uh I I have uh a long coat chihuahua Interviewer: Oh really? 893: Yeah. The kind I have uh two smooth chihuahuas no I one smooth well the other one's smooth also but she's a tailless. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: She's so cute cause her legs are so long {NW} You know they're Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Just uh too long for her body #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # She's tailless? 893: tailless, uh-huh. Yes, she was she was born with just a little stub of a tail. Interviewer: I've never seen that. 893: You haven't? well Interviewer: I saw one long haired one once. 893: #1 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 And I was so surprised. # 893: uh-huh. And then I have one that's uh uh half uh pekingese and half chihuahua. Interviewer: She's the long hair #1 {X} # 893: #2 Well she has # uh quite a bit of long hair yes. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: But not uh but the long coat chihuahua has his hair longer than than this uh pekingese. Interviewer: Where did you where did you get the dogs? 893: Well the long hair one was given to me by uh one of my relatives who is now in Germany. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 But she used to live in San Antonio. # And she had uh she had the both Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Male and female. # And uh when uh she had puppies once she gave me one of them. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 and it's real cute real pretty. # And then the other smooth one my it was given to my daughter but she is to live in an uh an apartment Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 and they're not allowed pets. # Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 So she gave it to me. # And then the other the tailless one a friend of my husband's has a a chihuahua female. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And he had promised him one and I already had those other two Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But since that man made it a special trip to bring that little dog to me I I just couldn't refuse it. {NW} #1 and # Interviewer: #2 It's really not much trouble {X} carry a small little dog # 893: Yes they're small but ay they make such an awful racket whenever they hear something or see someone or a car goes by. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: or you you think that uh oh I don't know there are houses full of burglars or something Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # something terrible is happening the way they carry on and make all that uh racket. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: But they're real cute. I enjoy them very much. Interviewer: {NW} Um What When you're talking about the the {D: song} did you ever hear the song called "Law" or "Lil" 893: No I don't think so. Interviewer: What about gumbo, or buckshot {D: lamb}? 893: Mm-mm. No. Interviewer: And The flatland along the river or a stream you'd call that 893: The flatland Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Next to a river or a stream. 893: I Interviewer: You ever hear of lowland or bottoms? 893: Yes lowland I have. Uh-huh. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about a field that's mighty good for raising hay or something? You call that a-- 893: Hmm? No I-I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Do you ever hear of a meadow or prairie-- 893: Oh yes a meadow and a prairie yes. uh Yes I used to uh to read about those things and uh and uh I know what a meadow is and I think it's a place where uh where cows go out to pasture. Interviewer: Mm-hmm What about a prairie? 893: A prairie is uh it's uh a land that does not have have uh too much vegetation I guess. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Is that Is that a Spanish word? or 893: Prairie? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: No. No I don't think it is Spanish cause I learned that in school. Interviewer: uh huh. Do they have they don't um talk about meadow or prairie around here now, do they? 893: ah no, uh-uh. Interviewer: What about um land that has water standing on it? 893: Swamp? Interviewer: uh huh. 893: Mm. Interviewer: Anything else? #1 What is # 893: #2 uh # Interviewer: next to the the gulf? Saltwater. 893: Um No I-I don't know. uh I don't know you mention something to me and I'll tell you. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Okay. # Did you ever hear of a a bog or marsh? Or some crawfish land anything like that? 893: I've heard of marsh yes and bog mm-hmm. Interviewer: Does #1 What do you think about # 893: #2 That that's uh # that's uh uh by the well just like a swamp only it's it's on a on the edge of a of uh saltwater. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Which is the marsh or- 893: Mm-hmm. A marsh. Interviewer: Mm. So it's not a bog? #1 that's {X} # 893: #2 a bog it's uh # Well I guess you you would uh apply the same uh definition. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Are those words that you read or or they 893: Yes I I've uh well I've I've read about them. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Yes uh huh Interviewer: You think we use those words here? 893: No I haven't heard uh those words in a long time. {NW} Interviewer: Um. Say if you had to land those little {X} you want to get the water off you say you're going to 893: Drain it? Interviewer: And what would you dig to drain the water off? 893: A ditch. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about um something bigger than a ditch? That a small boat can go through? 893: a tunnel or uh um no um A tunnel or something that's underground. uh No uh uh I don't think I know. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Say if you had a heavy rain in the water can add a little little bits little trench or ditch or something you call that a 893: No I don't well maybe maybe I've heard the word Interviewer: uh huh. 893: But uh I can't uh I can't think of it. Interviewer: You ever use the word gully or ravine or column? 893: A ravine is uh something I think that as you go on uh on the road or a highway it's something deep down. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: On the edge of a of a road. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: That's that's what I think a ravine is. Interviewer: Is that a another term that that you read or that people use or? 893: uh Well I've read about it yes. and I read about uh a definition. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh I guess yeah that's about all. Interviewer: It's not too common around here 893: No it isn't. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Say if you had some water that was was a small stream of water you'd call that a 893: A pond? or uh Interviewer: Or if it's flowing? You'd call it a 893: A stream. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What else? 893: A river Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Brook. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. {X} Just tell me all the 893: {NW} Well that's about that's about all I know a river stream brook uh I guess that's all. Interviewer: What about crick or creek? 893: Creek. Yes uh huh a creek Interviewer: What's the difference between a creek and a brook? 893: Well a brook I think it's um uh clean water cl- uh clear clear water flows in a in a brook. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And a a creek is full of uh uh dirty water and weeds and grass and uh things that people would go and dump in it {NW} I guess that's that that's the difference. Interviewer: What about biome? Or biome? 893: Biome? Interviewer: Huh? 893: A biome um no we used to have that in geography but I can't remember. {NW} Interviewer: Do people use that term around here? 893: No uh uh Interviewer: What are some of the streams or rivers and so forth in this area? 893: Well there's the Rio Grande that divides uh Texas from uh from {D: Benoritas }from Mexico. And then uh Interviewer: Divides Texas from what? 893: from {D: Tamaritas} that's a state of {D: Tamaritas} Interviewer: oh. 893: {NW} and uh well and then in Corpus there's the Nueces River. In San Antonio there's San Antonio river. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: and uh there's Interviewer: Go ahead. 893: there's part of the gulf in in Corpus. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh around here that's that's about all I can think of. Interviewer: What about the creeks or brooks around here? 893: oh we have uh Descartes Creek uh I live close to part of Descartes Creek myself. Interviewer: Is that what you call it You call that a creek? 893: Uh huh yes. Interviewer: What about the Spanish? 893: Arroyo? Interviewer: Uh huh 893: Arroyo. Interviewer: Which do people usually call it? #1 {X} # 893: #2 Arroyo # Interviewer: #1 uh huh. # 893: #2 Me Arroyo. # Interviewer: They don't call it creek much. 893: No uh uh No well uh I live in a neighborhood where uh the English language is not uh it's not spoken very much or very often so we we just call it {D:spelling} De Arroyo and uh Sometimes when uh It's mentioned in the paper Sometimes instead instead of saying uh of {D: beriding} the the uh {D: Desecartes} creek say they Arroyo {D: Desecartes}. {NW} Interviewer: What are the other creeks around here? {D: Le Chequan} Creek. That's over here on this area. Mm-hmm. 893: The {D: Chequan} Creek {D: Desecartes} Creek and I guess that's about all. Interviewer: What do those names mean? 893: {D: Chaquan}? Interviewer: Uh huh. Does does that mean anything? or is it... 893: Well there's a a a name of the {D: Chaquan} I mean Somebody's last name is {D: Chaquan} Interviewer: #1 It's named after somebody? # 893: #2 Uh huh. # I guess. uh huh. And there's a area there the {D: Chaquan} area Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And I guess that's why it's it's called the the {D: Chaquan} Creek. Interviewer: What about the the 893: Descartes? Interviewer: uh huh. #1 {X} # 893: #2 El {D: boyo Desacartes? Desacarte} means grass. # So I don't know why it's called that maybe it's because the grass it's too grassy or could be that I don't know I've always you know just heard it named {D: Desacartes} Creek but otherwise I don't I don't know the reason why Interviewer: Y'all ever call it Grass Creek {D: otherwise} 893: No uh uh No it's always called Descartes Creek or the uh of the Arroyo Descartes. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Um say if you have a stream that's flowing along and suddenly drops off the water goes on over #1 goes downstream # 893: #2 a waterfall. # Interviewer: uh huh. And a place where boats stop and where crates unload is 893: That's a port. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And a small rise in land would be a 893: A hill. Interviewer: mm-kay. Anything else? 893: No not #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: Sorry. Go ahead. {NW} No that's all. a a hill. Interviewer: To open the door you take hold of the door 893: Knob. Interviewer: Would you ever use the word knob talking about land? 893: Not that I know of. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about something to hold up bigger than anything else? 893: A mountain. Interviewer: Uh huh. And the rocky side of the mountain that drops off real sharp 893: Um Yes I know what you're talking about Interviewer: Say someone fell off the 893: Cliff Interviewer: uh huh. And how about several of those you talked about several. 893: Several? Interviewer: Several? 893: Cliffs. Interviewer: Uh huh. And up in the mountains when the road goes across in a low place but still up in the mountains not not the valley just that low place between mountains would be called a 893: Between the mountains. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Did you ever hear of a gap or a pass? 893: A gap I have. yes. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And the gunfighters on television for every man they kill they cut a little 893: Notch. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh huh. # Wonder if people really did that. 893: I don't know {NW} Interviewer: I guess at one time there was. 893: Mm. Interviewer: The radio was was a western. 893: Yes way back before it was it was settled by you know by uh big uh community or uh big uh uh several uh families or something like that I guess it was kind of wild then {NW} Interviewer: You ever hear any stories about way back then? 893: Well uh no uh uh. I have uh some clippings that uh used to come in in uh El Dorado times about uh uh and I kept them because I thought it would be useful for my grandchildren. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Uh for their history or whatever. About the the founders you know like Loretta but I never took the time to read them. I just cut them out and put them away {NW} Interviewer: Do do your grandchildren live any of your grandchildren live here? 893: Yes I have a grandson who lives with me and I have a granddaughter who lives also with me but at present is in she's in San Antonio like I told you yesterday. but she's just itching to come back. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: Yes uh well in fact I raised four three of my grandchildren. four with Eddie. I raised three of one daughter and and this this one that's staying with me at the present time I'm taking care of him. Well at intervals. He stays with me at times and then he goes to his mother and then he comes back. Interviewer: Just like your aunt? 893: Mm-hmm. Yes uh huh Interviewer: Does Do you do tell me where your Mexican relatives are from and is that in the interior or is it on the border? #1 your # 893: #2 my relatives? # are uh have all been uh born here and uh in the United States. Interviewer: uh I mean your your 893: #1 Ancestors? # Interviewer: #2 Ancestors # 893: Yes, they were uh yes around here around the area. Interviewer: uh huh. 893: Not too far inside of Mexico. uh huh. Interviewer: Does Mexico change very much as you as you go further down? Toward the interior? 893: Well ah there are some parts that uh have a very lovely climate. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Like uh {D: Jualalahanan} and it it's also a very beautiful city. And it has a uh I think it's the largest uh lake in Mexico. Lake Chapala. And um Saltillo is a has a very good climate too. {D: Monterrey} is real hot just like it is here. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. So that's pretty near the border 893: Mm-hmm. {NW} Yes it is. it's only about a what {X} city in that area? # I don't know I've never been there. I've never been to Mexico city. I've uh been uh asked to go Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And I've had the opportunity to go but somehow I guess God doesn't want me to go there because it just has never materialized. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # Do you wanna go? 893: Well at first I did. but then uh what I've heard now that it's such a a lot of uh traffic and uh people living like I imagine something like Chicago in apartments. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 One on top of the other # You know and uh all that uh uh well that that uh I what do you call it oh that A lot of uh families #1 living in in # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: in one building. Interviewer: #1 The slums # 893: #2 no # #1 that I don't like # Interviewer: #2 yeah. # 893: {NW} #1 You didn't like your apartment? # Interviewer: #2 ay # 893: No, not at all. Interviewer: {NW} 893: I was so disappointed even when I entered the city. Interviewer: #1 wha- # 893: #2 I don't # know what I expected eh but I didn't expect what I saw. No I just uh as soon as I became employed I came back home. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 unemployed I mean. # And I had I was very lucky to be employed there right away cause I got there on a Saturday and uh the following Monday I started working. and I worked the whole year through but uh I just didn't like it. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about San Antonio? Do you like San Antonio? 893: Well I like it uh to go for a pleasure trip. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Pleasure trip but not not for living in San Antonio I don't think that I as I said yesterday I don't think I would uh live uh comfortably or uh at ease anywhere else but here. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. {NW} # Oh One thing I wanted to ask you about b before I forget um you were telling me yesterday about the evil eye 893: uh huh. Yes. Interviewer: Is there any um any cure that you've ever heard? If you think someone's trying to give you the evil eye? #1 is there any? # 893: #2 ah # Well um yes there is it's as uh strange as it may seem to you and to other people that uh uh probably you know they just think it's just old wives' tales. #1 or # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: That it's just superstitions or that it's just uh um a what do you call it um a what d- uh witchcraft Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm. # 893: #2 or # whatever but uh it's true and I really believe in it because I've seen it happen. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: About uh twenty something odd years ago I used to have a neighbor. and uh they had a son. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 and # that son had a very good friend of his Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And this boy's mother was always talking about the the son's friend's little sister Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And "oh she's so cute and you don't know her?" She would ask me and I'd say "no I've never seen her." "Oh she's a very pretty little girl" she was must the kid must have been about three years old I guess Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: So one day I was over at her house and uh another sister came and and was dragging the little girl to had the little girl by the hand. And then this lady told me "This is little the little girl I was telling you about." And I turned around and looked at her and she just didn't uh inspire any attraction to me or #1 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #2 anything # 893: you know cause she was kind of homely looking. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: All I I just looked at her you know and I thought to myself "Well my goodness she's made such an awful big thing about #1 this # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: little girl I said she's not even pretty. And that was all. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: So they went home and around midnight this boy's sister Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 came # knocking on my door and said that the little girl was very sick. and I said is she she wanted me to go over to her house. And I said well what for? She said "because you gave the little girl the evil eye" And I said why I wasn't even attracted to the to the little girl I said Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 uh # I didn't even like her cause she's so homely. and uh she said well just just to be on the safe side uh Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 don't # be mean let's go. and uh Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh See what what can be done for the little girl. And the mother said ever since she had gone back from that house that the little girl started uh with a high temperature and #1 She started # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: uh to get sleepy and she started throwing up and uh and uh she wouldn't eat, she couldn't eat, {NS} and she had a high fever and and she was uh sleeping you know but she was restless at the time at the same time and uh the lady said well go ahead and and touch her. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: So I did you know I went and touched her all over and uh and you won't believe this but before I left the little girl was well. {NW} Interviewer: There was there was nothing they could have done though besides getting you to come #1 touch her? # 893: #2 ah yes # uh There's uh if you take um an egg Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And you start uh rubbing that that person with that egg and uh Interviewer: #1 You don't crack it? # 893: #2 The egg # No. No just a whole as it is. And you start uh in a in a in a cross sign #1 see? # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: And you start uh praying the creed uh or Father's creed? or the Interviewer: How does that go? 893: uh I believe in the holy I #1 believe in the # Interviewer: #2 oh # 893: in the holy lent uh what? Interviewer: #1 I believe in god # 893: #2 I believe in god the holy spirit and # Interviewer: #1 yeah # 893: #2 and yeah # Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Well that's a creed you know # and you start Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh rubbing the the the person with a Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: With an egg and the and the cross you know making crosses and and Interviewer: #1 On the head? # 893: #2 And uh # On the head everywhere all over Interviewer: uh huh.. 893: All over. and uh praying the the the creed you know. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: until you've uh gone through all of her body #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 You know # 893: Her face and everything or #1 his face # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm # 893: whatever. And then you crack the the the egg in a glass bowl of water or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: half full of water and there were times when uh that in the egg yolk you #1 could see an eye. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: In the egg yolk. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: It's rather funny and rather uh unbelievable but uh but true like #1 Ripley's # Interviewer: #2 uh huh. # 893: {NW} Interviewer: Well how how do you um how long how long 893: #1 Does it take? # Interviewer: #2 does it take a person? # 893: to to feel the symptoms? Interviewer: uh huh. 893: Almost right away. #1 Like this # Interviewer: #2 If someone's giving you the evil eye # 893: #1 yes # Interviewer: #2 is that # 893: well you would start feeling you know uh depressed you would start feeling uh running a high fever. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh with an upset stomach and uh aching all over like as if you had the flu or something. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. When you after you've got the egg egg yolk in the in the water 893: in the water mm-hmm Interviewer: How then what do you do? #1 How long do you watch it? # 893: #2 you uh # If a person well usually the person uh who's who has or has had the evil eye goes to sleep right after that person is rubbed with that egg. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: It goes to sleep and then you place that um that egg or that glass rather with the egg in it under her bed. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Uh Right directly uh under the head and you just leave it there overnight. The following day is throw it out. drain I mean flush it out or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Whatever. Interviewer: Does that work? 893: Yes. Yes. Mm-hmm. It's about the besides having the person {NS} touch the the the ill person Interviewer: #1 Uh huh. # 893: #2 That's about the only thing # Interviewer: #1 That's the second method. # 893: #2 mm-hmm. # Interviewer: {NS} Are there any other customs like that? #1 Mexican customs # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: that that people still believe in here? 893: No No like I say uh um it's uh like I say that most {NS} people don't even Come in Yes ma'am. {NS} {NW} {NS} It's on. You want to sing? {NS} {NW} {NS} Think about it. Interviewer: {NW} {NS} um {NS} {NS} 893: It's come apart. {NS} {NS} {X} Interviewer: {NW} {NS} {NS} um What different kinds of roads are there around here? 893: Well there's uh few farm roads and uh dirt roads {NS} and highways and {NS} and uh expressway. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And that's about all. Interviewer: What about roads that aren't paved roads? 893: {NS} Dirt roads. Interviewer: uh huh. What if they're they put some 893: gravel? Interviewer: uh huh. Say a a white paved road would you call that a 893: White? Interviewer: uh huh. 893: White paved road? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. the hard paved road that you know the white surface with 893: oh um asphalt? or uh uh I {NS} I can't think of anything. Interviewer: You ever talk about concrete roads or cement roads? 893: Concrete uh huh. Yes. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And 893: thank you. Interviewer: A little road that turns off the main road 893: uh that's a a a a {NS} What's it called inters- interstate? Or uh Interviewer: #1 But just a little # 893: #2 Or a farm # farm road or a Interviewer: What about a road that has trees or a fence on both sides of it? 893: A road that has trees or fence a private a private road? Interviewer: Do you ever use the word lane? 893: Yes uh huh. Interviewer: What is a lane? 893: A lane or a boulevard Interviewer: #1 uh huh # 893: #2 is a # is a a street {NS} wider than the other street. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. It doesn't have to have trees or #1 anything on it # 893: #2 No # uh uh. Just a it's wider than a than the regular {NS} regular streets they're called lanes or boulevards. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about a road that leads up to a person's house? 893: {NS} That's a driveway. Interviewer: Huh? 893: A driveway? Interviewer: Uh huh. And something along the side of the street for people to walk on. 893: A sidewalk. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Any old fashioned names it's called? 893: No I don't think so. Interviewer: Is it 893: Almost five. My goodness ten minutes to five. We have to start closing. Interviewer: #1 um what about the # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: thing the strip of grass between the grass and the street? {NS} 893: um Interviewer: Did you ever hear a name for that? 893: I don't know I may have. #1 I may have # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: but I'm not sure. Interviewer: Okay. 893: {NW} But the politics? Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: No I don't. Interviewer: Cause it's something 893: That's something I I don't know anything about. {NW} Interviewer: I'm {D: word?} a lot of bumper stickers #1 on cars # 893: #2 mm-hmm # Interviewer: #1 and everything like that. # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Have you interviewed many people? Interviewer: I'm talking to you know {NS} 893: uh no I've heard of him. #1 what happened to him # Interviewer: #2 Well I'm talking to him # 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: then then you 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # I'm with two people so far. um Say you were walking along a a road and an animal jumped out and scared you. You'd say I I picked up a 893: A rock Interviewer: And I 893: threw it at him. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Threw it at him. Interviewer: {NS} Anything else to say besides you threw it at him? 893: {NS} Hurled. Interviewer: Mmkay. What about chunked or flung or pitched? 893: Flung. Or pitched. Interviewer: uh huh. 893: But not chunked I hadn't heard that word. Interviewer: #1 uh huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: And say you went to someone's house and knocked on the door and nobody answered. You say well I guess he's not 893: Home. Interviewer: Mmkay. And Someone's walking in your direction. You say they're coming straight 893: At me. Interviewer: or They're walking straight what me? 893: Straight at me or straight uh towards me Interviewer: Mmkay. And if you went into town and happened to see someone that you hadn't counted on seeing You'd say this morning I just happened to run 893: into Interviewer: Mmkay. And a child's given the same name that her mother has you'd say they named the child 893: It's identical or the same. Interviewer: uh huh. But the child was named 893: After the mother. Interviewer: Mmkay. And something that people drink for breakfast. 893: Milk. Coffee. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Tea. # Interviewer: And if you wanted some coffee and there wasn't any ready you'd say I have to go 893: And make some coffee. Interviewer: Mmkay. And talk about putting milk in your coffee. You'd say some people like it 893: Black. Interviewer: Mmkay. And other people like coffee 893: With cream. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Or coffee # with milk. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Any other names for # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 black coffee? # 893: For black coffee? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Not that I know of. Interviewer: Did you ever hear the expression drinking coffee barefooted? 893: No. {NW} No I haven't. Interviewer: #1 Uh huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: And you say if you don't put um milk in your coffee You say you don't drink your coffee with milk you drink it 893: uh black. Interviewer: Or what milk? You don't drink it with milk you drink it 893: Black or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: That's all or uh well if it doesn't uh if I don't take any milk in my coffee I have to drink my coffee uh black. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: or use a substitute powdered milk Interviewer: Mmkay. And You tell a child um you can eat what's put before you. or you can do 893: without. Interviewer: and something that's um say if you were real thirsty you'd go to the sink and pour yourself a 893: glass a drink. Interviewer: #1 yeah # 893: #2 Or a glass full of water. # Interviewer: uh huh. and you said the glass fell off the sink and 893: broke. Interviewer: but somebody has 893: broken Interviewer: okay. But I didn't mean to 893: break it. {NW} Interviewer: And if you were real thirsty you'd say I what 893: Drank. Interviewer: Huh? 893: Drank. Interviewer: Mmkay. And you'd say how much have you 893: Drank. Interviewer: And we certainly do 893: Drink. Interviewer: and Say I'm talking about how how far away something is you'd say well I don't know exactly how far away it is but it's just a 893: quite a distance? Interviewer: Or it's just a a little 893: um a little uh well how should I word it? A little distance. or not too far. Interviewer: Or you just maybe it's just a little #1 what up the road? # 893: #2 a little way. # Interviewer: Mmkay. And if you've been traveling and still haven't got five hundred miles to go you say he still had a 893: I still had a a long stretch or a Interviewer: Mmkay. 893: uh a certain number of miles Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Do you ever say you have a far piece to go? Do you ever say it that way? 893: {NW} Far piece? Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: No I wouldn't I I wouldn't say piece I'd have I'd say I'd say quite a distance or I'd say it was still or far away from our destination Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or uh it's uh it's still quite far to where we're going. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And something that was very common and you didn't have to look for it in a special place you say oh you can find that just about 893: Anywhere. Interviewer: And If someone slips and fell this way he fell over 893: Backwards. Interviewer: And this way 893: forward. Interviewer: And Say if you had been fishing and I asked you did you catch any fish you might say no but one no 893: No I didn't? Interviewer: uh huh. Do you ever say Nary one? 893: Nearly one? Interviewer: Nary one. 893: Nary a one? No uh uh Interviewer: #1 You ever hear of that? # 893: #2 No # Yes I've heard it but I never use that word. Interviewer: Who would say that? 893: I don't know uh Some people from uh The Ozarks I guess. #1 um # Interviewer: #2 uh huh # 893: I don't know who who I think that's where I heard it. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Now that I Now that I remember that they used to say unbeknownst and we-ins and you-ins {NW} Interviewer: You don't hear that around here. 893: uh no uh uh I thought it was so funny and it still tickles me when I think about it cause my daughter the one who lives in Dallas Well those people I don't know when I heard about Dallas you know I I uh Well I've always heard that it's such a big place you know and a really beautiful city and whatever. And I never thought that I'd get to uh to see people or or hear people with uh using those expressions weins and youins and Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 (NW) # Interviewer: What if What do you say if you're taking to a whole group of people? #1 You would # 893: #2 I'm talking to them. # Interviewer: Uh huh. Well if you're say um Say if you're fixing to leave your house you say Well I hope 893: You Interviewer: uh huh Would you ever say You all or y'all? 893: No I say all of you #1 I don't say you all. # Interviewer: #2 uh huh. # 893: I say all of you. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: But uh I I've heard yes that's that's uh very common here. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 in {D: Morido} that you all # Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But I never use it myself. I always say all of you. Interviewer: Uh huh. What if you're there there's a group of people at your house and you're asking them them about everybody's coaching them. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: You'd say where are 893: Your coats? Interviewer: uh huh. Would you ever say you all's coats? or 893: No. Interviewer: #1 any # 893: #2 Where are your coats # Interviewer: #1 uh huh # 893: #2 or uh # You can put your coats over here or all of you can use this place for your coats. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: {NS} And if you got rid of all the brush and trees on your land you say you 893: Cleaned it. Interviewer: And when you're plowing um the trench that the plow cuts that's called a 893: No I wouldn't know. Interviewer: #1 You ever hear # 893: #2 I don't know anything about farming # {NW} Interviewer: you ever hear or furrow? or fur 893: furrow? Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: F-U-R-R-O-W ? Interviewer: uh huh. 893: Yes I've heard of it. Yes uh huh Interviewer: or #1 {X} # 893: #2 A furrow # A furrow is the the little uh uh indentation or whatever that it's made with a plow. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Did You know if you're plowing with two horses 893: {NW} Interviewer: You never never plowed before? Well 893: No I don't know {NW} Interviewer: Anyway did did you ever hear what the horse is being called a lead horse or {D: word} nigh horse, or off horse or anything like that? 893: No uh uh. Interviewer: And when you're in a wagon or when you're plowing or working horses and you what you hold in your hands to guide them with you call that a 893: I wouldn't know. Interviewer: What about when you're riding on one? You What do you hold in your hands? 893: The reins? Interviewer: uh huh. Would you call it reins if it's with a wagon or 893: Yes I think so. Interviewer: uh huh. And you put your feet in the 893: In the stirrup. Interviewer: okay. And Before you can hitch a horse to a buggy or wagon what do you have to do to them? When you put all the #1 What do you call the thing you # 893: #2 the the # Interviewer: you put on it? 893: The bridle? Or uh the Interviewer: Do you ever hear 893: #1 the # Interviewer: #2 a # 893: #1 a what? # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Do you ever hear people you're gonna say uh gear them up or harness them 893: Harness yes. But not gear. Interviewer: #1 uh huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: and wheat is tied up into a 893: Wheat is tied up into a I don't know into a a bane or a stack or a {NW} Interviewer: Mmkay. And talk about how much wheat you got from the neighbor You say we raised forty what wheat today? Forty 893: forty bushels? Forty... Interviewer: Mmkay. And Say there was something that we had to do today just the two of us. You could say we'll have to do it. Or instead of saying we You could say 893: We will or we'll Interviewer: Or if you don't use the word we. You could say 893: Both of us Interviewer: uh huh. Would you ever say uh me and you or you and I? 893: You and I. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What if you were talking about some man and yourself? 893: He and I. Interviewer: Mmkay. And If you knock at the door and somebody asks who's there and they recognize your voice You might answer it's 893: It's me. Interviewer: Mmkay. And if it was a man at the door. You say it's 893: Him. Interviewer: Mmkay. And if it's a woman? 893: It's she. Interviewer: And it's two people? 893: It's them. Interviewer: Mmkay. And talk about how tall you are. You say he's not as tall as 893: I am Interviewer: Or I'm not as tall 893: As he is. Interviewer: And he can do that better than 893: Than I Interviewer: And Say someone has been running for two miles and they had to stop you'd say Two miles is what he could go two miles is 893: As far as he could go? Or Interviewer: Mmkay. Do you ever say the farthest or all the farther he could go or 893: The farthest Interviewer: #1 huh? # 893: #2 The farthest? # Interviewer: Mmkay. 893: Farthest. Interviewer: #1 You hear that word much? # 893: #2 Yes. # Interviewer: Or does it sound sort of funny? 893: no it doesn't sound funny I mean it's proper. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Farthest farther Interviewer: uh huh. 893: Far. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And say something belongs to me you'd say it's 893: It's hers. Interviewer: Or if you're talking to me you'd ask me 893: It's yours. Interviewer: Mmkay. If it belongs to both of us it's 893: ours. Interviewer: And to them? 893: It's theirs. Interviewer: And to him? 893: It's his. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Did you hear # In Ozark did you hear people say hisum? 893: Hisum yeah. {NW} Interviewer: #1 No hisum or theirsum here. # 893: #2 {NW} No uh uh. # Like when they refer to washing something I haven't washed and I haven't {D: rinsed} Interviewer: Uh huh. uh huh. 893: And it sounds so funny to me Interviewer: {NW} 893: And my daughter says that {NS} When first she got married and she went to to live there in Dallas and she started talking to her in-laws and they thought that uh she speaks funny. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: And we think that they're the ones #1 who speak funny. # Interviewer: #2 uh huh {NW}. # That's a a big difference. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Uh Say there'd been a party that you hadn't been able to go to and later on you were asking about the people that had gone you ask someone 893: uh who was there. Interviewer: uh huh. Do you ever say who all was there? 893: No. uh uh. Interviewer: Have you heard that around here? 893: Yes I have. But uh I I don't use that Interviewer: uh huh 893: That word. I say I would I would ask who was there or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Who attended or who was able to go Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But not who all was there. {NW} Interviewer: Uh huh. Uh Say there was a group of children that obviously belonged to more than one family You'd ask about them children are they? You say 893: Who's children are they? Interviewer: #1 uh huh # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: But what about who all's children are they? 893: No uh uh. Interviewer: That tells {X}? 893: Uh huh yes it does. Interviewer: And say if you were asking about all of the speakers of arts You know everything he said You'd ask him one did he say? 893: Did he say uh Interviewer: if if you haven't been able to hear the speech 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: You'd ask him with well 893: What did he say? Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: How about what all did he say? 893: No. Uh uh. {NW} Interviewer: And If no one else will look out for them You say they've got to look out for 893: Themselves. Interviewer: And no one else will do it for him He better do it 893: Himself. Interviewer: And You say this morning at seven o clock I what breakfast? 893: Ate. Interviewer: And yesterday 893: Or I had breakfast. Interviewer: Yesterday that I had #1 I # 893: #2 I had # breakfast. Interviewer: I already 893: eaten. Interviewer: Mmkay. And tomorrow I will 893: Eat. Interviewer: And um The two parts inside parts of the egg are the 893: uh yolk and the um white. Interviewer: Uh huh. What color is the yolk? 893: Yellow. Interviewer: Mmkay. And to cook them in hot water you call them 893: Well either a soft boiled or hard boiled. Or well you mean uh cook them in in the water that's poached a poached egg. uh huh. Interviewer: And Say I'm you could take um milk or cream and mix that with sugar or nutmeg and make a sort of sweet liquid that you could pour over pudding you'd call that a 893: A sauce? Interviewer: Mmkay. And Something kind of like a a fruit pie that has several layers of fruit and dough in it. You'd call that a 893: Cobbler? Interviewer: Mmkay. Did you ever hear of a a family pie or a sack pie? 893: no. Uh uh. Interviewer: And the first thing you have to do after milking is to get the impurity out you have to 893: boil? Interviewer: Or you you run the pour the milk through a sort of a 893: uh colander or a sieve Interviewer: uh huh. 893: or a Interviewer: #1 and # 893: #2 a # Interviewer: to to do what to it? 893: To uh Interviewer: Say if you took it in a some people take something like even a flour sack 893: #1 yeah a cheesecloth or something # Interviewer: #2 and pour it through there # 893: uh huh. Interviewer: And they what do they say they're doing? 893: I don't know. {NW} They're uh I don't know I can't think of it. Interviewer: Mmkay. And milk that you you let sit in and get thick 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: You call that 893: Buttermilk. Interviewer: #1 well # 893: #2 or # Interviewer: if it's been churning it's buttermilk. 893: uh huh. Interviewer: What if it hasn't been churning? 893: Sour milk? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Do you ever hear of um {X} or curdled milk or 893: Curdled yes uh huh. Interviewer: You've heard of curdled? 893: Curdled uh huh. Interviewer: What about {X}? #1 You ever hear? # 893: #2 No, uh uh. # Interviewer: Is there anything you can make out of curdled milk? 893: Yes, biscuits. And uh buttermilk and you can use sour milk for breads. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: and for cookies. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Some # Recipes call for sour milk for cookies and there are several #1 things that # Interviewer: #2 uh huh. # 893: can be uh made with with sour milk or or buttermilk. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I guess cheesecake is one of them. #1 I'm not sure # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: but {NW} I guess. Interviewer: Have you ever heard of a kind of cheese made from it? 893: Yes. uh huh. Interviewer: What kind of cheese? 893: All kinds of cheese I think are made out Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm. # 893: #2 of # out of milk or sour milk. #1 in fact # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: I like the cheese they make across the river. Interviewer: What cheese is that? 893: That's well I don't know what they call it it's it's a round uh it's they just call it. Interviewer: #1 that # 893: #2 cheese # Interviewer: That round white? 893: #1 Yeah uh huh. # Interviewer: #2 I've seen that. # 893: Yes it's very good. Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 {X} # Interviewer: The Spanish name for that? 893: Queso. Interviewer: Queso? 893: Q-U-E-S-O. Interviewer: uh huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What do they 893: I don't know the procedure but I know it's made out out of sour milk. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: And it's some of it is uh pressed until all of the of the water is taken out. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And it it it tastes very good. And others I don't know how how they uh make it but there's this kind of cheese that it just crumbles. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And then there's this other kind of cheese that when you uh when you cook it we used to do that at home a lot my grandmother used to Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Used to cook that kind of cheese that kind of uh threads. Interviewer: mm-hmm. 893: See it doesn't it doesn't crumble and it doesn't melt it just it just threads. And it's so good. Interviewer: That's a #1 Spanish # 893: #2 in Spanish, yes. # uh huh. It's called what? Asadera. Asadera. A-S-A-D-E-R-A. Interviewer: That a kind of that threads? 893: That threads, uh huh. But it tastes real good. My grandmother used to chop up uh onion and tomato Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And fry it in uh real hot uh real hot either oil or lard or whatever. And then she'd add a little milk or a little water or both and then put that that cheese there until it started bubbling until it started threading oh, it was #1 delicious. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: {NW} Interviewer: {X} {X} Does it taste uh similar to the 893: #1 to this cheese yes. # Interviewer: #2 to the round cheese? # 893: uh huh. Only the round cheese crumbles like I said it crumbles Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. It doesn't thread. # 893: #2 and the and the other one doesn't. # Mm-hmm. They use that white cheese mostly for enchiladas. Interviewer: Oh. 893: {NW} But I like my enchiladas with American cheese. {NW} Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 In fact I like # I like them with pimento cheese better than than American cheese. Interviewer: Pimento cheese? 893: Uh huh. Interviewer: I've never 893: {NW} Interviewer: Never heard of doing that. 893: Yes I I've Well I mean I uh I made that up. #1 You see # Interviewer: #2 uh huh # 893: my grandmother always used to to like to use that Mexican cheese. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But then uh you would have to well here you very seldom find Mexican cheese. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: So I thought it one time I'd try it with uh pimento. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And I loved them. Interviewer: {NW} 893: And I'd try I tried them with American cheese and they don't taste as good as they do with pimento. Interviewer: {NW} that's Never heard of doing that before. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Um Say someone has a good appetite you'd say he sure likes to put away his 893: Food. Interviewer: And food taken between regular meals would be called a 893: snack. Interviewer: And say dinner was on the table {NS} and the {X} was standing around the table. You'd tell him to 893: Sit down? Interviewer: Mmkay. So you say so then he 893: He sat. Interviewer: And um no one was standing because everybody had 893: Had sat. Interviewer: And if you were filling up to wait until the potatoes were passed over to him you'd tell him just go ahead and 893: start eating. Interviewer: or go ahead and what? If you you You tell someone you know don't don't wait until they're passed to you. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Everybody just go ahead and you say take some or help yourself 893: #1 Yeah help yourself. # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Mmkay. So then he went ahead and 893: helped himself. Interviewer: And I ask him to pass me the beans since he had already 893: Helped himself. Interviewer: Do you ever hear people say hoped? He hope himself? 893: No {NW} No I I heard I've heard people say it was uh ke- ket. Instead of kept. Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Ket ket Interviewer: #1 yeah # 893: #2 or something like that. # Interviewer: #1 Kep # 893: #2 Kep # Interviewer: #1 yeah # 893: #2 uh huh # kep they don't sound the T. Interviewer: {NW} 893: Say they kep #1 like kep it # Interviewer: #2 uh huh. # 893: Yeah. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: {NW} um If you decide not to accept something someone offers you something that you don't want you say no thank you I don't 893: Like it. Or I don't care for it. Interviewer: {NS} And food's been cooked and served a second time you say that it's been 893: It has uh been uh reheated. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And you put them in your mouth and then you begin to 893: Chew. Interviewer: And say he couldn't eat that piece of meat because it got stuck in his throat and he couldn't 893: swallow. Interviewer: He could chew it but he couldn't 893: swallow? Interviewer: Mmkay. And something um peas and beets and carrots and so forth that you grow yourself you call those 893: Vegetables. Interviewer: Mmkay. And a place where you grow them. 893: A vegetable garden. Interviewer: Any special name for the vegetables that you're growing yourself or? 893: I don't grow them vegetables. Interviewer: Mmkay. And this is something uh it's it's a starch it's it's white it's made from a grain it grows in in wet places I don't know if it grows around here or not. But people in China and Japan eat it a lot. 893: Rice? Interviewer: Uh huh. Does that grow around here? 893: Not that I know of. Interviewer: I guess Louisiana 893: No I don't I don't I've never known. Mm-mm. Interviewer: And something that um this is a sort of southern food 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 um # it's made from ground up corn a lot of times um You eat it for breakfast along with 893: Oh uh uh mash or uh grits? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about something that's um made out of corn but it's not ground up? It's just the whole kernels. 893: #1 it's # Interviewer: #2 just # 893: a veg- corn or uh yeah that's about. Interviewer: But do you ever hear hominy or lye corn 893: Oh yes hominy uh huh yes. Interviewer: What's the difference between hominy and grits? 893: Well grits is uh the corn when it's uh when it's dry and it's ground coarse. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And hominy well I've only seen it in cans {NW} but hominy is uh more like uh it expands it uh Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: It's a it's a bigger or it's a bigger kernel I don't know. Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 And it's white. # Interviewer: Uh huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What about mush? How do you make mush? 893: You boil the corn meal till it's kind of uh well I wouldn't say it's likely hard but uh uh hard enough so it can be sliced Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And then it's fried I guess and then it's it uh uh uh it's poured uh either molasses or syrup it's poured over over it. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Anything else you make out of cornmeal like that? 893: Corn meal cornbread? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What else? 893: Um Well I I uh cover pieces of fish on uh with cornmeal and fry it. Interviewer: You ever hear of cush cush or? #1 {X}? # 893: #2 No uh uh. # Interviewer: It's something like mush. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Um what about foreign dodger? You ever heard of that? 893: No I haven't. Interviewer: And talk about how much flour might be in a sack you might say a a sack might have five 893: pounds. Interviewer: And say there's two kinds of bread there's homemade bread and then there's 893: baker bread. Interviewer: Mmkay. What different kinds of {X}? 893: Bread that has flour. Interviewer: Are there 893: Oh you can make pies cakes uh bread uh uh French bread uh doughnuts Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Cookies. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: All kinds of uh of bread can be made out of flour. Interviewer: Do you ever use the expression white bread or #1 rye bread? # 893: #2 Yes # white bread rye bread #1 lye bread. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # What's the difference? Between white bread and lye bread? 893: Well white bread is just uh made out of enriched flour I guess. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NS} I don't know but light bread I I've heard and I've eaten uh uh rye bread and uh and uh raisin bread Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And white bread. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh wheat bread. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But not I I don't know what light bread but. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: If it's any different from from the white bread. Interviewer: {X} I think it's #1 # 893: #2 it's the same # Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Um What do you put in bread to make it rise? 893: Yeast. Interviewer: And Any other name for doughnuts? 893: Uh {NS} Yes I've heard of a name of another name for doughnuts but but uh Interviewer: {D: Do you ever hear of cruller?} 893: {D: Cruller?} Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: C-R-O- double L R-E-S. uh-huh. But very seldom. It's very seldom #1 that I've heard that. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # #1 Did you hear it around here? # 893: #2 {NW} # No uh uh. I don't remember I don't remember whether I've I've heard that or I've I've seen it written. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} Either one. {NW} Interviewer: Um You know when you um kill a hog what different kinds of of meat do you get from the hog? 893: Well you get bacon. pork chops fried pork rinds Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And Interviewer: That's the skin? #1 The rind? # 893: #2 Mm-hmm yes. # uh-huh. Pork skins, rather. Alright well they call it rinds #1 and skin. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: And uh pork roast Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh the hog heads Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: They're used to They're used for tamales during the especially during Christmas season. Interviewer: #1 They're used for what? # 893: #2 In # tamales? Have you ever eaten tamales? Interviewer: I don't think so. 893: No? They're very good. They're made with uh this dough that the corn tortillas are made out of Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: And you use the the corn husks Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: They have to be put in water to be softened. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And then the dough is fixed with um with a lot of lard Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh you cook your uh your pork with several spices and chili powder or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I use chili powder the the easy way other people mostly in Mexico they take these long red chilies Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 and # boil them or and then vein them and I don't know what other procedure they #1 process # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: They go through and and then they're uh uh ground Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 and then # they're added to the it's added to the to the meat. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But I just take the the chili powder out of the bottle and just #1 pour it # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: it's a whole lot easier. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # You take the this the corn husks that 893: #1 and the and then you yes # Interviewer: #2 make {X} with the corn? # 893: And then you um see you take that corn husk and uh spread the dough on the corn husk. #1 And then # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: put the meat in the middle and roll it up. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And put it in a in a pot into a with very little water mostly it's steamed Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: See and the they sell uh tamales in cans. it's about the same thing of course they don't taste as good as homemade. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # What else can you make from the hog's head? 893: No that's all I know. Interviewer: You ever heard of hog head cheese or sauce? 893: Oh yes uh-huh. Hog head cheese is very good too uh-huh. Interviewer: Do they make that around here? 893: No Well they sell it here I don't know whether it's made here or not {X} they sell it in mark- in the meat markets. Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: What about something out of the liver of the hog? What can you make with that? 893: I wouldn't know. Interviewer: You ever heard of liver sausage or liver pudding or white pudding? 893: No. Mm-mm. Interviewer: What about the blood? 893: Out of a hog? #1 Out of hogs? # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: I wouldn't know. I've we Mexicans eat {D: the cabrito} blood that's young young goat Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But I haven't I don't know what uh what the hog's blood would be good for. Interviewer: Uh-huh. {NW} How do you eat the the goat's blood? 893: Well uh The way I used to fix them {D: when cabritos were not as expensive as they are now} uh I would take the say the heart and the kidneys and the uh well I don't know what else. uh the the liver. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And chop it up real good and fry it and add some uh {D: oedenano and} pepper and salt and {C: Spanish: cominos} and grind that up real good and add it to the to that to those things that I #1 had chopped up # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: And then the the blood is mashed real good until it's almost all liquid. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And then just pour it over the that meat and just let it boil for a while. And it's very good. Interviewer: Mm. What do you mean it's mashed 'til it's liquid? 893: Well yeah because when you uh when you uh get it you know it it's coagulated or it's #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 oh I see # 893: See? It's in a big like a big clot. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: And you have to mash that to to Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: separate it or to make it almost #1 liquid. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: {NW} Interviewer: What what's that called once you cook it? 893: uh {C: Spanish: fritada.} {C: Spanish: Fritada.} Interviewer: {C: Spanish: Fritada.} 893: Uh-huh. F-R-I-T-A-D-A. Interviewer: Huh. Anything else you do you always use goat meat for that? 893: Yes. Uh-huh. Interviewer: You ever heard of scrapple or pon haus? Something out of the hog? 893: #1 No. Mm-mm. # Interviewer: #2 Made with the hog meat? # And something that um kind of the the fat pork you can use for boiling with greens. the 893: Salt pork. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer: Any other names for salt pork? 893: No I don't think so. Interviewer: I don't guess that's used in cooking around here much. 893: No I use it for beans. #1 When beans not # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: as high as they are now. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: Now it seems that beans is a luxury. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # Um when you cut the side of a hog What do you call that section of meat? 893: The side. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Do you ever hear side of bacon or middling of bacon? 893: {NW} No I don't think I have. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} Interviewer: What inside parts of the hog do you eat? 893: None. That I know of. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # What about something that um people can have for breakfast instead of bacon? It comes in links. you know. 893: Oh sausage? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Pork sausage. #1 Yeah. # Interviewer: #2 What is the # Sausage stuff in? 893: Well uh it's stuffed in um well here in the United States it looks like it's like oh what would you call that something like uh plastic Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Small plastic bags or something like #1 that. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: But in Mexico they use the they call it the {C: Spanish: tripas} the {C: Spanish: tripas} an intestine. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: The the and it's just like a very thin skin. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And it's it's stuffed into that. Interviewer: They call it trice? 893: {C: Spanish: Tripa.} Interviewer: #1 Is that the intestines? # 893: #2 {C: Spanish: Tripa.} # I think yeah. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer: Have you ever heard of anything um cooking the intestines and making anything out of it? 893: Yes I I I I in fact I like {C: Spanish: tripas.} #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 Mm. # 893: The I think they are those {C: Spanish: tripas} that we eat are are from a cow. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And they are fried either they are fried or they are put in the oven. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 And they are very good. # Interviewer: You ever heard of chit? 893: of who? Interviewer: Chitlins? 893: No. Uh uh. No I haven't. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Uh 893: {NW} Interviewer: The person who kills and sells meat would be called a 893: Who killed? Interviewer: Who kills and sells meat. #1 He'd be called # 893: #2 butcher? # Interviewer: Huh? 893: A butcher? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And if meat's been kept too long you say it's 893: frozen. Interviewer: Or if it no if it's gone bad you say 893: oh it's spoiled. Interviewer: What about butter that's been kept too long and it didn't taste right? #1 What would you # 893: #2 it's rancid? # Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Or # {NW} Rancid I guess. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm. Interviewer: What about something you make out of flour um you fry three or four of these and eat them with syrup and butter. 893: Uh pancakes? Interviewer: Mm-kay. Any other name for them? 893: Batter cakes we used to call them a long time ago but mostly it's pancakes #1 pancakes # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: about and uh uh I think there's another another name for them but I can't of it. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But usually we call them pancakes. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Say something was cooking and made a good impression on your nostrils {NS} You'd tell somebody just that. Just 893: Just smell? #1 Or # Interviewer: #2 Mm-kay. # 893: uh-huh. Just smell that. Interviewer: And you'd say this is an invitation label so this is 893: Real. Interviewer: But this is gen... 893: Genuine. Interviewer: And when chicken was sold um not in in packages but when it was sold um out of the barrel you'd say it was sold 893: By the pound. Interviewer: uh-huh. Do you ever hear the expression sold loose or sold in bulk or in bulk? 893: In bulk yes. #1 But not loose. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # And a sweet spread you can put on toast in the morning. Be jam or 893: Jelly. Interviewer: And what do you season your food with? 893: Salt or spices. Interviewer: Or something black 893: uh {NW} pepper? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And if there was a bowl of apples and a child wanted one. It'd tell you 893: Give me an apple. Interviewer: And you'd say one's of these boys that did that it must have been one of 893: The others. #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-kay. # Do you ever say one of them boys? 893: No. {NW} Interviewer: #1 Does that sound funny? # 893: #2 {NW} # That sounds funny yeah one of them boys that's that's hillbilly talk. Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # No I would say it it wasn't it wasn't any of these boys it was that other boy or some of the other boys. #1 Some of that other gang # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: or some of that other uh crowd. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And 893: That's what I meant now that I that I say crowd that's what I meant about Mexico City being like Chicago that it's too crowded. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: That's what I try to tell you #1 and I couldn't think of # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: the right word. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # #1 Uh # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: You say he hasn't lived here he lives 893: over there. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What about yonder? You say that? 893: Over yonder? Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh. # 893: #2 I've heard that # yes but uh I never use that that word. Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: And you tell someone don't do it that way do it 893: This way. Interviewer: And if you don't have any money at all you're not rich you're 893: poor. Interviewer: And say if you have a lot of peach trees you say you have a peach 893: Orchard. Interviewer: And say you ask someone if that's his orchard. You'd say no I'm just a neighbor. And he points to someone else and says he's the man 893: That owns it. or who owns it. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And you say When I was a child my father was poor but next was a child 893: Who was rich. Interviewer: We're talking about the father being rich. Next door was a child father was rich. 893: Whose father was rich. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And the kind of animal that barks. 893: Dog? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And if you wanted your dog to attack another dog what would you tell him? 893: Sic 'em? Interviewer: Mm-kay. What different um What would you call a a mixed breed dog? But you didn't know what kind #1 he was. # 893: #2 Mixed breed? # Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Just a a common dog or a cur? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or an I guess. #1 yeah. # Interviewer: #2 Is a cur # any special size or #1 just long hair or short hair? # 893: #2 I don't think so. # I don't think so I Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I think they all look the same. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # #1 What about a a # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Just a worthless dog? You'd call him a 893: {NS} I don't know. {NS} Interviewer: Or say a real small noisy dog. 893: Real small noisy? Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # #1 Chihuahuas like mine # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 they make such an awful racket. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Do you ever # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 hear calling a dog # about that size calling him a feist? 893: No. #1 Mm-mm. # Interviewer: #2 What about a # {D: kaiyootle?} You ever heard that? 893: Mm-mm. Interviewer: And if you had a mean dog you'd tell someone you better be careful that dog'll 893: Attack you. Interviewer: Or #1 he bites # 893: #2 bite you. # Interviewer: Mm-kay. Yesterday he 893: bit. Interviewer: And the man had to go to the doctor after he got 893: bitten. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Would you ever say he got dog bit? 893: No. I don't I don't think I would use that expression dog bit. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: He was bitten by a dog. {NS} Or he he had to be uh treated for a dog bite. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: but not dog bit. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: And kind of animals that you plow with. 893: Mules or horses. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Two of those hitched together would be a 893: a team. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And the animal that you milk 893: Cow. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And the little one is 893: Cow a goat. Interviewer: Well 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 the little cow is called a # 893: a calf. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And if it's a female it's a 893: heifer. Interviewer: And if it's a male? 893: A calf? Or no? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. A male calf. 893: Male calf? Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: I don't know. I Interviewer: What do you call the the grown male cow? 893: A bull? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Is that where like to use? 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Are there any other names for bull? 893: Not that I know of. Interviewer: And if you have a cow who's expecting a calf you say she was going to 893: give birth? #1 I guess. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-kay. # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Do you ever say # tough fresh or find a calf or 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 drop a calf? # 893: No. {NW} Interviewer: And you say everyone around here likes to what horses? Likes to 893: ride horses? Interviewer: Yesterday he 893: rode Interviewer: And I have never 893: ridden. Interviewer: And you couldn't stay on you say you fell 893: off the horse. Interviewer: And say a child was asleep in bed and woke up and found themselves on the floor in the morning. You'd say I guess I must of 893: fallen. Interviewer: Fallen 893: off the bed. Interviewer: And the thing you put on the horses's feet are called 893: oh yes. Uh yes yes horseshoe. Interviewer: What part of the a horse's feet do you put them on? 893: on the hoof. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And all the horse has four 893: four legs. Interviewer: They're four the 893: four hooves. Interviewer: And a game you play with horseshoes. Did did you ever see that? 893: Uh Yes uh horseshoe pitching or pitching horse shoes Interviewer: Did you ever see it played with rings instead of horseshoes? 893: Yes. Uh-huh. Interviewer: What was it called then? 893: Um ay yai yai. {NS} um No I can't think of it. Uh-uh. But I know what you mean. #1 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: And I've seen it played but I can't think of the word. Interviewer: Was it called It wasn't called horseshoes? Do you ever hear {D: word} points or kites or 893: No uh-uh. #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 And # 893: ring tossing or Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Something like that. Interviewer: The female horse is called the 893: A female horse is uh I no I There I guess I become nervous I don't know I can't or or I I'm not too alert. But {NW} Some of the words I know like #1 yesterday # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: when I tried so hard to to tell you that it was crowded #1 And I could never # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: think of it. {NW} A day later {NW} that Interviewer: Does it make you uncomfortable to have us speak just English? 893: No it does not make me uncomfortable it makes me feel uh silly as if I'm very dumb not to not to know the the word when I know it but I can't say it when when I'm supposed to or when I have Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 to. # {NW} Interviewer: Are Do you think of a Spanish word 893: #1 I think of a Spanish word # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: And I try to translate it #1 or # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: vice versa. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: And sometimes like I told you before that I get all tangled up #1 I can't # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: say it either in Spanish or or English. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: {NW} {NW} Interviewer: Um do you remember what the male horse is called? 893: The male horse Just a horse no? Interviewer: Uh-huh. Did you ever hear of a stallion or stud? 893: Yes a stallion a stud. Uh-huh. Interviewer: Is that the same thing? 893: I think so. Interviewer: Do those words sound nice to you? 893: Yes they do. Interviewer: What about the female? Do you remember? 893: No I don't remember. Uh-uh. Interviewer: And 893: what is the word anyhow? Interviewer: M-A-R-E. 893: A mare that's right. Uh-huh. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What about sheep? The male sheep is the 893: The male sheep I don't know I know the female is a ewe Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: But I don't know about the m uh I don't know about the male. Interviewer: Did did people have sheep in this area? 893: Uh years ago yes uh-huh when it was not so modernized and it was not so uh uh well what uh how should I say that well that the sanitation was not so so strict. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 you know. # uh most people used to have goats and sheep and hogs and chickens #1 and # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: whatever. But nowadays you see them just like for example way out on the outskirts of the city like over here #1 when we # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: We are so far away from from town. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Here they have I saw uh a turkey the other day and I've seen chickens #1 and # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: baby chicks and a rooster and Interviewer: Out where you live or? 893: Over here. Over here next door. Over here this #1 place next door. # Interviewer: #2 Huh. # 893: No not where I live oh no. #1 Yeah I mean nobody # Interviewer: #2 This # 893: Nobody thinks to even thinks about raising chickens or anything #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 You're right in the middle of town. # 893: Yes almost. uh-huh. Yes. I thought about telling you yesterday that if you wanted to see the tailless chihuahua to stop by the house and I would show #1 her to you. # Interviewer: #2 Yeah. # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 I'd like to see her sometime. # 893: {NW} She's real cute. #1 She's so # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: She's so friendly. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: But at the same time when she does not know a person she's she's real well not not what do you call mean because she #1 doesn't # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: bite but she makes an awful lot of noise. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Yeah. # I don't think chihuahuas bite much #1 really. # 893: #2 No I don't think so # Interviewer: #1 they just they just pretend # 893: #2 I never heard # Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 Yeah they just pretend uh-huh. # {NW} Interviewer: Uh What do people raise sheep for? 893: Sheep? For meat and for uh wool #1 and # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: for uh {NW} uh {NS} Their uh their skins make uh uh pretty uh what do you call a rugs #1 or # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And You know call them something when they're first born. You call them 893: {D: muddow pig.} Interviewer: Mm-kay. And this is when they get about half grown. You call them 893: {NS} No I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Do you ever hear {D: word} shoats? What about the male? Is called a {NS} You ever hear of boar hog or male hog or? 893: A boar yes but I've heard of heard that the boar is a wild hog. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh B-O-A-R. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: It doesn't matter whether it's male or female? 893: #1 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 Just that # 893: Just a just a wild hog. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What about a female hog? That's called a 893: A female hog? {NW} You have to tell me. {NW} Interviewer: {D: Did you ever hear of a sow or gew?} 893: A sow yeah uh-huh. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Yeah. Interviewer: {D: What about gew?} #1 Did you ever hear of that? # 893: #2 No. # Uh-uh. Interviewer: And the stiff hairs that a hog has on its back 893: bristles? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about the big teeth? 893: Um uh is it the same as the elephant #1 the tusk? # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # Mm-hmm. And what do you put the food in for the hog? Would be called a 893: A a trough Interviewer: Uh-huh. And if you had three or four of those you'd say you had three or four 893: troughs? Interviewer: And say you had a a pig and you didn't want him to grow up to be a male hog to be used for breeding. What would you say you were gonna do to him? 893: Castrate? Interviewer: Mm-kay. Any other terms for that? 893: Uh Sterilize Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And say if you had some horses and mules and cows and so forth they were getting hungry. You say you had to go feed the what would you call 893: The animals. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What if you're talking about um chickens and turkeys and geese you'd say you had to go feed the 893: the birds. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 or the # fowl. Interviewer: Would you ever use the word cattle or critters or stock? 893: Cattle I would yes. Interviewer: Or 893: Cattle for cows and bulls #1 and # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: calves and Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 I would use # the word cattle. Interviewer: Say if it was if it was time to feed the animals and do your work you'd say that it was Do you ever hear of feeding time or chore time or? 893: {NW} Chore time yes. Interviewer: #1 Water time? # 893: #2 Chore time uh-huh. # Chore time yeah. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And the noise that a calf makes 893: bleats. Interviewer: Mm-kay. 893: bleats. Uh-huh. Interviewer: What about a horse? 893: Neighs. Interviewer: And the other sound a horse makes. The sort of gentle sound. 893: Uh {NS} I don't know I I learned that in first grade. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: It was a long time ago. The horse neighs and the cow the cat meows and the #1 dog barks. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Um # 893: {NW} {NW} Interviewer: What does the cow do? 893: A cow? uh a cow a cow I guess I guess she bleats like a Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Like a calf. Interviewer: and say you wanted to call a cow. to get her to come in out of the pasture. Did you ever hear anybody call a cow? 893: uh With a cow bell. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Yes. Interviewer: Any any other way of doing it? 893: Uh no Interviewer: What about calling a calf? 893: Mm-mm. Interviewer: or Say if you're milking a cow What do you say to her to get her to stand still? So you can milk her? 893: I don't know I've never milked her. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: I've never milked a cow. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # Uh Do you ever hear anyone call a horse? {NS} 893: No unless {NS} I mean when they want to for the horse to start trotting Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm. # 893: #2 that they say # {D: Gittap gittap.} #1 but otherwise # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: I wouldn't know how they they would call him. Interviewer: {NS} What about when they want him to stop? 893: Uh I guess they would just pull on the rein and say stop. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about to back him up? Anything they'd say? 893: No. I No I wouldn't know. Interviewer: And To get him to turn left or right {NS} 893: You you just pull on the rein whichever Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: You You want to him to turn left you would pull on the on the rein on the left side. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. {NS} Do you ever hear of people say gee or haul? 893: No. Interviewer: You ever hear that? 893: Uh-uh. Interviewer: And {NS} Do you ever hear anyone call hogs? 893: uh-uh. Interviewer: What about sheep? 893: No. Interviewer: Chickens? If you're feeding chickens. How do you call them? {NS} 893: I wouldn't know I I've #1 never been # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 around a farm. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # And the inside part of the cherry. 893: Of a cherry? Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: The pit. Interviewer: What about in a peach? 893: The stone. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What do you call that part inside the stone? 893: The almond. Interviewer: uh-huh. And the kind of peach that the the flesh is real tight against the stone. 893: A green peach? Interviewer: Uh-huh. Well there's one kind that just it's hard to 893: to break #1 or open? # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: No I don't know. Interviewer: Do you ever hear or a cling peach or press peach or freestone peach? 893: No. Interviewer: And the part of the apple that you don't eat. 893: the core. Interviewer: And you cut up apples and dry them. You say you're making 893: uh uh dried apples or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Dried fruit. Interviewer: Do you ever hear them called snips? 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: What different kinds of nuts grow around here? 893: In San Antonio not around here. I've never seen any any any grow here but in San Antonio there's a lot of pecan trees. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Almost everywhere you go you find pecan trees. Interviewer: {NW} 893: In fact a few years back my in her own backyard my daughter got me a big about a 25 pound bag full of pecans. Interviewer: To get the the nut out you have to crack the 893: the shell. Interviewer: uh-huh. What other kinds of nuts um would you say buy at the store to use in cooking? 893: Peanuts walnuts #1 almonds # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: {NS} uh these hard Brazil nuts Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Did you ever hear another name for peanuts? 893: Yes. Boogers. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: And {NW} what else? uh I guess that's all. #1 boogers and peanuts. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # Do people say that around here? Boogers? 893: No no not not that I've heard them call them boogers but. I don't know where I got that expression from or Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 that's where # Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 {X} # I guess. Uh-huh. Interviewer: Um You know the walnut when it first comes off a tree it's got a a hard green covering on it 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: You call that the 893: the hull? Interviewer: Mm-kay. Then you take the hull off and then you have to crack the 893: The shell. Interviewer: And kind of fruit that grows in Florida. 893: in Florida? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. People make juice out of it. 893: Pineapple? Interviewer: #1 It's about the size of an apple. # 893: #2 or # {NS} {NS} {NS} about the size of an apple. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And about this color. 893: Orange? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: {NW} Interviewer: Say if you had a bowl of oranges and one day you went in to get one and there weren't any left. You say the oranges are 893: gone. Interviewer: Mm-kay. What different things vegetables could someone raise in a garden around here? {NS} 893: Um peas squash uh tomatoes Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Onions. # {NS} Garlic. uh Maybe corn and string beans Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: pumpkin. Interviewer: This what's the difference between string beans and snap beans or green beans? 893: I think it's about the same. Interviewer: Which terms would you use? What would you 893: String beans or green beans. Interviewer: That's the same thing? 893: uh-huh. Interviewer: What about squash? Are there different kinds of squash? 893: Yes. uh there's a a round squash green and then there's the a yellow squash then there's a green one that has like a a small neck Interviewer: mm-hmm. 893: And then there's another one that's {D: cuccini or} something like that #1 C-U-C-H-I-double N-double N-I. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: and I guess that's about all. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Do these other um squash you mentioned do they have special names or they just all called squash? 893: I call them squash I bet there's another round one that #1 looks like # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: Well it it looks like a like a a something like a cauliflower Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh bud but #1 it's # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: it's covered with a green skin and it has little uh scallops #1 around. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: That's another kind of squash. Interviewer: Does it have a special name? 893: Well it must have but I don't know Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Um You mentioned a the onions um {NS} What do you call those onions that you pull up and you you eat while they're still small? You know? 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Do 893: Yes I know what you mean. uh Green onions or I don't know I I I like to get jars of of sweet mix pickles because they they have some of those little onions #1 and I # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: use that for my for my turkey stuffing #1 during # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: Thanksgiving and and Christmas. But Yes I I I've seen the label on the #1 jars # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: For that kind of onion but I can't remember. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about the kind of tomatoes that don't get any bigger than this? What are they called? 893: I don't know I wouldn't know. Interviewer: And little red thing that grows down in the ground. That would be a 893: Little red thing? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: That grows in the ground? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. You 893: #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 You'd use it in a salad or something. # 893: {NW} Uh pepper or chili pepper or Interviewer: Did you ever hear of a radish or 893: oh radish. Yeah that's right. Interviewer: Huh? 893: Radish yeah. Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh. # 893: #2 Uh-huh. # Interviewer: And Along with your meat you might have a baked 893: potato. Interviewer: What different types of potatoes are there? 893: Well I've seen uh well there there they must have a uh their proper name but I've seen some that have the a very thin skin Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And it's kind of yellowish. And the others the skin is a little bit thicker Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And it's brown. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And I've seen some red uh round potatoes. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And that's about all I've seen. Interviewer: What about potatoes that um that are have reddish or yellowish meat inside? 893: Yes I've seen those uh-huh. Interviewer: Do you ever hear them called sweet potatoes or yams? 893: Oh yes sweet potatoes or yams oh yes they're my favorite. {NW} Interviewer: What's the difference between sweet potatoes and yams? 893: It's the same thing. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Mm-mm. Interviewer: What about the other kind of potato? 893: The baked the baked Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 uh # {NS} um baking potato? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Well that's that's for to make potato salad with or #1 you can # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: bake them or you can just boil them or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: fry them. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And this is a vegetable um you might use in a in a soup it's sort of green it's sort of long. 893: Okra? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And Say if you're cooking bacon. in in the pan when you cook it gets smaller. You say it 893: It shrank. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Or another way of saying that. 893: No. Interviewer: You say it swivels or shrivel or? 893: Oh shrivel. Yeah. #1 it shrivels. # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer: and a kind of vegetable that comes like 893: Lettuce or cabbage? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And say if you wanted to buy some you'd ask for two or three 893: pounds? Interviewer: or 893: Two or three heads. Interviewer: uh-huh. Would you ever use the word heads talking about children? Say if someone had five children to say they had five heads of children? 893: No No Uh-uh. I I've heard that expression with cattle Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Yes he had so many head of cattle. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But not not when it it pertains to humans. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: What about someone who had about fourteen children? You say he really had a 893: a big family. Interviewer: uh-huh. Do you ever say a passel of children? 893: No. uh-uh. Interviewer: And what about the term right smart? 893: Right smart? Interviewer: Someone's had about five hundred acres. Would you say he had a right smart of land? #1 You ever hear of that? # 893: #2 No. # Uh-uh. No. Interviewer: What different kinds of beans do people have around here? 893: Well there's kidney beans lima beans pinto beans um {NW} what else? Interviewer: Do you ever hear of butter? 893: Butter beans. Yeah. Interviewer: What's the difference between butter beans and lima beans? 893: They're about the same I think. Interviewer: No difference? 893: Not that I know. That they're about the same size and the taste the same Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Unless the the lima beans are green and butter beans are are white. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. To get beans out of the pods you say you have to 893: Break the pod or open the pod? Interviewer: Or you say you 893: Snap. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And you take the tops of turnips and cook them and make a mess of 893: turnip greens. Interviewer: You don't like that? 893: {NW} I've never tasted them. {NW} Interviewer: Do people cook greens here at all? 893: {NW} I don't know. Not the people that I've that I know that I'm familiar with. {NS} They they use that very much in well my in fact my daughter's mother in law cooks them very often. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But no Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 I've # never gotten around to taste them. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} No I don't know. They may be very good I don't know. Interviewer: Uh-huh. uh the kind of corn that's tender enough to eat off the cob. You call that 893: uh corn on the cob. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Do you ever hear of roasted ears? 893: Roasting ears yes. uh-huh. Roasting ears. Interviewer: Do you use that expression? 893: No. I I say corn on the cob. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about mutton corn? You ever heard that? 893: No. {NW} Interviewer: And thing that grows up on the top of the corn stalk. The little 893: The little uh silk uh the silk hair or the silk something Interviewer: Uh-huh. Is the silk the part on the corn? 893: Yes it's on it. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And on a graduation cap you have a little 893: tassel. Interviewer: And the little umbrella shaped thing that springs up in the woods or fields after it rains. 893: Mushrooms. Interviewer: #1 Any other name? # 893: #2 Or # um {NW} um mushrooms and no I don't remember. But I know I know what you mean. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Do you ever hear of frog bench or toadstool? 893: Toadstool yeah. Interviewer: #1 Is that the same as mushroom? # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Well it has the same shape. #1 but # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: mushrooms are eaten and toadstools are not. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And what kinds of melons do people grow around here? 893: Watermelon cantaloupe uh honeydew melons. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: That's about all. Interviewer: Did you ever hear of mush melon or musk melon? 893: No. Interviewer: Something people smoke made out of tobacco. 893: Cigarettes. cigars. Interviewer: And say if I'm I ask you can you do that you'd say no I 893: Can't do it. Interviewer: And if I ask you will you do it you'd say no I 893: won't. Interviewer: And say um you might tell a child you're not doing what you 893: Should. Or what you ought to. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And say if the child got a whipping you'd say I bet he did something 893: He should not have done. Interviewer: Or another way of saying that he using the word ought. You said I bet he did something he 893: Ought not to have done. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And Say if I ask you if you'll be able to to help me do some work next week or something. You might say well I'm not sure I could help you but I 893: I'll try. Interviewer: Or I might Do you ever say I might could? 893: No. I might be able to. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Does might could sound funny? 893: Yes it does. {NW} Interviewer: And the kind of bird that can see in the dark. 893: Owl. Interviewer: What different kinds of owls? 893: No. Uh I don't know that's that's the only one I know of. A night owl. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What about the little owl? Makes a real scary noise. 893: #1 I don't # Interviewer: #2 Do you ever hear of screech owl or # 893: #1 oh screech owl. # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: Yes I've heard that expression screech owl. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: {NW} Interviewer: You've never see one? 893: No uh-uh. Interviewer: What about the kind of bird that drills holes in trees? 893: Woodpecker? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Any other name for him? What about the big woodpecker? 893: I don't know. Interviewer: Do you ever heard of the wood pecker called the pecker wood? 893: No. uh-uh. Interviewer: And the kind of black and white animal that has a strong smell. 893: Skunk. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And Say some animal's been coming and killing your chickens. What general name would you have for the type of animal that would do that? 893: A possum? Interviewer: or just You don't know if it's a possum or a skunk or just what it is but you say I'm going to get a gun and kill those do you ever use the word varm-varmints? 893: Varmints. #1 oh # Interviewer: #2 {X} # 893: Yes. {NW} I've I've seen that in the comics. I've seen that that word in the in the in the in the comics. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 varmints. # Interviewer: But it's not something you you hear around here 893: No uh-uh. Interviewer: And the little bushy tailed animal that gets up in the trees. 893: squirrel. Interviewer: What different kinds of squirrels? 893: Well there's the uh brown squirrel. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And the Interviewer: What's the ground squirrel look like? 893: The the ground squirrel I think it's or the or prairie dogs Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: They they are the little animals that bore holes in the ground #1 And they live underground. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: They're tiny Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And have a bushy tail. Interviewer: {NW} Are there some of those #1 around here? # 893: #2 oh yes. # Down by the cemetery there's a lot of them. Interviewer: I've never seen one. 893: Yes they were real cute. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 They're just a miniature squirrel. # Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: They're real cute but they're they're very uh how should I say aggressive. Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh # 893: #2 Cause they # they they bite hard. Interviewer: {NW} 893: {NW} Interviewer: What what about the squirrels that get up in the trees? #1 Are there different kinds of those? # 893: #2 That's a tree tree squirrel. # Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Yes. # Interviewer: What color? 893: Brown. Interviewer: mm-hmm. And you ever heard of a boomer? for gray squirrel or fox squirrel or 893: No I haven't. Interviewer: What about kinds of fish that people get around here? 893: Cod fish um turbot uh ocean perch Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Cat fish. Interviewer: What other things um do they get from the gulf besides fish? 893: Oysters. Clams. uh lobsters. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Crabs. Interviewer: What about something they uh go out in boats and drag nets and? 893: Sardines. Interviewer: Or 893: Or um Interviewer: Little sea animal it has a shell 893: Oyster no? Interviewer: Well not a a shell hard like that A sort of transparent shell that you you peel off. 893: I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Uh It's common you could um get it frozen 893: What is it? Interviewer: What what sort of things would you use for bait? If you were going to go fishing in the #1 gulf. # 893: #2 For bait? # Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Worms I guess. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Or artificial bait. # Interviewer: #1 Well what # 893: #2 but # oh minnows #1 Or # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: Or what do you mean? Interviewer: If this is a is a sea animal um that you you get from the gulf it's when you if you bought it at the store it would have its its head chopped off. And it would be about this shape. Sort of like that. 893: {NW} Yes shrimp. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: {NW} Sure one of my favorites. {NW} Interviewer: Say you go to the store and ask for two or three pounds of 893: Shrimp. Interviewer: And A little um Something you'd hear making a noise around the lake at night. What would that be? 893: Around a lake? Interviewer: Uh-huh. Makes a croaking noise. 893: A frog? Interviewer: Uh-huh. What do you call the big frogs? 893: Bull frog. Interviewer: What about the little tiny ones that get up in the trees and come out after it rains? 893: A toad? Or uh um {NS} {NW} What is that called? Um I know I know what you mean Interviewer: Did you ever hear of spring frogs or tree frogs or rain frogs? 893: No. Toads I have. Interviewer: What do they look like? 893: A toad is something like a frog only it's of of a brown color it's not #1 green. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # What about something that say if you pick up a rock in a freshwater stream something that has claws on it it could #1 Little thing. # 893: #2 Uh # Interviewer: About this size. 893: In the water? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. It looks excuse me it looks kind of like a lobster. 893: And it's not a is that a um {NS} yes yes is that a a crab? Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 uh # Interviewer: Did you ever hear or a crawdad or crayfish? 893: Crayfish uh-huh. Yeah crayfish #1 I've heard that. # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer: And 893: #1 or crawfish. # Interviewer: #2 a {X} # 893: #1 some people # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: call it crawfish. I think I would use crawfish #1 instead of crayfish. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # What about a hard shelled thing that can pull its neck and legs into a shell. 893: Turtle. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Are there different kinds? 893: Yes there's water uh turtles or sea turtles. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And then there's the the land turtles. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: The the sea turtles have a soft uh shell and they're good for eating. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And land turtles are have a hard shell. And I don't think they're eaten. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Did you ever hear of one called a cooter or a gopher? 893: No. Interviewer: And an insect that flies around the light and tries to fly into the light. 893: A light bug. That's what we #1 call them light bug. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # What about something that um Gets in your wool clothes and eats holes in them? 893: A moth. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And talking about several of those you'd talk about several 893: moths. Interviewer: And an insect that flies around has a little light in its tail. 893: A firefly. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: {NW} Interviewer: And this is an insect that um little tiny red thing {NS} get on you if you go out in the woods. 893: Yes. uh-huh. The chiggers. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 or the # chiggers and I don't know what else. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about an insect that will bite you? Make you itch? 893: Mosquito. Interviewer: And insect that hops around in the grass. 893: Insect #1 hops around in the # Interviewer: #2 green # 893: oh yeah grasshopper. Interviewer: Uh-huh. You ever heard them called hopper grass? 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: And This is an insect that um it's got real shiny wings it'd be around a damp place like a lake or something. It's supposed to eat mosquitoes. It's got a hard beak to it it's about this size? 893: Yeah I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Do you ever hear of a dragonfly or #1 Mosquito fly? # 893: #2 oh dragon fly yeah mm-hmm. # Interviewer: Any other name for that? 893: #1 No? # Interviewer: #2 What about snake doctor or # Snake feeder 893: #1 uh-uh. # Interviewer: #2 Mosquito hawk? # 893: No. Interviewer: What kind of insects will sting you? 893: Mosquitoes. {NW} Sorry. Mosquitoes. Ants. uh uh flies. Flies sting also Interviewer: #1 Well something # 893: #2 bees. # Interviewer: Uh-huh. #1 What about something # 893: #2 uh wasps. # Interviewer: Huh? 893: Wasps. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: And bees. Interviewer: What about something that builds a nest like this? 893: That's a wasp or a or a bee. Interviewer: Do you ever hear of a horn? Hornet? 893: Hornet. Uh-huh. Well I guess a hornet is a uh what we call wasp. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Cause it's not a bee. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about something that build a a nest out of mud or dirt? 893: {X} or the bees. Interviewer: Did you ever hear of a mud dauber or a dirt dauber? 893: No. Interviewer: And something that um builds nests in the ground? 893: Nests in the ground? Interviewer: Did you ever hear of a yellow yellow jacket? 893: I've heard of them but I don't I don't know what it means I don't think. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Yellow jacket. Interviewer: You've never seen them or? 893: No. Interviewer: #1 And {X} # 893: #2 what is it? # Interviewer: It's it's sort of like a bee. Some people say say they build nests in the ground and other people say they you know build it 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Up like a bee 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 nest. # Um if you haven't cleaned a room in a while up in the ceiling in the corner you might find a 893: cobwebs or spiderwebs. Interviewer: Is that the same thing? 893: I think so. Interviewer: What What would you call it if it's outside across a bush? 893: #1 {X} # Interviewer: #2 Would you call it a # cobweb or spiderweb then? 893: A cobweb. yeah. Cobweb more than #1 than spiderweb. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # And the parts of the tree that grow under the ground. 893: Root? Interviewer: Mm-kay. Did you ever hear of using certain kinds of roots or vines for medicine? 893: Yes. Uh-huh. Interviewer: Do you remember what any of those were? 893: {NW} No? Uh I've heard of cactus root #1 that's very good for # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: diabetes. Interviewer: {NW} 893: And uh {NW} I know I know that people mention you know several kind of roots and herbs that are that are good for you know #1 used as medicine. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: But I can't of any or the bark of some kind of tree #1 or something. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: {NW} Interviewer: What different trees grow around here? 893: Mesquite {NS} And Interviewer: What is a mesquite? 893: Mesquite is a I think it's well somewhere around here. Yes over here and it it gives something like a the shape of a of a string bean Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Only it's it's covering is harder. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And it has a lot of of little seeds inside. And we used to eat those when we were kids. {NW} They taste very good cause #1 They are sweet # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: and they taste good and other person used to boil them but #1 we used to chew on them # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: just like that but it makes your your breath smell real {NS} Real ugly. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: {NW} But it's it's they have a good taste Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: that's I think that they grow during the the summer time. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What do um what other kinds of trees? 893: Well some people have palm trees and cypress evergreens oh uh peach trees or orange or grapefruit Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Different kinds. Interviewer: What about the kind of tree that you tap for syrup? 893: A maple tree. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What would you call a big group of those growing together? 893: {NW} I wouldn't know. Interviewer: What about a a tree that it's got long white limbs and white scaly bark you sort of peel off. 893: Long white limbs? Interviewer: Uh-huh. Do you ever hear of a syc-? 893: Sycamore? Interviewer: Uh-huh. #1 You ever see # 893: #2 Well I've heard of # several like uh the oak and the elm and the sycamore and the weeping willow #1 and # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: All of those but I I don't I don't know them. and if I come across them I wouldn't know Interviewer: Mm-hmm. #1 They're as far as you know. # 893: #2 {NW} # I don't think so. {NS} Interviewer: What about a a bush that the leaves turn bright red in the fall and it's got clusters of berries on it? 893: Um {NS} Interviewer: You ever heard of {X} or shumac? 893: Shumac #1 yes uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: That's grown a lot of them a lot of it's grown in Missouri. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And it's it's very pretty I mean it it it's it's color Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: The the leaves they re so pretty they are different kinds of of reds. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh different shades I mean. Different shades of red. And it's a very pretty it's well I saw it in as as big as a bush I don't know whether it #1 goes it grows # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: grows into a a tree. Interviewer: When were you in Missouri again? #1 {X} # 893: #2 Oh way back in # 41. Interviewer: When you were going up toward 893: When I was married to my other husband. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: He was in the service and he was stationed in Fort Leonard Wood. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And We lived there for about eight months. Interviewer: Where's Fort Lenard Wood? 893: Fort Leonard Wood is around close to {NW} What's the name of that of that place now? You know Missouri is it's Dallas reminds me so much of it because every two three miles there's a little a little town a little place Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 With a # With a name to it. Interviewer: {NW} 893: You can't uh go very far without getting into you think that you're just getting out of that that town you Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 know and # {NW} And Before you know it why it's it's another little place another Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 little town. # And Dallas is just the same. Interviewer: {NW} 893: Dallas has a lot of little what you would call I guess suburbs Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 or something # and then Missouri is the same way. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. um Do you ever see a a tree sort of the symbol of the south? It It's got shiny green leaves and big white flowers. 893: Gardenia? Interviewer: uh it's a big tree. 893: It's a big tree. Interviewer: Did you ever hear of magnolia or 893: #1 magnolia? # Interviewer: #2 {X}tree? # 893: I've heard of magnolia. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Yes but as I say I don't know Interviewer: #1 yes # 893: #2 much about # Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 trees or plants. # Interviewer: What about a flowering bush called a spoonwood or spoon hunt or mountain laurel or rhododendron. Do you ever hear of those? 893: I've heard of oleanders. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: In fact they're very common here in El Dorado. #1 of # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: Pink and white and yellow and I guess that's about all. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What um kind of tree did George Washington cut down? 893: Cherry. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And what different kinds of berries are there? um would you buy in the store here or grow around here? 893: {NW} Pardon me. A strawberry and now that I think of it here in Loredo was very {NS} very known for their mulberry trees. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Uh and and a strawberry and uh well that's about the only thing that I buy in stores strawberry cause I love them. {NW} Interviewer: #1 What about # 893: #2 but # Interviewer: a berry some of them are red some of them are black it's got a a round surface to it. Did you ever hear of rasp 893: Raspberry? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Yeah. Uh-huh. Interviewer: #1 I don't guess they're around here. # 893: #2 I've heard of raspberry. # No I don't think so. Interviewer: Say if you saw some berries that you didn't know what kind they were you'd tell someone you better not eat those they might be 893: Poisonous. Interviewer: And the kinds of bushes or vines that will make your skin break out if you touch them. 893: Ivy. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Poison ivy. # Interviewer: How do you recognize that when you see it? 893: I don't know I've never seen any. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: I've heard of it but I've never seen any or Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Or come in contact with with poison ivy. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Say if a married woman didn't want to make up her own mind about something. She'd say well I have to ask 893: Have to ask my husband or? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And he would say talking about her I have to ask 893: My wife. Interviewer: Any joking ways that 893: My old lady my old man. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: My ball and chain or #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 And # A woman who's husband is dead is called a 893: A widow. Interviewer: And if they're divorced she'd be a 893: divorcée. Interviewer: Do you ever hear the expression grass widow? 893: Yes. Uh-huh. Interviewer: #1 What # 893: #2 I have. # that that applies to a divorced woman. Interviewer: Uh-huh. #1 They call her a # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # a grass widow. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And what did you call your father? when you were little? 893: I didn't call him anything. Interviewer: #1 I mean what what what # 893: #2 {NW} # #1 What would I have what would I have called him. # Interviewer: #2 What we would # 893: Well daddy I guess. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Father. Pa. Interviewer: What Is that what your children call their own their father? 893: Daddy. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: What about What what did your children call you? 893: Mother. Or mama. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What about your your grandparents? What did 893: Grammy or grandma. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: It's what they call me. Interviewer: {X} What did they call your grandfather? 893: Grandpa. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What are the the Spanish names? 893: {C: Spanish: Abuela.} {C: Spanish: Abuelo or abuela.} A-B-U-E-L-A. Interviewer: For gran 893: For grandmother. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: And L-O for grandfather. Interviewer: Did most of them what about for father and mother? What what are the Spanish names? 893: Mama Papa. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What most of the uh the Mexican American children call do they they call the Spanish names for 893: #1 Yes. Uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 Brother and # 893: Yes. Most well uh only the ones that {NS} you know that live up north are the ones that uh speak English only Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: At their homes although they are of Mexican descent but there are some families who prefer to speak English all the time. Interviewer: #1 Why is that? # 893: #2 Which I think is very good # Well I think that it's so their children won't have any trouble when they when they start school. Mainly I think that is the reason when there's young children. Other people because they like they must like the English language. Or maybe it's easier for them to speak English than it is to Interviewer: mm-hmm. 893: speak Spanish. Interviewer: Are there very many families like that? 893: Yes there are. There's quite some yeah. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: I was reading somewhere that um some places like San Antonio look people of Mexican descent wouldn't want to admit that they were 893: Some of them don't I don't know why. And some of them won't admit 893: Well you know to to speak both languages are. Interviewer: {X} people that don't want to admit that they speak Spanish are they mostly Anglos or? 893: Well some Anglos yes most Anglos well I wouldn't say most of them but but some of them do. I think they they {NS} they might uh they might feel that they are uh inferior or something because Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Because they speak Spanish. Like uh some Mexican Americans that uh {NS} won't admit that their ancestors were were Mexicans or that uh they they uh are of Mexican descent or something like that I don't see why. Interviewer: Do you notice that around here very much or 893: Not very much. No not not too much. Interviewer: Would it mostly be in San Antonio and places like that? 893: Uh places yes places where the English language predominates. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: That's where most of where you would find most of that well to me it's discrimination. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: That's the way I look at it. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Do you find um I read that some of them like if if there's an Anglo present you know in the interviews and stuff they will purposely mispronounce their own name. Like if someone told me um like {D: Litermina}. #1 He he pronounced it # 893: #2 okay # Interviewer: #1 His name # 893: #2 his name # #1 yeah uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 Like an Anglo. # 893: #1 Yes uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 You know. # 893: #1 Yes. # Interviewer: #2 Have you ever noticed people doing that? # 893: Yes of course a lot of them. Interviewer: #1 Just mispronounce their own name? # 893: #2 uh-huh just mispronounce their own name yes. # Uh-huh. Just I guess it's to make it easier for the Anglo person to #1 understand. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: Or uh I don't know I I don't see any point in that. {NW} Interviewer: It really seems funny to me. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: That anyone would 893: Yes. One time Tonio uh all of the uh the Mexican Americans like uh for example let's say uh uh the last name was Toreya they would say {NS} Torella. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh what else now? Martinez. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: They say Martinez. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Well maybe uh that's what I'm saying maybe the the it's easier for the Anglos to pronounce them in their own uh Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Their own # pronunciation or what Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Have you because I have a friend there in in she who lives in Chicago whose last name is Martinez. #1 And she says # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: here I'm not Martinez anymore says I'm "Martinez." Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 {NW} # Because everybody started calling her Martinez. see? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I guess they it's a it's a little bit hard for some Anglos to you know #1 to pronounce # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: some of the Mexican uh names. That's what I think I don't know. Interviewer: {NW} What different names are there for Mexican Americans? How How do you feel about the name Chicano for example? 893: Chicano? I don't like it. No. Interviewer: #1 What would you # 893: #2 I don't like Chicano # why? Why well I would prefer uh Mexicano or uh Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh uh Mexican American. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or uh you know some proper name but Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Chicano is just a what you would call a nickname or an adjective or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: something like that. Interviewer: Do you think um I I think it's a word you know sort of political. Because it's well you know I I read about you know 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: #1 Chicano or # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Yes. Interviewer: You know organized #1 political and # 893: #2 yes. Uh-huh. # Interviewer: Um but do you think of it that way or do you think of it more as sort of a do you picture sort of a low #1 lower class? # 893: #2 Yes. # Yes I picture it as a like I said it's like for example if you were to call me a Chicano Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I would think that you were degrading me Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 By calling me Chicano # instead of calling me a Mexican American or American citizen of Mexican descent or something like #1 that. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: And if you were to call me Chicano I would be insulted or #1 offended. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: or hurt. Interviewer: Isn't that the um the la raza? 893: La raza? Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. Isn't that the # 893: #2 La raza? # Interviewer: #1 the {X}? # 893: #2 Raza it's # Yes raza. It means race though. Interviewer: #1 Well no there's # 893: #2 but # Interviewer: there's some political organization or 893: Raza Unida? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Yeah. 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 yeah the united race. # Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Interviewer: The is is that the term they use? Or 893: Well raza unida that I think that's the name of the organization. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Raza unida because uh see Anglos call us raza {D: nagase} well it's just saying uh Chicano a lower grade of uh #1 Mexican you see? # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: And that's why they call themselves la raza unida. #1 That they are {X} # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: united. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: see? Interviewer: What other um what names are there for um say Mexicans um maybe Mexican Americans or maybe Mexicans um that you sort of look down on? Or that people look down on? If maybe I'm you know like they have switch blades over there. You know the 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 the youngsters # 893: #1 yes uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 carry the switchblades and # 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 and find themselves trouble # What would you call them? 893: {NW} Well we used to call the long haired uh uh trampy like uh Mexicans uh pachucos. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: there wear the their pointed shoes #1 you know and # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: their Well years ago they used to wear their pants uh real tight on the #1 bottom # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: and with their hair real slick #1 with a lot of grease or something on it. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # Mm-hmm. 893: And we used to call them pachucas. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But Interviewer: Do you ever hear of them just called chucs? 893: Chucs? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: uh oh I guess. Yeah. But uh {NS} well frankly I just I wouldn't I I'd call them just uh um bums or {NW} or you know just uh oh just that that people that just don't know any better and they think that carrying a knife and getting into fights is or getting into all kinds of trouble is being a man. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 That's being silly. # Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # machismo. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: but what other names for Mexican Americans are there that you don't like? If someone wanted to insult you. 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 What would they call you? # 893: well chico Chicano -drasa. uh Interviewer: What about Anglo names? um 893: #1 Anglo? # Interviewer: #2 to insult. # 893: To insult? Interviewer: um Mexican Americans? 893: alright I guess that the Anglos it's not too hard for Anglos to pronounce chico or Chicano. Interviewer: #1 Uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Chico means the same as Chicano? 893: Yes it's a shorter word Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What about terms like greaser or #1 greaser or # 893: #2 yeah greaser. # uh-huh. Well they used to to call call Mexicans that a long time ago. Interviewer: #1 That's old fashioned? # 893: #2 Not anymore. Yeah that's old fashioned. # Mexican greasers. Interviewer: What any other terms they use now that would be like that? 893: No I don't think so. Interviewer: What about terms for Anglos that Mexican Americans use? 893: uh white trash. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Hillbilly. # uh that's what I call my son in law. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: You call him white trash? 893: #1 No I call him hillbilly. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # Uh-huh. 893: {NW} Interviewer: Where's he from? Well he's I guess he was born in Dallas I don't know 893: #1 He's lived there all his life. # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # uh-huh. What about grin 893: gringo. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Gringo. uh-huh. Interviewer: Is that an insulting #1 word or? # 893: #2 no # No it's just as if you would call me Mexicano. #1 and I'd call you gringa. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # Mm-hmm. 893: But it's it's not an insulting word I mean it's very common Interviewer: #1 mm-hmm. # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Like people you know that don't haven't had too much education and or haven't heard much. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: They say she's a instead of saying he's Anglo they say he's a gringo. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} Interviewer: So they don't mean it. 893: No uh-uh. Mm-mm. Interviewer: Um what about someone um who's sort of a well born around here but who can't speak Spanish well and they can't speak English well. Who's not maybe someone who's third or fourth generation Mexican American decent. You know. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: But you know he goes to Mexico 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 people don't accept him there. # 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: People don't accept him in San Antonio. 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 {D: phrase} For the most part. # What what would he be called? Do you ever hear the term pocho? 893: Pocho. #1 Yeah. # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: Well that's uh I mean that's a a term that Mexicans from Mexico give us Mexican Americans. or give a person who's a a Mexican American that comes from Mexican descent and who tries to a to brag about him knowing English. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: and he tries to make other people believe that he'd forgotten the Spanish language or what have you see? And they're called pochos. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Or some Mexican who won't speak Spanish but only English. Interviewer: Sort of like a Mexicano {X} or something. 893: Uh-huh. {NW} Interviewer: Would um that's a pretty insulting word then. I mean 893: Well I would take it I would take it as an #1 insult # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: Yeah. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What other words like that are there? um you know for different groups of people. 893: Mm. Well um Interviewer: What are are kickers I've noticed bumper stickers 893: #1 kickers? # Interviewer: #2 around here that say # I'm proud to be a kicker. 893: I wouldn't know. It's the first time I've heard that term. Interviewer: It's something that has to do with cowboys I think. 893: {NW} I don't know. Interviewer: um what about blacks? What different names are there for blacks? 893: Nigger. colored colored uh people. Or blacks. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about the proper name? 893: I would call them colored. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What about N-E-G-R-O? 893: Negro. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Yes. Interviewer: Any joking names or insulting names or 893: well a nigger is an insulting name. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And so is uh uh black I would take that if I were black I would take that as an insulting name. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh well I I wouldn't know cause I I call them either negro or colored. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about different names for just whites in general? 893: Anglos. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. um Any insulting names? Besides the #1 gringo {X} # 893: #2 Besides what I told you # #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 You ever hear of like # the word peckerwood or cracker or redneck? 893: No. {NW} Interviewer: um What about someone who lives out in the country and who doesn't get into town much and when he does get into town everybody can just take one look at him and tell he's from way out in the country. 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 They call him a # 893: uh-huh. Hillbilly? Interviewer: Mm-kay. 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer: And what did blacks used to call the the people that they worked for? Or were were there in 893: #1 master? # Interviewer: #2 {X} # Uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What about um around here? The person that you work for. 893: Patron. Interviewer: Patron? 893: Patron. Interviewer: {X} that system {X} I've heard something about that. 893: Uh patron? Well it's just like a boss. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Like or jefe. Like Mr. Legli I would say he's my jefe. Interviewer: #1 He's your what? # 893: #2 or he's # jefe. j-e-s-e. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: That's another name for boss. My jefe or patron that's that's someone who who employs or has employers under him. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Employees rather. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 Sorry. # {NW} Interviewer: What about a a child that's born um where one parent's black and the other parent's white. What would you call a child like that? 893: uh Well it's it doesn't sound very nice and I wouldn't like for anybody to to call me a a mixed breed. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But that's generally you know I guess they they try to insult. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But I would say such so and so is half Anglo and half Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Spanish or a Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Uh it's a a cross of Anglo and and Spanish or whatever. Interviewer: What about mulatto? Or {X} 893: Mulatto? Interviewer: Mulatto. 893: Mulatto I believe is a cross between uh between colored and uh and Anglo or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Colored and something else. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about {D: word octaroon} or {D: word} quadrant Do you ever hear of those? 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: What about the French people in Louisiana? Do you ever hear a name for them? 893: {NW} Interviewer: Cajun or {D: word coonads} or 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: uh-huh. What about a a very light skinned colored person. Would you have a special name for them? 893: Albino? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: You mean an albino? Interviewer: Well I just meant someone who's 893: who's very fair? Interviewer: uh-huh. #1 Do you ever hear of yellow or # 893: #2 {X} # no. I would say well she is very has a very fair skin or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Is very fair skinned or very fair. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about um with with negroes um it's sort of more prestigious or something to to be light skinned. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: You know the the very dark negroes in the south 893: Mm-hmm. {NS} Interviewer: as traditionally sort of been you know looked down on. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Or something. Um is it the same way with Mexicans or Mexican Americans? 893: I think so. More or less it comes to about the same thing. Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 It amounts to about the same thing. # In uh well not too far away here in the state of Texas they have the impression that all of us Mexicans as a general rule we are very dark #1 and we don't know how to conduct ourselves. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: We don't we are very ignorant. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And they don't think of a Mexican being just as smart Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: As an Anglo. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Like uh Now like I say my daughter there in Dallas and uh before they knew her Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Before they had met her # They pictured her as like one of her sisters in law said a a short fat greasy Mexican. And she's she's tall and #1 she's about as fair as you are # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # Mm-hmm. 893: and has blue eyes. And you couldn't tell she has Mexican blood in her. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: You can't tell just by looking at her now {NW} a lot of people have been fooled Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: and they start talking about her in Spanish not knowing that she knows just as good Spanish as I do. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: It really is funny. {NW} Interviewer: {NW} What do they say about her? 893: {NW} Well you know like maybe somebody won't like her and they'll say oh look at that gringa this or that gringa that #1 you know # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: and they they comment about something Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: she just turns around and answers them back. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: Now when I was in Missouri I had a a neighbor ask me that how come I was fair. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I said what do you mean? She said well I thought all Mexicans are dark we're #1 dark. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: And I said no I said you find dark uh dark Mexicans I said and you find very fair Mexicans. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: In fact in {D: Jualatajala} most people are are fair and blond and Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: with blue eyes or green eyes. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: You couldn't tell that they are Mexicans. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What um does the amount of Indian blood you have #1 lean towards the # 893: #2 have anything I guess so # Interviewer: #1 the complexion? # 893: #2 It must. # It must because we're crossed with the Spanish #1 Spaniards # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: Spaniards are very fair Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And have uh light colored eyes. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. But 893: {NW} Interviewer: Would Mexican Americans themselves does is there much concern about you know fair skin or or darker skin? 893: Well um not the dark skin person is uh uh what you say is a educated and Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh well mannered like Mr. Sayida you take Mr. Sayida he's very dark #1 but he's # Interviewer: #2 the one who's # 893: Yeah uh-huh. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: but he's very well mannered. #1 he's educated # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: He's well what you would say a gentleman. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} And uh no I don't think that he would be looked down on. Interviewer: Yeah. #1 and this # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #1 There's no discrimination # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: Um say um something on wheels that you could put a baby in and it'll lie down. 893: a carriage? Interviewer: Mm-kay. You put the baby in the carriage then you go out and what 893: push it. Interviewer: And if a woman was going to have a child you;d say that she's 893: expecting. Interviewer: Mm-kay. 893: Or she was pregnant. Interviewer: Did people used to use that word pregnant much when you were growing up or did it sound sort of bad to say? 893: Yes it sounded like uh like a bad word. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: They would say she's expecting or they would use some other term so we so we children wouldn't understand. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: {NW} Interviewer: And if you did have a doctor to deliver a baby the woman you could send for 893: a midwife. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And a child that's born to a woman that's not married would be called a 893: illegitimate. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Any other name? 893: There's a very ugly name bastard. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about woods colt or bush child? Did you ever hear that? 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: And say if a boy has the same colored hair and eyes his father has and the same shaped nose you say that he he what his father he 893: He looks like his father or Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: He took after his father Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And if a child's misbehaving you tell him if he does that again you're going to get a 893: spanking or a whipping. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # and if Bob is five inches taller this year you say Bob what? 893: Grew? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And you certainly have 893: Grown. Interviewer: And you could almost see him 893: grow. Interviewer: And your brother's son would be your your brother's son. 893: My brother's son Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 would be my # nephew. Interviewer: And the child that's lost both parents would be a 893: orphan. Interviewer: And the person who looks after the orphan would be his legal 893: guardian. Interviewer: and do you have a lot of cousins and nephews and nieces in this town you say this town is full of my 893: relatives. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And you say well she has the same family name she looks a little bit like me but actually we're no 893: Not related. Interviewer: #1 or we're no # 893: #2 or no relations. # Interviewer: and someone who comes into town and nobody's ever seen him before. He'd be a 893: Newcomer. Interviewer: Mm-kay. What if he came from a different country? He'd be a 893: A foreigner. Interviewer: Would you ever use the word foreigner about someone who hadn't come from another country? 893: I don't think so. Interviewer: And a woman who conducts school would be 893: A teacher? Interviewer: and do you ever um are you familiar with the last name Cooper or Cooper? 893: Yes uh-huh. Interviewer: What would you call a married woman with that last name? She'd be 893: Mrs. Cooper. Interviewer: And the name of the mother of Jesus 893: Mary. Interviewer: And George Washington's wife. 893: Martha. Interviewer: And do you remember a song start off wait 'til the sun shines? 893: Mm-mm. I don't think so. Interviewer: Do you ever hear the name Nelly? 893: Nelly yes. uh-huh. Interviewer: And a male goat is called a 893: male goat? Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: No. Interviewer: Or a nickname for William. 893: Bill billy goat that's right. {NW} Interviewer: And the first book in the new testament in the bible. 893: Genesis. Interviewer: Or the new testament. 893: In the new testament? Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 uh # {NW} Saint Matthew? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And the fourth book in the new testament. Matthew Mark #1 Luke # 893: #2 Matthew # Mark Luke and uh Matthew Luke Mark Interviewer: Well 893: And uh Interviewer: What was Kennedy's first name? 893: Who? Interviewer: President Kennedy. 893: John. Interviewer: And if your father had a brother by that name you'd call him 893: Uncle John. Interviewer: And a child nicknamed Bill his full name is 893: William. Interviewer: and your father has a brother by that full name. You'd call him 893: Uncle Bill. Interviewer: or uncle 893: Uncle William. Interviewer: And the name of the wife of Abraham. 893: Abraham Lincoln? Interviewer: #1 in the bible. # 893: #2 or # oh in the bible. Sara? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And a preacher that's not very well trained. Just sort of preaches here and there. Not very good at preaching. You'd call him a 893: I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Do you ever hear the expression jack leg or {D: words?} shave trade? 893: No. Interviewer: And what would relation would my mother's sister be to me? 893: Your aunt. Interviewer: And the highest rank in the army. 893: Uh four star general. Interviewer: and beneath the general is the 893: uh beneath the general is lieu- uh kernel? Interviewer: And the person in charge of a ship. 893: A captain. Interviewer: Did you ever hear the word captain used to call people you work for? 893: Yes. uh Mm-hmm captain. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: In fact uh {NW} who's called captain? Somebody that I that I know is uh I don't know whether one of my bosses use yeah one of my bosses used to call captain to one of his employees. #1 I don't know why. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # {NW} uh the person who presides over court is the 893: Judge. Interviewer: and the person who goes to school. 893: A student. Interviewer: And a man on the stage be an actor. A woman would be a 893: actress. Interviewer: and a woman who works at an office and does the typing and so forth. 893: Secretary. Interviewer: and say if you're at a party and you look at your watch and see that it's around 11:30 or so you say well we better be getting home it's 893: Getting late. Interviewer: It's what midnight? It's 893: almost midnight. Interviewer: Okay. And if it was slippery outside you'd say well I didn't fall down but I #1 a couple times I # 893: #2 slipped. # Interviewer: and I might might to 893: Might to have fallen. Interviewer: uh-huh. Do you use that expression much? Might to have? 893: Like to have? No I almost fell. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And if someone's waiting for you to get ready to go somewhere calls out asking if you'll e ready soon you say I'll be with you 893: in a minute. Interviewer: Or just 893: Or just a second. Interviewer: and this part of my head is called my 893: forehead. Interviewer: And this is my 893: hair. Interviewer: For a man hair here would be a 893: Whiskers. Interviewer: or you'd be growing a 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 you didn't shave you'd be growing a # 893: beard. Interviewer: And this is my 893: ear. Interviewer: Which one? 893: The left. Interviewer: huh? 893: Left ear? Interviewer: and this is 893: the right ear. Interviewer: and 893: your lips or your mouth. Interviewer: And 893: neck. throat. Interviewer: What about goozle? You ever hear that? 893: No {NW} Interviewer: And these are my 893: teeth. Interviewer: and this is one 893: tooth. Interviewer: And the flesh around your teeth. 893: lip. Interviewer: Or 893: oh gum. Interviewer: And this is one 893: hand. Interviewer: two 893: hands. Interviewer: and this is the 893: Palm of the hand. Interviewer: and this is one 893: fist. Interviewer: two 893: fists. Interviewer: And the place where the bones come together. 893: The bones? Interviewer: uh-huh. Where 893: oh for the the bones are what Interviewer: this this is called a 893: a joint. Interviewer: and on a man this would be his 893: chest? Interviewer: and these are the 893: shoulders. Interviewer: and this is one 893: leg. Interviewer: and this is one 893: foot. Interviewer: and I have two 893: feet. Interviewer: And the sensitive bone right right here. This is the 893: The I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Do you ever hear of shin or shin? 893: A shin that's right. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 The shin. Uh-huh. # Interviewer: and say if I get down like this you'd say I'm 893: um you would squat? Interviewer: mm-kay. 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 you ever hear of # people say um hunker down or down on your haunches. Do you ever hear that? 893: Down on your haunches I've heard that. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: That sounds funny to you? 893: Yes it does. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 What is your haunches? # 893: I don't know the back part I guess. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: and say someone had been sick for a while. You say well he's up and about now but he still looks a bit 893: ill. Or sick. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Do you ever say peaked or puny or? 893: I've heard the expression puny but uh Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: but I I don't use it. Interviewer: and someone who's in good shape. You say he's big and 893: healthy. Interviewer: and or he's not weak he's 893: strong. Interviewer: And say uh how about stout or husky would you use those words? 893: Well stout or heavy or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What does stout mean? 893: Husky husky I don't I mean there is it is a correct word I know because uh they sell um husky pants. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: for boys who are big you know #1 the # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: They take the say size 12 but in a in a bigger Interviewer: mm-hmm. 893: in a well a a not not the regular size twelve #1 but a bigger 12. # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # A little more like they're little more more overweight? 893: Uh-huh. Yes. Interviewer: #1 What about stout? # 893: #2 mm-hmm. # Interviewer: Does that mean a little overweight or 893: Yes it does. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Interviewer: Would you ever use the word stout talking about butter that was turning bad? 893: a body that was turning Interviewer: butter. 893: Butter. #1 stout butter? No I don't think so. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: no. Interviewer: Someone who's always smiling and doesn't lose his temper. You say that he's 893: uh jolly or Interviewer: mm-kay. 893: continue or uh good humored. Interviewer: uh-huh. And someone like a a teenage boy who's just all arms and legs. you say he's 893: lanky. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 What if he's always # stumbling and dropping things. Then he's 893: uh uh yes I know I know I have the word you're uh {NW} call that do my grand grandson. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: I can't think of it. Now Interviewer: Do you ever say clumsy or #1 awkward or # 893: #2 clumsy yeah # Interviewer: #1 {X} # 893: #2 you're all clumsy # you're too clumsy or you're butterfingers or Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: All you're all legs or all arms or all thumbs. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # Someone who keeps on doing things that don't make any sense. You say he' just a plain 893: uh silly. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Would you ever use the word fool? Say that someone's a fool? 893: Yeah I think I would. #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 How would you # how would you use that? 893: {NW} Well uh like for example uh when uh one of those spoiled children that uh try to put on an act when especially when there's company #1 or # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: are bathed or just making fools of themselves. #1 or when a person # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: Gets too drunk and uh they start acting silly. They they're just making fools of themselves. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And someone who has a lot of money. But really hangs onto his money. You'd call him 893: miser? Interviewer: Any other name for him? 893: um stingy. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And when you say that a person is common what does that mean? 893: Common? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Well that uh there's nothing special about that person I mean it's just a ordinary uh Interviewer: #1 is it an insult? # 893: #2 person. # Well I I'd I wouldn't take it as an insult I mean I would rather use ordinary than Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: than common. Interviewer: What if you say that a girl is very common? What would that mean? 893: A girl? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I wouldn't know. Interviewer: It would mean the same thing? 893: Uh Well it all depends on the way it's said or uh Interviewer: What could it mean? 893: Well I could it could mean that uh that girl would be uh boy crazy or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: she would talk to all the boys or try to get to go with all the boys or something like that. That's what I think I don't #1 I don't know. # Interviewer: #2 Like those prostitutes over the border? # 893: {NW} Could be. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # And say an older person someone maybe up in their eighties who who still gets around real well doesn't show his age he can still do all his work You'd well well for his age he's still awfully 893: sprite #1 or awfully # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: um gets around very well or uh he's uh very um {NW} what's another word for that? Very um active. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. and 893: {NW} Interviewer: Say a child might say well I'm not going to go upstairs in the dark I'm 893: afraid. #1 or scared. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # And you say well I don't see she's scared now she 893: wasn't? Interviewer: uh-huh. For use an expression used to be you'd say why's she scared now she 893: she was not #1 before # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: or she hasn't been or she hadn't been. Interviewer: uh-huh. Would you ever say she didn't used to be or #1 used to didn't be # 893: #2 or didn't used to be. # Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Didn't used to be. Interviewer: and say if your children are out later than usual. You say well I don't guess there's anything wrong but still I can't help feeling a little 893: upset or nervous or uh uh Interviewer: or you say you wouldn't be easy about it #1 you'd say # 893: #2 uneasy # Interviewer: uh-huh. And you say well they'll get home alright just don't 893: Don't worry. Interviewer: And someone who leaves a lot of money on the table then goes outside and doesn't even bother to lock the door. You'd say he's mighty 893: careless. Interviewer: and you said there's nothing really wrong wrong with Aunt Lizzy but sometimes she acts kind of 893: silly. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} Interviewer: you ever use the word queer or queer? 893: uh queer or funny. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: or odd. Interviewer: What does the word queer mean? 893: Uh someone who uh Who acts kind of funny that doesn't at normal. Interviewer: Does that word change meanings #1 in past years? # 893: #2 yes it does. # I mean well we use the word queer for Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: uh uh effeminate man or something. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: #1 or # Interviewer: #2 say # 893: or vice versa to a woman. Interviewer: uh-huh. Has has that um you mean homosexuals or 893: yes something like that. Interviewer: #1 has it # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Interviewer: has the word queer always meant that? To you? 893: Well no uh it has meant that and it has meant uh well something queer something that's not common something that's not #1 usual. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: That's uh that that applies to queer also. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. and Someone who makes up his own mind and then you can't argue with him. He won't change his mind he he won't ever admit he's wrong. #1 You say that he # 893: #2 stubborn? # Interviewer: Mm-kay. Any other way of saying that? 893: He's set in his ways. Interviewer: uh-huh. And somebody that you can't joke with without him losing his temper. Just a the least little thing. You You'd say he's awfully 893: Touchy. Interviewer: uh-huh. And you say well I was just kidding him I didn't know he'd get so 893: upset. Or angry. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And someone's about to lose their temper. You'd tell them to just #1 just keep # 893: #2 hold on or # simmer down or #1 just keep your temper. # Interviewer: #2 or keep # Mm-kay. And if you had been working very hard you'd say you were very 893: tired. Which I am. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: #1 Any other # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: #1 expressions? # 893: #2 {NW} # uh pooped. {NW} And uh worn out. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Say if a person had been well then suddenly here they've got some disease you say well well yesterday they were fine when was it that they what sick? When was it that they 893: became. Interviewer: Mm-kay. or or a more common way of saying that. #1 when # 893: #2 got # Interviewer: #1 huh? # 893: #2 got sick. # Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Got sick? # Interviewer: and the person went outside in in bad weather and came in sneezing and everything you say he 893: he would he has caught a cold. Interviewer: uh-huh. Um or yesterday he went out in the rain that's when he 893: caught a cold or that's when he uh Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: he started getting a cold or something like that. Interviewer: {NS} {X} you have a 893: a cold. Interviewer: huh? 893: A cold. Interviewer: What do you call that? 893: {NS} oh a cough. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Interviewer: And if you can't talk right you say #1 you sound # 893: #2 a sore throat. # Interviewer: #1 Or you sound # 893: #2 or hoarse. # Interviewer: Hmm? 893: Hoarse. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 And # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 you say um # You throw a ball and ask somebody to 893: catch it. Interviewer: Mm-kay and I threw the ball and he 893: Caught it. Interviewer: And I've been fishing but I haven't 893: caught anything. Interviewer: And you'd say I'm I'm glad I carried my umbrella cause we hadn't gone half a block when it 893: Started to rain. Or when it rained. Interviewer: uh-huh. And you're asking someone um what time does the movie 893: Is over. Interviewer: but what time does it the 893: Does it end? Interviewer: Or what time does it You want to know when it starts you'd ask them for what time does it 893: does it end or what time is it over Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Or # What else? Interviewer: Or if you're asking when it starts? Another Another way of saying that you could say what time does it start or you could say what time does it b 893: Does it what? Interviewer: What's another word for start? 893: Start begin. Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: you say the movie um must have already 893: begun. Interviewer: And ten minutes ago it 893: Began. Interviewer: And if you got someone's medicine um you went in their room and it was still there you'd say why haven't you 893: taken Interviewer: and the person would say I already 893: took it. Interviewer: {NS} And in another hour I'll 893: take it. Interviewer: And someone who can't hear anything at all You say that they're 893: Deaf. Interviewer: and if a man had been working out in the sun and he takes off his shirt and it's all wet he'd say look how much I 893: perspired. Interviewer: Or 893: or sweat. Interviewer: And a sword that comes to a head Is called a 893: A sword? Interviewer: #1 Yeah a sword that you get # 893: #2 {X} # Interviewer: #1 across your head. # 893: #2 uh-huh. # It's uh ripe or Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: It's uh ready to open or #1 ready to burst # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: or Interviewer: What do you call the sword though? 893: I I don't know. uh uh uh Interviewer: Do you ever hear boil or rind? 893: A boil a boil uh-huh. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Yeah. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: When the boil opens the stuff that drains out is 893: pus. Interviewer: What about if a when a blister opens? 893: It's uh just water or Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 liquid. # uh-huh. Interviewer: And you say a bee stung me in my hand #1 {D: phrase} did that # 893: #2 and it swelled. # Interviewer: And my hand's still pretty badly 893: swollen. Interviewer: And the bee sting to your hand will 893: Swell. Interviewer: And if someone got shot or stabbed you'd have to get a doctor to look at the 893: At the wound. Interviewer: And you know sometimes the wound won't heal back right it gets sort of a skinless growth around it you call that some kind of flesh? Do you ever hear of crowd flesh? 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: And if you have a cut on your finger a brown liquid medicine that stings that #1 you could put on it # 893: #2 iodine. # Interviewer: huh? 893: iodine? Interviewer: uh-huh. What about a real bitter medicine people used to take? 893: Real bitter? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: #1 I don't know. # Interviewer: #2 tasted terrible. # 893: {NW} I don't know we used to take something awful when we were kids that it was either Epsom salts or uh or some other kind that similar to it only it came in bottles already. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Ay it was awful. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 And every weekend # we had to take some of that. {NW} Interviewer: What were you taking it for? 893: Just to clean out our systems. uh you know especially during the summer time. Interviewer: #1 used to take it then? # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Interviewer: Do you ever hear of quinine or quinine? 893: Quinine yeah. Quinine. Interviewer: #1 Do you ever have that? # 893: #2 That's good for # for fever. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Say if a man was shot and he didn't get any better you'd say he if he didn't live he 893: He died. Interviewer: Any nicer ways of saying he died? 893: Passed away. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What about sort of a crude way of saying that? 893: I don't know. Interviewer: And you say he's been a week and nobody's figured out yet what he died 893: of. Interviewer: And 893: What's a cruel way to say when a person dies? Interviewer: Do you ever hear of kicked the bucket or? 893: Kicked the bucket yeah. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Hang the tinnies. Interviewer: #1 Hang what? # 893: #2 {NW} # Hang the tennis. {NW} Interviewer: I've never heard that. 893: {NW} That's the expression we've been using lately at the house. Interviewer: Uh-huh. {X} 893: Yeah well I'll hang my tennis pretty soon I tell my grandson you know what I'm going to hang my tennis pretty soon. Interviewer: Hang your #1 tennis? # 893: #2 Tennis. # Uh-huh. Tennis. #1 Tennis like tennis shoes. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # uh-huh. #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: #1 I've never heard that. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Um a place where people are buried is a 893: Cemetery. Interviewer: Any other name for that? 893: Um yes a cemetery and a {NW} what else what else I know I know but another name for it. uh I can't think of it just now. Interviewer: What about what they put the body in? 893: A coffin. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And when he died everybody went to his 893: funeral. Interviewer: And people dressed in black you say that they are in 893: mourning. Interviewer: And on an average sort of day someone asks you how you're feeling you say oh I'm 893: Alright. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And when people get older their joints start hurting. They say they've got 893: rheumatism. Interviewer: And a really bad sore throat that people used to get children would get it and #1 die from it. # 893: #2 uh diphtheria. # Interviewer: Huh? 893: diphtheria. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And a disease where your skin and your eyeballs turn yellow. 893: {NS} that's hepatitis. Interviewer: Uh-huh. {NS} #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # {NW} Interviewer: {NW} Um Well yes it's hepatitis but um what do you have a a special name for the when your skin and eyeballs turn yellow? You get you get this along with hepatitis usually. Do you ever hear of jaundice or janders #1 yellow # 893: #2 jaundice # Jaundice. #1 J-A-U-N-D-I-C-E. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # Uh-huh. 893: Yeah. Uh-huh. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 And # when you have a pang down here you have to have an operation. 893: Appendix? Interviewer: Uh-huh. What do you call the disease that that you have? 893: Appendicitis. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And you ate something that didn't agree with you. And it came back up you'd say you had to 893: Vomited or thrown up or uh Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Had an upset stomach. Interviewer: Which sounds nicer? Vomit or throw up. 893: Vomit I think. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh what # 893: #2 and it's a proper word. # Interviewer: What sounds the worst? What the the 893: The worst? oh I don't know I think vomit or threw up or Interviewer: Do you ever hear puke or barf? 893: Puke yeah I've heard that. {NW} Interviewer: #1 that sounds funny to you huh? # 893: #2 I've heard puke # {NW} Yes. Interviewer: Say if a if a person vomits and you say he was sick where? 893: He was sick in his stomach. Interviewer: Mm-kay. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And say if I ask you um if you know a person you might say Well I don't know him but I 893: Heard of him. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And say something that um that you do every day If I ask you do you do it often you'd say yes I 893: I do it daily. Interviewer: #1 Mm-kay. # 893: #2 or # I do it every day. Interviewer: And if you were asking me whether he does that you'd ask me 893: Does he do it Interviewer: Mm-kay. And I'd say well I don't smoke but he 893: He does. Interviewer: And say if um well I'm not sure if he did it but people 893: say or claim Interviewer: Huh? 893: People say or claim that he did. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And talk about um how tall rooms are. You say this room's about 893: about eight feet high. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And if a child's just had her third birthday you say she's 893: three. Interviewer: three 893: Three years old. Interviewer: And Say if a boy's spending a lot of time with a girl he keeps on going over the same girl's house and everything. #1 You'd say that he # 893: #2 {NW} # {NW} Well he's uh has a girlfriend was over at his Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 his girlfriend's quite often or something. # Interviewer: Do you ever say he's courting her or #1 {D: phrase} spoiling her # 893: #2 courting yeah. # courting uh-huh. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And he would be her 893: or wooing #1 or # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: courting or he would be her uh uh her boyfriend or her sweetheart #1 or her # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # and if a boy comes home with lipstick on his collar his little brother would say he had been doing what? 893: dating or uh Interviewer: Do you ever say kissing or #1 smooching or # 893: #2 kissing or petting or # smooching yeah. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And when a girl stops letting a boy come over to see her. You'd say that she 893: broke off or broke up Interviewer: Uh-huh. And he asked her to marry him but she 893: uh declined or uh denied uh declined or uh what else could you say? Interviewer: Did you ever hear jilted him or #1 {X} # 893: #2 jilted yeah # jilted uh-huh. Interviewer: That's common around here? 893: Yes it is. Interviewer: And They were engaged and all of a sudden she {NS} 893: I don't know. Interviewer: Do you say she jilted and ran or 893: She jilted uh-huh or she left him or Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: She changed her mind. Interviewer: uh-huh. And you say she didn't jilt him you say they went ahead and got 893: married. Interviewer: Any joking ways of saying that? 893: Eloped. Interviewer: #1 any joking ways. # 893: #2 {NW} # Jokingly ached. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: {NW} Interviewer: Do you ever hear jumped the broomstick? 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: And at a wedding the boy that stands up with the groom. #1 he's the # 893: #2 uh best man? # Interviewer: And the woman with the bride she's the 893: the maid of honor. Interviewer: or the the 893: the what? Interviewer: What what else besides the maid of honor do they have? 893: um matron of honor? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And 893: the bridesmaid. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Did you remember um hearing about a long time ago if people in the community would get married other people would would come by their house and make a lot of noise and maybe fire off rice or beat on #1 cans and things? # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Do you ever hear about that? 893: Well I've uh I've seen uh that in the in the car where the bride and groom uh leave for the reception there Interviewer: #1 or leave for their # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # wherever place they're going. They tie a lot of of tin cans to the to the end of the car to the to the rear bumper. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or uh uh some old shoes #1 and # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: You know they start uh blowing on their horn or #1 whatever. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # Do you ever heard of a a shivaree or a serenade? 893: Serenade yes I've heard of serenades. Interviewer: What's a serenade? 893: A serenade is a when a a when a boy is courting a girl he takes some musicians or he alone if he knows how to play the guitar he goes and sings to #1 her and plays a guitar. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: a serenade. Interviewer: Say um how do you use the words up or down or over talking about location like like if you went to um #1 say # 893: #2 uptown? # Interviewer: Yeah. Or say that you went to San Antonio. You'd say I went 893: over to San Antonio. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Why would you say over? 893: Well because it was over on the other side of of my town. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: I went over there because it's over there it's not here. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: {NW} Interviewer: What do you say? Up or down? Where do you go up to? 893: Um I went up to Dallas which is north. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Or down to Mexico Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 Which is south. # Interviewer: And Say there was some trouble at a party. You'd say the police came and they didn't arrest just one or two of them. They arrested the 893: Several or they arrested the whole gang or #1 the # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # And if young people go out in the evening and move around on the floor to music you'd call that a 893: dancing. Interviewer: Dancing. You remember um different kinds of dances people used to do? 893: Oh yes. The waltz the tango the uh uh rock and roll the jitterbug Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 the # Charleston. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And uh uh {NW} uh rumbas and um cumbias and #1 well there's a lot # Interviewer: #2 what's cum- # #1 cumbia # 893: #2 cumbia # #1 Cumbia. # Interviewer: #2 What's that # 893: That's a kind of a some kind of a um Mexican uh dance that uh that it's it's danced to Mexican music. Interviewer: How do you what's that 893: C-U-M-B-I-A. Interviewer: Cumbia? 893: cumbia. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Do people often do that dance anymore? 893: Yes sometimes. They do uh-huh. Interviewer: around here? 893: Yes Mm-hmm. Interviewer: {D: phrase} Is there other um festivals here like or for Mexican holidays celebrated here? 893: Across the river they do. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: #1 not here # Interviewer: #2 everyone here just goes # 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: #1 across the river there. # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Yes. Interviewer: I wish I could see one huh? 893: You'd have to be around here in around the the they just had one a few days ago on the fifth of May. Interviewer: What what was the #1 the event # 893: #2 that's # like no let's see in the like our fourth of July #1 like the sixteenth of September # Interviewer: #2 the revolution? # 893: Yeah some kind of revolution. #1 something # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: I I don't know much about #1 Mexican history. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: {NW} Well I know it's a holiday and they #1 make a big # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: big thing of it and sixteenth of September that's like our fourth of July. #1 there's their # Interviewer: #2 huh. # 893: independence Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: day. Interviewer: Do people here study Mexican history in school? 893: #1 uh I don't think so. # Interviewer: #2 It seems like they ought to. # 893: I don't think so. uh-uh. No. Interviewer: They should. 893: {NW} Interviewer: Say if um children get out of school at four o clock you'd say at four o clock school does what? 893: Is out? Interviewer: Mm-kay. 893: uh Interviewer: Do you ever say turns out or lets out? 893: No. Is out. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And after vacation children would ask when does school 893: End. Interviewer: Or after #1 vacation. # 893: #2 oh after vacation. # When does school start. Interviewer: And if a child left home to go to school and didn't show up in school that day you'd say she 893: was absent. Interviewer: or 893: or played hooky. Interviewer: uh-huh. And after high school you go on to 893: college. Interviewer: And years ago children sat on benches at school. But now they sit at 893: Desks. Interviewer: And each child has his own 893: desk. Interviewer: And a six year old goes into the 893: a six year old #1 goes into first grade. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # And if you wanted to check out a book you'd go to the 893: library. Interviewer: And to mail a package? 893: post office. Interviewer: And you stay overnight in a strange town at a 893: motel or hotel. Interviewer: And you see a play or a movie at a 893: theater. Interviewer: And if you have to have an operation you'd go into the 893: have to have an #1 operation # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: you have to go to the hospital. Interviewer: And the woman that would look after you. 893: A nurse. Interviewer: And you'd catch a train at the 893: depot or station. Interviewer: Or you could call that the rail 893: railroad station. Interviewer: And before they had buses in town they used to have things that would run run on tracks and have a wire? 893: uh streetcar. Interviewer: They have those around here? 893: We used to. Yes when I was a little girl I was #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: eight or ten years old I used to like to ride the #1 streetcar all the time. # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: {NW} Interviewer: Um #1 say # 893: #2 they still have them in Chicago or had # Interviewer: #1 oh they do? # 893: #2 but # uh yeah I think they still do uh-huh. Interviewer: I've never been #1 well I was # 893: #2 uh # Interviewer: in Chicago when I was two or three. 893: uh I used to call them trolley cars. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And that little girl uh used to ask me cause she they called it street cars. And she used to ask me why do you call them trolley cars? She said because that's a proper name for them trolley cars. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What's what do you what do they call them in Chicago? 893: Street cars. Interviewer: Street cars. 893: Uh-huh. Or the the L's that are the elevator trains. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or the uh subs. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Uh you tell the bus driver this next corner is is where 893: where I get off. Interviewer: And say if um {NS} If you have a say a piece of furniture and it's it's not sitting directly in the corner. You know. #1 Don't have enough # 893: #2 it's # {D: word?} cater corner? Interviewer: Mm-kay. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: How else do you use that word catty-corner? 893: Well I I guess that's about the the only expression that I know #1 cater corner. # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # Well say if two street cross like {NS} like that you know. 893: #1 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #2 And you were at this corner # wanted to get over to this corner. instead of walking like this you walk like this. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: You say you're walking catty-corner then? 893: Yes I think so. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: That's what I would use or what is the proper word? Interviewer: No I I was just wondering how 893: #1 how I would use # Interviewer: #2 how you use catty-corner. # 893: #1 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: Well I guess yeah. I would. Interviewer: And you say um here in Webb county the radio is the is the what? of Webb county? 893: The seat. Interviewer: huh? 893: The seat? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And if you were a postmaster you'd be working for the federal 893: Government. Interviewer: And the police in town are supposed to maintain 893: order law and order. Interviewer: And the fight between the doors in the south was called a 893: The what? Interviewer: The north and the south. 893: The what between? Interviewer: The fight. 893: The fight between north and and the south? Interviewer: Where they freed the slaves. That was the 893: {NW} Interviewer: Do you ever hear the ci- 893: civil war. Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #1 Any other names for that? # 893: #2 {NW} # I don't think so. Interviewer: And before they had the electric chair murderers were 893: hanged. Interviewer: And say that man went out and what himself? 893: Hung himself. Interviewer: And you say um that would be a hard mountain to 893: climb. Interviewer: But last year my neighbor 893: climbed it. Interviewer: But I have never 893: climbed. Interviewer: And you say he was feeling so good that instead of walking he what? 893: He ran. Interviewer: And you say um he has what a mile? He has 893: He has run a mile. Interviewer: And children like to 893: Run. Interviewer: And you'd say I have just what him a letter? 893: I have just written. Interviewer: Huh? 893: I have just written him a letter. Interviewer: Mm-kay. You say yesterday he 893: he wrote a letter. Interviewer: And tomorrow I will 893: he will write. Interviewer: And you say I wanted {X} time I was getting a 893: an answer. Interviewer: And you put the letter in the envelope and you take out your pen and you 893: address it. Interviewer: Do you ever hear people say you backed the letter? 893: No. #1 No I haven't. # Interviewer: #2 And # You say well I was going to write him but I didn't know his 893: address. Interviewer: And what are some um the biggest cities in the United States is in 893: The biggest city? Interviewer: is in where? 893: {NW} I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Well what are some of the big states up north? 893: Big states New York? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And Baltimore is in 893: Maryland. Interviewer: And um Tulsa is in 893: Oklahoma. Interviewer: And Boston. 893: Massachusetts. Interviewer: And the states from Maine to Connecticut are called the 893: {NW} from the the new England states? Interviewer: Mm-kay. What are some of the states in the South? 893: I wouldn't know I I I was never too good in geography. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: Well where's Richmond? 893: Richmond Virginia? Interviewer: Huh? 893: Richmond Virginia? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And Raleigh. 893: North Carolina. Interviewer: And Columbia. 893: Columbia South Carolina? Interviewer: Uh-huh. For for a ___ you know these. 893: I I don't know really. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 I I was # Interviewer: #1 okay # 893: #2 never good at geography. # #1 I # Interviewer: #2 um # What what about the um the state where I'm from? You remember what 893: Yes. uh Georgia? #1 Augusta Georgia. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # And the state that you get a lot of oranges from. Miami is the 893: Miami Florida. Interviewer: And the state right next to to Georgia. Where George Wallace is governor. You have Birmingham 893: Alabama. Interviewer: And um {X} uh Jackson is in 893: uh Jackson Mississippi? Interviewer: Mm-kay. The state just under Mississippi. 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Which would you # #1 uh Shreveport? # 893: #2 uh # Shreveport Louisiana. Interviewer: And um the bluegrass state. 893: bluegrass? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: I wouldn't know. Interviewer: Well they have a derby there they have one in Portland 893: oh Kentucky. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What's the biggest city in Kentucky? 893: {NW} Interviewer: Did you ever hear of Lou? 893: Louisville. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And the state just under Kentucky. Where they have country music. 893: Um No I don't know. Interviewer: What is the city where they have the grand {X}? for country music? Do you know the Nash? 893: Nashville, Tennessee. Interviewer: uh-huh. And Little rock is the capital of 893: Arkansas. Interviewer: And this state is 893: Texas. {NS} Interviewer: And um the biggest city in Maryland. 893: Maryland? uh Boston. Baltimore? Interviewer: uh-huh. And the capital of the United States 893: Washington DC. Interviewer: And the biggest city in Missouri. 893: {NW} I wouldn't know. Interviewer: It's Saint 893: Saint Louis. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And the old seaport in South Carolina. Is Charle- 893: Charleston. Interviewer: And what are some of the cities in Alabama? 893: Alabama? Interviewer: Big spill cities. Bir- 893: Birmingham. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What about the capital? 893: {NW} Interviewer: It's Mont 893: Montgomery. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And the one down on the gulf? Starts with an M. Did you ever hear of Mob 893: Mobile? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Oh. {NW} Interviewer: And I guess you've never been 893: #1 No uh-uh. # Interviewer: #2 in Alabama # 893: No. Mm-mm. Interviewer: um the city up in the mountains of North Carolina. #1 What about # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: some of the cities in Tennessee? 893: Nashville Tennessee. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: uh uh I don't know. I I I just never uh never learned any geography and never have traveled much. Interviewer: {NW} 893: {NW} Interviewer: What about the um where Lookout Mountain is? That's Chatta- {NS} Chatta- 893: Chattanooga? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And where Martin Luther King was shot? That's Memph- 893: Memphis? Interviewer: Uh-huh. And east Tennessee? Have Kno- {NW} Do you hear of Knoxville? 893: Knoxville. Yeah. Knoxville that's right. Interviewer: Huh. 893: I have to be prodded. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: um what about some of the cities in Georgia? 893: Augusta Georgia. And uh Interviewer: the cities in in Georgia? 893: Augusta? Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Atlanta. Interviewer: And Sa- 893: And Interviewer: Sava-- 893: Savannah. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And the name of the person who discovered America 893: Christopher Columbus. Interviewer: And cities in Louisiana. 893: {NW} New Orleans. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Baton Rouge. Interviewer: And the city in southern Ohio. 893: In southern Ohio? Interviewer: Cin- 893: Sandusky? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And um Dublin is in what country? 893: Dublin? Ireland. Interviewer: And Paris? 893: France. Interviewer: And Moscow? 893: Russia. Interviewer: And say if someone asked you to go with them. Someplace and you're not sure you want to. You say I don't know 893: Whether I want to or not. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And if you want somebody to go with you You'd say I won't go 893: unless #1 such and such goes with me. # Interviewer: #2 mm-kay. # 893: #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Mm-kay. # And talking about distance you say um how far would you say um the border is from here? 893: Uh from Willy the border is not not too far away it's just uh uh Interviewer: Just two or three? 893: Two or three miles. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And Say if two people become members of church You say they 893: They became church members. Interviewer: Or they what the church? 893: Joined. Interviewer: And you go to church to pray to 893: God. Interviewer: And the preacher preaches a 893: sermon. Interviewer: And the choir and the organist provide the 893: Music. Interviewer: And the enemy of God is called the 893: Satan. Interviewer: #1 Or the # 893: #2 or the Devil. # Interviewer: Uh-huh. Any other names for him besides Satan and the Devil? 893: uh Well no I I Interviewer: #1 What would you call # 893: #2 uh Ha # Hades? #1 No that that's hell. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: Hades is hell. Interviewer: What would you tell children was gonna get them if they don't behave? 893: the boogeyman. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # And oh did y'all they're playing the Exorcist here aren't they? 893: I think they still are I'm not sure #1 I think they are # Interviewer: #2 What do people think of that movie? # 893: Well some of them if fact my uh my grandson went to see it last Saturday and he still claims that he {NS} he thinks about it. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: And that he has nightmares #1 And that he's # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: I don't know whether he's putting on an act or whether it's real but only last night he was saying oh I wish I uh could I wish I uh I could forget about the movie. Interviewer: Uh-huh. How old is he? 893: He's fourteen. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: #1 And # Interviewer: #2 He's not supposed to have gone. # 893: No I know. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 And I told him not to # because I had heard you know that it was not a very nice picture but he insisted #1 so # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: Now every time he complains I tell him well I told you not to go Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 out # but you had to have your way. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # {NW} um so what do people think they see around the graveyard at night? 893: Ghosts. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And what about a house that people are scared to go in? 893: It's a haunted house. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Do you believe in ghosts? 893: Uh no uh-huh no I don't. Not a not in ghosts or Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: I mean I I I believe in some message the that Christ will send you Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: or some vision or {NS} Bless you. Or some dream or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Something like that but not in ghosts. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Say you tell someone oh you better put a sweater on it's getting #1 it's not cold but it's getting # 893: #2 uh # Getting cool? Interviewer: uh-huh. Or getting a little 893: chilly. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And you say well I'll go with you if you really want me to but I 893: rather not. Interviewer: And someone says something kind of shocking. You might say what a very 893: idea. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And {X} morning What might you ask them then? 893: How are you? Or how have you been? Interviewer: What about in your interviews to a stranger? #1 What might you # 893: #2 {NW} # I Pardon me I have to make a a a telephone call. Interviewer: Okay. 893: {NW} {NS} {NW} Interviewer: Got everything all set and done? 893: Yes. {NW} {NW} Interviewer: Um What would you say in your interviews to a stranger? 893: How do you do or very glad to meet you. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And say if some people were leaving your house after a visit you say well I hope you'll come back 893: soon. Interviewer: Or I hope I see you a 893: Again. Interviewer: And how would you greet someone around December 25th? 893: Merry Christmas. Interviewer: Mm-kay. What about on the first of January? 893: Happy New Year. Interviewer: Any other expressions? 893: No I don't think so. Interviewer: And you say I have to go downtown to do some 893: shopping. Interviewer: And say you bought something the storekeeper took out a piece of paper and 893: Wrapped it. Interviewer: When I got home I 893: unwrapped it. Interviewer: And if you had to sell something for less than you paid for it you would be selling it 893: At a loss. Interviewer: And if you like something but don't have enough money for it you say I like it but it 893: it's expensive or I can't afford it. Interviewer: It what too much? It 893: It costs too much. Interviewer: And on the first of the month your bill is 893: due. Interviewer: And if you belong to a club you have to pay your 893: your dues. Interviewer: And if you don't have any money you could go to the bank and 893: borrow. Interviewer: And you say in the thirties money was Back in the thirties. 893: Scarce. Interviewer: And say um child ran down the screen board and 893: uh Interviewer: What? 893: Mm-hmm. Dove? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And several children have 893: have dived. Interviewer: And I was just scared to 893: to dive. Interviewer: And You say um he dove in and what? 893: Swam. Interviewer: And several children have 893: Swam. Interviewer: And children like to 893: swim. Interviewer: And if you don't know how to swim then you get into the water you could 893: Drown. Interviewer: And yesterday he 893: almost or drowned or he drowned. Interviewer: And when they pulled him out he had already 893: Drowned. Interviewer: And when you dive in hitting water flat You call that a 893: #1 uh # Interviewer: #2 do you ever hear of belly buster or belly flop or? # 893: {NW} No I haven't. Interviewer: What about when you put your head on the ground and turn a 893: somersault? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And when you buy something or pay your bills some storekeepers will give you a little present. And say it's for 893: A little present? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or appreciation? Or uh Interviewer: {D: Do you ever hear of lagniappe or piedlong?} 893: {D: piedlong yeah.} #1 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 {D: Piedlong?} # 893: Uh-huh. {D: Piedlong.} #1 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 what what is # 893: #1 {D: We used to get piedlong} # Interviewer: #2 {D: piedlong?} # 893: uh when we were kids in the those slip stores you know we we'd used to go and and buy candy Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: uh but mostly candy very few cookies all candy. {D: And he'd put in an extra candy and say this is your piedlong.} #1 uh or something like a bonus # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: #1 or something # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: {NW} Interviewer: They don't do that anymore I guess. 893: No uh-huh. #1 No # Interviewer: #2 {NW} # 893: That's been gone for years. #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # You say he didn't really know what was going on but he what you it all? He 893: Thought. Interviewer: uh-huh. Or if he's pretending you say he 893: Acted or uh Interviewer: He acted what? 893: Smart. Interviewer: Uh-huh. But you say he acted as if he knew it all or he made out like he knew it all or 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: #1 Which # 893: #2 Mm-hmm. # Interviewer: #1 How would you call him? # 893: #2 Well he # he acted or he uh well I would use like more than made out. Interviewer: Uh-huh. How how would you say the whole thing? He 893: Well he acted as if he knew it all or he uh he seemed to have known it all or Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: He thought he knew it all. Interviewer: And say if um If I I say um well whether when are y'all going to Houston? You say well right now we're what to going next week? We're 893: Ready or planning. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Do you ever say we're fixing to go or #1 We're aiming to go? # 893: #2 No # We we're planning to go. Interviewer: #1 Mm-kay. # 893: #2 Or # getting ready to go. Interviewer: And what does a baby do before it walks? 893: It crawls. Interviewer: And say if you wanted to brighten up your room for a party. Had a lot of things growing out in your yard. You'd go out and {X} the flowers you'd go out and 893: Decorate. Interviewer: you you'd go out the yard and what some flowers? 893: Oh uh picked some flowers? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And say if there was something bad that you'd expected to happen. Like a child walking along the top of the steps and you'd expect him to fall off and hurt himself. And someone comes running in and says he's fallen off. You'd say I just what that was going to happen? 893: I just thought. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And You'd say she walked up to the altar and she 893: knelt. Interviewer: And if you were tired you might say I think I'll go over to the couch and 893: Lie down. Interviewer: And he was really sick. Couldn't even sit up. All morning he just what the bed? 893: Stayed in bed or laid in bed. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And talking about something that you see in your sleep You'd say this is what I 893: Dreamt. Interviewer: And often when I go to sleep I 893: Dream. Interviewer: But I usually can't remember what I have 893: Dreamt. Interviewer: And if you bring your um foot down heavy on the floor you say you 893: Stomp. Interviewer: And say I dreamed I was falling but just when I was about to hit the ground I 893: Woke up. Interviewer: {NS} And if you see a friend of yours um walking someplace walking home alone you say and you have your car you say can I 893: Give you a ride. Interviewer: Or can I #1 What? # 893: #2 Take you home. # Interviewer: Huh? 893: Take you home. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And to get something to come towards you you 893: uh drag it Interviewer: #1 or # 893: #2 or # pull it. Interviewer: And the other way would be 893: Pushing. Interviewer: And if you had some groceries and didn't have your car you say you picked it up and 893: Carried them. Interviewer: Any other way of saying that? #1 Besides # 893: #2 Well I've heard # about toting #1 and # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: uh uh toting and uh I don't know what else Interviewer: Would you say tote? #1 It doesn't sound right? # 893: #2 No I just # I would just say carry. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And you tell a child now that stove is very hot so 893: don't get close to it or don't touch it. Interviewer: And if you need a hammer you'd tell someone go 893: Go get me a hammer. Interviewer: And a game that children play where one child will be it and the other children will hide. 893: uh hide and seek? Interviewer: Uh-huh. What do they call the tree they can touch to be safe? 893: The tree? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Or whatever they touch in 893: Oh the base? Interviewer: #1 Mm-hmm. # 893: #2 Or the # or the yeah the base or the Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or a the place where they uh yell free. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And in football you run towards the 893: goal. Interviewer: And we were planning to meet somewhere I'd say well if I get there first I'll 893: Wait for you. Interviewer: And you were about to punish someone they might say don't punish me just give me one more 893: Chance. Interviewer: And someone who always catches onto a joke he's got a good sense of 893: Of humor. Interviewer: And you say well we've got termites but I'm sure the exterminator company will will get 893: will get rid of them. Interviewer: And say a child leaves her pencil on the desk and come back and doesn't find it there. She'd say I bet somebody 893: Stole it. Interviewer: And if a child's learning something new like learn to whistle. And you wanted to know where she learned it. You'd say who 893: Taught you. Interviewer: And a child that's always running and telling on other children. 893: Tattletale. Interviewer: #1 Mm-kay. # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: #1 Would you # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: use that word about a grownup? 893: {NW} Yes I think I would. #1 a # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # 893: a tattletale. Or uh gossiper or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Something like that. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And something that a child plays with is a 893: toy. Interviewer: Do you ever call it a play pretty? 893: No. Uh-uh. Interviewer: And you say that's the book that you what me for Christmas? That you 893: Gave me. Interviewer: And you say you have 893: given. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And I will 893: give. Interviewer: And you'd say you can't get through there because the highway department has got the machines there and the road is all 893: Closed. Interviewer: Or all cl 893: torn? Interviewer: Huh? 893: Uh torn? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And you give someone a bracelet. You want to see how it looks on her. You'd say why don't you 893: try it on? Interviewer: Or another way to say it. Why don't you 893: put it on. Interviewer: And say he moved here in 1960 and he's lived here ever 893: since. Interviewer: and that wasn't an accident. He did that 893: purposely. Or on purpose. #1 Or # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: uh there's another word uh uh he premeditated it. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And say if you have a question I might say well I don't know the answer. You better go what somebody else? 893: Ask. Interviewer: So you say so then I went and 893: Asked. Interviewer: And you say you're the second person who 893: has asked me. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And you say those boys get mad and 893: fight. Interviewer: Yesterday they 893: fought. Interviewer: ever since they were small they have 893: fought. Interviewer: And you'd say she what {X} do not 893: stabbed. Interviewer: And say a um teacher comes into a the classroom and sees a picture on the board. She might ask who 893: drew. Interviewer: And if you wanted to lift something heavy like a piece of machinery up on a roof you could use pulley blocks and a rope to 893: to pull it up? Interviewer: Mm-kay. Do you ever say to hoist it or heist it up? 893: Hoist. Yes hoist. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: {NS} And now you can start counting slowly. To fifteen. 893: What was that again? Interviewer: Just start counting slowly #1 to fifteen. # 893: #2 start counting # #1 slowly? # Interviewer: #2 yeah. # 893: one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen. Interviewer: And the number after nineteen. 893: Twenty. Interviewer: And twenty-six? 893: Twenty-seven. Interviewer: And twenty-nine? 893: Thirty. Interviewer: Thirty-nine? 893: Forty. Interviewer: Sixty nine? 893: Seventy. Interviewer: Ninety-nine? 893: A hundred. Interviewer: Nine hundred ninety-nine? 893: A thousand. Interviewer: And ten times one hundred thousand is one 893: million. Interviewer: And say if there's some people in line. The person at the head of the line is the what person? He's 893: the leader? Interviewer: #1 Or the # 893: #2 or the # or the first person. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And behind him is the 893: second person. Interviewer: And keep going. 893: Third. {NS} Fourth. Fifth. Sixth. Seventh. Eighth. Ninth. Tenth. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And you say sometimes you feel you get your good luck just a little at a time but your bad luck comes all 893: All at once. Interviewer: And say if you got twenty bushels to the acre last year. This year you got forty. You'd say this year's crop was exactly 893: double. Interviewer: Or what as good as last year? 893: Twice. Interviewer: Huh? 893: Twice. Interviewer: Mm-kay. 893: Twice as good. Interviewer: And could you name the months of the year slowly. 893: The months? Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: January February March April May June July August September October November and December. Interviewer: And the days of the week? 893: uh Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday and Saturday. Interviewer: What about sabbath? #1 Do you use # 893: #2 a sabbath? # Interviewer: uh-huh. #1 Do you use that? # 893: #2 No # That's used only in church. Interviewer: Uh-huh. What what is sabbath? 893: The sabbath is the the the day that's the day of rest the day that's dedicated to our Lord Interviewer: Sunday? 893: The day of prayer Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Say if you meet someone during the early part of the day. What would you say as a greeting? 893: Good morning. Interviewer: Mm-kay. How long does morning last? 893: Till noon. Interviewer: And then you have 893: Afternoon. Interviewer: Then what? 893: Evening. Interviewer: #1 or when does # 893: #2 or night # Interviewer: When does afternoon end? 893: Oh I would say afternoon ends about five. Or four. #1 between four and five. # Interviewer: #2 Uh-huh. # And how long does evening last? #1 It goes # 893: #2 evening # till uh nighttime say from five o clock say five o clock in the evening till to seven. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Then it starts eight o clock at night. Interviewer: Uh-huh. IF you were um leaving someone's house after dark you'd tell them 893: Uh tell them that uh #1 it was late? # Interviewer: #2 well what # uh-huh. And you'd you'd tell them 893: good good evening. #1 or good night. # Interviewer: #2 mm-kay. # What if you were leaving someone around eleven o clock in the day? Would you say anything as you were leaving? 893: Uh have a good day or Interviewer: Mm-hmm. Would you ever just say good day to people? 893: Yes. Mm-hmm. Interviewer: When do you say that? 893: In the morning. Interviewer: When you see them or 893: #1 when you see them. # Interviewer: #2 when you're leaving them # 893: Yeah uh-huh. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And Do you have to get up and start work before the sun was shining. You say we we started work before 893: uh before dawn. Interviewer: Or before sun 893: the sun rose. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Or before the sun 893: sunrise. Interviewer: Uh-huh. And we worked until 893: sunset. Interviewer: And this morning I saw the sun 893: rise. Interviewer: And when I got outside the sun had already 893: rose. Interviewer: And say um if today is is Friday then Thursday was 893: Yesterday Interviewer: and Saturday is 893: tomorrow. Interviewer: And if someone came here on a Sunday. Not last Sunday but a week earlier than that. You say they came here when? 893: Last week. Interviewer: Or not last week the week not last Sunday but the Sunday earlier than that? You'd say they came here {NS} 893: Yesterday? Interviewer: Uh-huh. What would you say Sunday um Sunday a week or 893: Sunday week or a week from a week ago. #1 or # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: yes. #1 a week ago # Interviewer: #2 what # #1 What is Sunday # 893: #2 or last Sunday # Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: What what about what does Sunday week mean? #1 In the future or # 893: #2 from one Sunday # to to the next I guess. Interviewer: Does that mean in the future? 893: uh Sunday week yes. A week from Sunday. Yeah. Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Uh-huh. Interviewer: And someone stayed from the first to the fifteenth. You'd say he stayed about 893: two weeks. Interviewer: Any would you ever call that a fortnight? 893: Uh no. uh-uh. Interviewer: And if you wanted to know the time you'd ask somebody 893: What time is it. Interviewer: And you'd look at your 893: watch. Interviewer: And it's midway between seven o clock and eight o clock you'd say it's 893: Seven thirty. Interviewer: Any any other way of saying that? #1 Say that it # 893: #2 no I don't think so. # Interviewer: It's half 893: half Interviewer: What eight? It's half 893: Uh half past? Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Seven? Interviewer: Uh-huh. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: And it's fifteen minutes later than that. You'd say it was 893: Seven fifteen or fifteen minutes past. Interviewer: Or or it's fif- seven forty-five. #1 You say # 893: #2 seven forty-five yeah. # Interviewer: It's a quarter 893: to eight. Interviewer: And if you've been doing something for a long time you'd say I've been doing that for quite a 893: while. Interviewer: {NS} And you say 1973 was last year. 1974 is 893: This year. Interviewer: And if something happened on this day last year you say it happened exactly 893: A year ago. Interviewer: And you say it was so cold last night that the water pipes 893: froze. Interviewer: And 893: burst. Interviewer: And the #1 pipes are # 893: #2 or broke. # Interviewer: but the pipes have already 893: broken. Interviewer: or have already 893: burst Interviewer: because the water has 893: Expanded or frozen Interviewer: uh-huh. As it gets cold the pipe will 893: will burst. Interviewer: Because the water will 893: freeze. Interviewer: And if it's cold enough to kill the tomatoes and flowers you'd say last night we had a 893: um frost? Interviewer: Mm-kay. What about something harder than a frost? 893: Uh {NW} Mm-mm. Interviewer: Do you ever talk about a freeze? 893: A freeze yeah Mm-hmm. Interviewer: #1 What's the difference? # 893: #2 Well it froze # we say uh I always say uh it it froze last night Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: Or I don't say we had Interviewer: uh-huh. 893: I say it did #1 it happened. # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # and you say it was so cold that the lake 893: froze. Interviewer: What if it just froze around the edges? Would you have a special expression for that? 893: mm Well uh it isn't uh frozen all the way through #1 or it's not # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: frozen frozen hard. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. And say all night long the wind 893: blew. Interviewer: And the wind has 893: blown. Interviewer: And it started the wind started to 893: blow. Interviewer: And the wind's from this direction. You say it's 893: it's uh western uh Interviewer: #1 the wind is coming # 893: #2 yeah # from the west? Interviewer: uh-huh. And the wind halfway between south and west would be a 893: southwest. Interviewer: And south and east? 893: Southeast. Interviewer: And east and north? 893: Northeast. Interviewer: And west and north? 893: Northwest. Interviewer: And if the wind had been weak and was gradually getting stronger you'd say it was 893: blowing harder. Interviewer: Mm-kay. What if it was had been strong and was getting weaker. You say it was 893: it's {NS} It's I well it's it's not as strong as it was Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or it's diminishing or it's getting uh uh Interviewer: do you ever say it's letting up or laying 893: Letting up I might #1 I might use that # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh # 893: that word yeah. Interviewer: And um say you look up at the sky and say I don't like the look of those black 893: clouds. Interviewer: And on the day when the sun was shining and there weren't any clouds you'd say that's a 893: a sunny day. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And on a day when it's real dark and overcast you'd say that's a #1 when the sun # 893: #2 gloomy # Interviewer: huh? 893: Gloomy? Interviewer: Mm-kay. And the clouds were getting thicker and thicker and you think it's going to rain or something in a little while. You'd say the weather was 893: changing. Interviewer: Mm-kay. What if um if it had been raining and the clouds break away and the sun comes out. You say looks like it's finally going to 893: clear up. Interviewer: And say if no rain comes for weeks and weeks you say you're having a 893: a drought a drought a Interviewer: #1 uh-huh. # 893: #2 D-R-O-U-G-H-T. # Interviewer: Mm-kay. And 893: What's the correct pronunciation for that? #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 I don't know. # #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: There's different pronunciations. 893: #1 uh-huh. # Interviewer: #2 to that. # #1 um # 893: #2 or a dry spell is # #1 {NW} # Interviewer: #2 uh-huh. # 893: some people might say Interviewer: Say if you get up in the morning and can't see across the road. You call that a 893: a fog. Interviewer: And the day like that would be a 893: foggy day. Interviewer: And a whole lot of rain that just suddenly comes down would be a 893: downpour. Interviewer: Mm-kay. Any other names for that? 893: I don't think so. Interviewer: What if it's um got thunder and lightning in it? 893: Storm. Interviewer: Mm-kay. And if it's if it's raining but it's not a real heavy rain not it's not a downpour. It would be a 893: drizzle. Interviewer: Mm-kay. What else? 893: uh misty rain? Or drizzle or light rain. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What's a misty rain like? 893: It's real fine. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: It's real fine and it's uh it's finer than the than the drizzle. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. The drizzle's #1 How long does the drizzle last? # 893: #2 A drizzle is heavier. # Well it all it varies. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Mm-hmm. Interviewer: Do you ever talk about a shower or a sprinkle? 893: uh Well yes I have heard I have heard of {NS} sprinkle. #1 and I have # Interviewer: #2 Mm-hmm. # 893: heard the word shower. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: But I would use drizzle. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: Or mist. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. What is a shower and what's a sprinkle? What 893: A sprinkle are just a few drops. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: That uh they are not very heavy and they are they won't last long. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: A drizzle is a is something that uh I mean it's not as heavy as a shower #1 or a rain # Interviewer: #2 mm-hmm. # 893: but it comes continuously. Interviewer: Mm-hmm. 893: And a mist is finer than the than the drizzle. Interviewer: So you can't hardly see it. 893: Mm-hmm. But you can feel it. Interviewer: #1 {NW} # 893: #2 {NW} # Interviewer: What {NS}